Conflict A confrontation between one or more parties because of

incompatible or competing needs, values and interests.

Diplomacy The official means through which states relate with each other and
develop agreements on issues of mutual interest.

Dispute A disagreement that arises between two or more states on a point

of international law or as a result of divergent interests.

Extremism The use, support or facilitation of violence, against civilians, as a

method of effecting radical change in a society.

Geopolitics The influence of geographical factors such as territory,

population, natural resources, and climate, on states’ economic
and military power.

Governance The use of authority and power to manage a country’s economic,

political and administrative affairs.

Human rights The establishment of rights and responsibilities for the protection
of individuals and groups. Civil and political rights such as
freedom of speech, religion, and association, require basic levels
of economic, health, and educational development, as well as
rights such as the recognition of minorities.

Instruments of The strategies that a country uses to influence the behaviour and
power actions of other actors (both state and non-state actors) in the
international system.
Insurgency A resistance movement with the goal of overthrowing a
government, getting rid of an occupying power, or gaining some
kind of territorial or other concessions.

Intelligence The term is applied to both the collection and exploitation of

information enabling governments to identify threats and defend
national interests, as well as the organisations engaged in such
activity.

International The international system describes the regular interactions

system between states as well as interdependent parties such as
intergovernmental organisations, non-governmental organisations,
multinational corporations and other sub-state actors.

Nation/State An independent political group with a government that exercises

monopoly on the legitimate use of force over its territory. It has a
population that identifies itself as part of the nation-state based on
historical, cultural, linguistic, religious, ethnic or other
commonalities.

Policy A set of stated principles adopted by governments or

organisations to guide actions and achieve outcomes, describing
what is to be done and by whom.

Radicalisation The process of embracing a radical belief system that may lead to
the use of violence to effect change in a society.

Securitisation The process by which military, political, economic, or

environmental issues are labelled security threats requiring urgent
action, thereby legitimating extraordinary means against the
socially constructed threat and bypassing democratic procedures.

Security A subjective state whereby, one feels free from danger or threats.
Sovereignty This concept is a reference to the time when a sovereign or king
governed a state. In the international system, sovereign states are
considered legally equal and each state has the right to act
autonomously within its territorial borders free from interference
or intervention from other states.

Terrorism A form of political violence, against civilians, that is committed

for purposes of creating fear to cause socio-political change.

Threat A situation in which an individual, group, entity or event (for

instance, a geological event such as an earthquake) has either the
capability or/and intention of causing harm.

War Organised armed conflict between or among state and non-state

actors. In international relations, war is viewed as the continuation
of politics because it breaks out when other strategies of resolving
conflict (such as diplomacy) have failed.

Weapons of Weapons capable of causing exceptional damage and loss of life

mass such as nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.
destruction