ISSN 0975-2773 Assam University Journal UA Science & Technology (An International Journal) PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Volume: 4 Number-II 2009 Assam University PressAssam University Journal of Science & Technology Me Physical Sciences and Technology ISSN - 0975-2773 Contents Volume 4. Number-I1. 2009 Comparing the Ability of Microsoft Excel and R in Simulating from Poisson Distribution ‘Tanusree Deb Roy, Dibyojyoti Bhattacharjee and Kishore K. Das seecceccrccecceececeneceeeeeencneeene Steady Flow of Blood through a Catheterized Tapered Artery with Stenosis: A Theoretical Model Devajyoti Biswas and Uday Shankar Chakraborty 7 Ordering and Pricing Policy for Multi-quality Product with Dual Storage Facility Karabi Dutta Choudhury and Tapan Kumar Dutta — Iudicious Management of Irrigation Water and Chemical Fertilizer for Potato Crop in Subhumid Subtropical Region S.K. Behera and R. K. Panda 2 ‘Modeling of High Velocity Hot Air-Recirculatory Tray Drying of Sweet Pepper using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Ajita Tiwari and J. P, Pandey Continuous Heat-Acid Coagulation Unit for Continuous Production of Chana J.K.Sahuand H. Das Physical Properties of Tree Bome Oil Seed: Potential Biodiesel Feedstock in India R.C. Pradhan, S. N. Naik, N. Bhatnagar and V. K. Vijay - Rain Water Harvesting to Develop Non-arable Lands using Continuous Contour Trench (CCT) V.B. Dalvi, M. B. Nagdeve and L. N. Sethi - Jurisdictional Jurisprudence and Cyberspace Golak Prasad Sahoo Distortion Induced Resonance Raman Study of Magnesium Octaethyl Porphyrin Amalendu Chakraborty and Ramendu Bhattacharjee a MSD Academic Programs for TUM R.C.Sharma = ———— Fillmore-Springer-Cnops Construction - An overview Debapriya Biswas Book Review-1 Reviewer: Devajyoti Biswas Book Review-2 Reviewer: Devajyoti Biswas‘Assam University Journal of Science & ‘Technology : Physical Sciences and Technology Vol. 4 Number It 46-53, 2009 Physical Properties of Tree Borne Oil Seed: Potential Biodiesel Feedstock in India R. C. Pradhan', S. N. Naikt, N, Bhatnagar’ and V. K. Vijay* ‘Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi-110016, India ? Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Delhi- 110016, India Abstract The ever growing demand of energy and its consistent impact on the import bill for fossile fuel has necessitated the search for alternative and complementary sources of energy. Biodiesel, an alternative fuel, is gaining world wide acceptance as a solution to environmental problems, energy security, reducing imports and improving agricultural economy. India is a net importer of edible oil, hence the emphasis is on non-edible oils from plants such as Jatropha, karanja, Simarouba, etc. which could be utilized as a source for production of oil. Physical Properties are often required forthe development of post harvest equipments. The study is conducted to investigate some physical properties of tree borne oilseed like Jatropha, Karanaj and Simarouba fruit and kernel. The lysical properties namely, dimensions, 1000 unit mass, frultpart fraction, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric ‘mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, aspect ratio, bulk density, true density and porosity has been evaluated Inthe study it is found that Simarouba kernel has highest oil content (61.04%) as compare to Jatropha (45.03%) «and Karanja (34.6796) kernel. The oil content of Jatropha seed is 38.32% whereas the oil content of Jatropha ‘Fruit, Karanja fruit and simarouba fruit are 20.12%, 18.45% and 15.28% respectively. The average moisture content of Jatropha seed is 7.2196 w.b. and its average length, width, thickness and 1000 seed mass are 18.83, 11,47, 9.01 mm and 761.50 g, respectively. The size of Karanja fruit and kernel are highest as compared to Jatropha and Simarouba fruit and kernel. Out of these three tree borne oilseeds Jatropha jruit i found to be an equivalent sphere. Key words: Biodiesel; Jatropha; Karanja; Physical properties; Simarouba Introduction Self-reliance in energy is vital for overall economic development of India and other developing ‘countries in the world, The need to search for alternative sources of energy which are renewable, safe and non polluting assumes top priority in view that fossil fuel sources are finite, are the major source of releasing sequestered carbon to atmosphere as CO, and CO causing global warming. In addition, uncertain supplies and frequent price hikes of fossil fuels in the international market are posing serious economic threats for developing countries (Wani and Sreedevi, 2005), Inthe Indian context, the estimated import ofcrude oil may go up from 85 to 147MMT per annum by the end of 2006-2007, correspondingly increasing the import bill from $13.3 to $15.7 billion (Biofuel Report, 2003). Hence, efforts are being made to explore for alternative source of energy. Biodiesel, an alternative fuel, must be technically feasible, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and readily available (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000). Different vegetable oils are in use in various countries for biodiesel production. United States. isan exporter of edible oils hence it uses soyabean oil as a raw material for biodiesel production. Rapeseed oil is in use in European countries for biodiesel production whereas tropical countries such as Malaysia use coconut oil or palm oil for the purpose (Sharma and Singh, 2007). India, however is a net importer of edible oil, hence the emphasis is on non-edible oils from plants such as Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.), Karanja (Pogamia pinnata L.), Simarouba (Simarouba glauca L.), ete. which could be utilized as a source for production of oil. 46Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L), is native to South America and has a long history of propagation by Portuguese in Africa and Asia Bringi, 1987). In unkept hedges, Jatropha yields around 4 tonnes ofseed ha’! (Henning, 1998), while under optimal conditions (depending upon local growing s, such as water, nutrient availability and the absence of pests and diseases) maximum yields of up to 8 tonnes of seed ha! can be achieved. It is well adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions and often used for erosion control (Heller, 1996). The productive lifespan of jatropha can be 50 years. Jatropha will start to produce fruit after 6 months and the productivity will be stable after the plant is 1-3 years-old (Manurung et al., 2006). In India Jatropha bears fruit between September and December. Unlike most other trees fruiting in the ‘monsoons with all the attendant difficulties of collection, drying and storage, Jatropha offers a natural advantage and the fruit can be collected during the dry season (Bringi, 1987). The fruit dries and the hull or shell becomes hard and black. The dry fruits remain on the branches and contain 203 seeds. The fruits are hand picked or harvested by hitting the fruits with a long stick. At times, older trees are harvested by shaking the tree/ branches. The collected fruits are sun dried for processing and decorticated manually to get the seeds (Lakshmikanthan, 1978). Karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.), belongs to family ‘Leguminasae, found almost throughout India upto an altitude of 1,200 m and distributed further east wards, chiefly in the littoral regions of south- eastem Asia and Australia, East Fiji (NOVOD, 1995). The tree is considered to be a native of ‘western ghats and is chiefly found along the banks of streams and rivers or near sea coast in beach and tidal forests (Bringi, 1987). It resists drought well and is moderately forest hardy and highly tolerant to salinity. It is a shade bearer an considered to be a good tree for planting in pastures, as grass grows well in its shade. The pods are collected from April to June. The pods are dried in sun and kernels are extracted by thrashing the fruits. The natural longevity of seeds is 6 months (NOVOD, 1995). In dry fruits, the shell and kernel are 4.5% and 95.5 %, respectively. The composition of a sample of air dried kernels are, moisture 19%, oil 27.5, protein 17.4%, starch 6.6%, crude fibre 7.3% and ash 2.3% (Bringi, 1987; NOVOD, 1995). The kernels are extracted in ghani (18 to 22% yield) and in expeller (24 to 27.5% yield). The yield of kernels per tree is reported between 8 kg to 24 kg and oil contents various from 30- 40% (Lakshmikanthan, 1978; Bringi, 1987), The kernels also contain mucilage (13.5%) and traces of essential oil. In addition, a complex amino acid glabrin is also present. Four furan flavones namely Karanjin, Pongapin, Kanjone, ponglabrone and diketone pongamol have been isolated from the seeds (Bringi, 1987; NOVOD, 1995). Karanja oil has been reported to contain furanoflavones, furanoflavonols, chromenoflavones, flavones and furanodiketones which make the oil non-edible and hence further encourages its application for biodiesel production (Sharma and Singh, 2007). Simarouba (Simarouba glauca L.) commonly known as aceituno, paradise-tree or bitter wood is amedium sized evergreen tree (height 7-15m). It grows well up to 1000 m above sea level in all {ypes of well drained soils (pH 5.5 to 8.0) and has been found to be established in places with 250 ‘mm fo 2500 mm annual rainfall and temperatures going up to 45° C (Joshi and Hiremath, 2000), El Salvador, it is found in dry areas. A: withstands dry and semi arid conditions, itcan be planted in areas where no other plants of economic value ean be grown. In a hectare of land about 200 trees can be accommodated. It produces fruits similar in size, shape and colour to olives. There are two varieties; one produces greenish white fruit and other violet to almost black fruits (Reddy er cl., 2003). The tree begins to produce fruit at about four years of age but it comes to full production atsix years of age. The tree starts flowering during December and bear fruits in January and February. The fruit lots are ready to harvest in May Though, the tree commences bearing fruit from fourth year of planting, economic yields of about 20 kg fruits per tree can be harvested only from the 10" year of planting, The average yield of fruit from a hectare from a 10-year-old plantation of Simarouba will be about 6,000 to 8,000 kg (Joshi and Hiremath, 2001). The physical properties of oilseeds are important in designing and fabricating particular equipments and structures for handling, transporting, -47-processing and storing and also for assessing the behavior of the product quality (Kashaninejad et al.,2006; Bart-Plange and Baryeh, 2003). Physical Properties of TBO are essential to design equipments for decortication, drying, cleaning, ing, storage and oil extraction. Moisture content is useful information in the drying process, The size (such as length, breadth, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter and geometric mean diameter) and shape are important in designing of separating, harvesting, sizing and grinding machines. The product shape can be determined in terms of its sphericity and aspect ratio which affect the flow ability characteristics of the products, Bulk density, true density and 1000-unit mass are used in determining the size of storage bin and also affect the structural loads, the angle of repose is important in designing of storage and ‘transporting structures, Porosity (calculated from bulk density and true density), surface area affect the resistance to airflow through the bulk material bed and data on them are necessary in designing he drying process. Fruit part fraction gives an overall idea about the composition of kemel and shell which affect the oil yield of the product. The aim of this study was to investigate the physical properties of TBO such as Jatropha, Karanja and Simarouba, The parameters studied include moisture content, oil content, size, 1000- unit mass, fruit part fraction, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, aspect ratio, surface area, bulk density, true density and porosity, Materials and Methods Sample Mature (black colour) Jatropha fruits were hand picked from the trees and gathered together from Haryana (Bawel), India. The collected fruits are sun dried for processing and decorticated manually to get the seeds. Then the seeds were dehusked manually to obtain the kemel. Fig 1 shows the Jatropha fruits, fruit Shell, seeds and kernels. The fruits, seeds and kernels were cleaned manually to remove all foreign materials such as dust, dirt and small branches. The cleaned and graded fruits, seeds and kemels were sun dried before beginning, the study. © Fig. 1 Jatropha dried fruit, fruit shell, seed, and kemel (leftto right) Karanja fruits were procured from a group of plants in campus, New Delhi, India. The fruits were sun dried and kernels are extracted by, thrashing the fruits with the help of hammer for the study. The kernel samples were cleaned manually to remove all foreign materials such as. dust, dirt, small branches and immature kernels. ‘The cleaned and graded fruits and kernels (Fig. 2) were sun dried before beginning the study. Fig. 2 Karanja (a)fruit/pod, (b) kernel and (c) shell Simarouba fruit is procured from Orissa, eastern part of India for the study. The sample is cleaned manually to remove all foreign materials such as dust, dirt, immature fruits, ete. and pooled together to obiain approximately 100kg of fruit materials, The fruits are sun-dried and kept in a jute bags and allowed to dry under ambient room conditions (27-32°C, 75-80% RH) to the equilibrium moisture. The Simarouba fruits are decorticated with help of hammer to obtain kernel. It breaks into two halves when it is hit on the rib, more easily so when the fruit is kept in an upright position. The shells and keels are separated manually. Then the kemels are collected for further analysis (Fig. 3) 48Fig. 2 Simarouba dried fruits, broken fruits, shells and kemels (top to bottom) Moisture and oil contents ‘The sample are prepared for analysis by grinding about 50 g of materials to pass through a sieve with circular openings of 1 mm diameter and mixed thoroughly. Two grams of the comminute ‘material are dried in a hot-air oven (Yorco Sales Pvt. Ltd., India) at 80°C for 10 h, cooled in a desiccators and weighed. Weight loss on drying toa final constant weight is recorded as moisture content of the material. For oil content determination (AOAC, 1984), the dried sample for the previous determination was extracted ina soxhlet-type extractor with petroleum ether (boiling point 60-80°C). The extract was dried for 30 min at 100°C, cooled and the residual oil weighed. The above procedure outlined for determination of moisture and oil content was repeated for fit, seed and kernel. Reported values of fruit, seed and kernel are mean of five determinations. Physical characteristics ‘The bulk material is divided into 5 lots each and 20 samples ate selected at random from each lot of fruit and kernel to obtain 100 samples each for conducting the experiment. Hence, measurement of all size and shape indices as well as the fruit ‘mass and kernel mass are replicated one hundred times. The fruit size, in terms of the three principal axial dimensions, that is length (L), width (W) and thickness (T) are measured using the vernier caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan) with an accuracy of 0.02 mm, ‘The dried fruit consists of two parts namely, the outer most part is shell fraction and the inner portion is kernel fraction. These measurements of two fractions are replicated twenty mean value. ies to get The arithmetic mean diameter, D, and geometric ‘mean diameter, D, of the samples were calculated by using the following relationships (Mohsenin, 1980) aM 2) The sphericity, 6 of samples were calculated by using the following relationship (Mohsenin, 1980): ro e where, L is the length, W is the width and Tis the thickness (all in mm.) The aspect ratio, R, was calculated (Maduako and Faborode, 1990) as 4) w Ra=T-X 100 ‘The 1000 unit mass was determined by means of a digital electronic balance (Shimadzu corporation, Japan, AY120) having an accuracy of 0.001g, To evaluate the 1000 unit mass, 50 randomly selected samples are weighted and are multiplied by 20, The reported value is mean of 20 replications. ‘The surface area of bulk sample (fruit and kernel) vas found by analogy with a sphere of the same geometric mean diameter, using the following, relationship (Gamayak ef al., 2008; Altuntas e7 al., 2005; Tunde- Akintunde and Akintunde, 2004; Sacilik et al, 2003) S=n De where, S is the surface area (mm) (5) The bulk material (fruit, seed or kernel) was put into a container with known weight and volume (500 ml) from a height of 150 mm at @ constant rate (Pradhan ef ai. 2008). No separate manual compaction of fruits is done. Bulk density was calculated from the mass of bulk material divided by volume containing the mass. The true density defined as the ratio between the mass and the true volume of the bulk material (fruit or kernel), was determined using the toluene (C,H,) displacement method (Mohsenin, 1980). The density ratio is the ratio of mass density to bulk density expressed as -49-percentage, while porosity of bulk materials was calculated from bulk and true densities using the relationship (Mohsenin, 1980), as follows: P, s(t Joo © where, ¢is the porosity (%); pis the bulk density (kg/m?); and fi, is the true density (kg/m). Reported values of all density characteristics are means of 20 replications, Results and Discussions Moisture and oil contents ‘The average moisture and oil content of Jatropha, Karanja and Simarouba are shown in Table 1. Itis seen that Karanja fruit and kernel has maximum moisture content as compare to Jatropha and Simarouba. The moisture content (wb) of Jatropha fruit, seed and kernel are 11.77, 7.21 and 6.35% respectively. In case of Karanja, the moisture content of fruit is 10.03% higher than that of its keel whereas the moisture content of Simarouba fruit is 37.03% less than that of its kemel. From ‘Table |, itis seen that kernel has higher oil content than fruit. So it is wise to separate the shell/husk from kernel before oil expulsion. The oil content of Simarouba kernel is more as compared to the oil content of Jatropha and Karanja Jatropha fruit, seed and kernel A summary of the results of determined physical parameters of Jatropha fruit, seed and kernel shown in Table 2. The 1000-unit mass, fraction of fruit parts, arithmetic diameter and geometric diameter are provided along with other physical parameters. The shape is determined in terms of its sphericity and aspect ratio. The sphericity values indicate that fruit shape is close to a sphere than the seed and the kernels, which are similar in shape, close to ellipsoid. Bulk density ofthe fruits was the lowest while that of the kernels was the highest. This indicates that fruits need space per unit mass more than nuts and kernel. The sol density of the fruit, nut and kernel is less than the density of water (1000 kg/m*). The porosity of the bulk of fruits was the highest and that of the kernels was the lowest. The surface area of fruit . was larger than those of seed and kernel by 73.45%, and 87.90%, respectively. ‘Table 1. Average oil and moisture content of Jatropha, Karanja and Simarouba [_——___Jatropha _—___Karanja‘Simarouba— Parameter Fruit Sead Karmel Fruit Kernel Fruit Kernel Oil content (%) 20.12 38.32 45.03 1845 34.67 15.28 61.04 Ql) 461) 7.86) (1.79) _B.S1)__@.35)_(5.67)_ Moisture content, % VW77 721 6.35 W415 12.73 6.21 B51 (we) (1.43) (0.33) (0.04) (0.44) (1.62) (0.23)_ (0.52) Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation Table 2 Physical properties of Jatropha fruit, seed and kernel Physical properties n Fruit ~_ Seed Kemel ength (mm) 100 29374087 18.8330.51 —‘140340.74 ‘With (ram) 100 22.2240.62 11474043 7.173035 Thickness (mm) 100 21.6140.465 9.014032 §.9080.12 1000 Unit mass (g) 20 228035#1326 © *761.5043.95 ,_ 476.1742.54 Seed fraction (%) 20 71.688735 100 NA Kemel fraction (%) 20 44.7345.36 63.0245.78 100 Shell/Husk fraction (%) 20 28.3247.35 37.13 $4.11 0 Arithmetic mean diameter (mm) 100 24393051 1.108031 9.034067 Geometric mean diameter(mm) 100 — 24,15+0.25 12.4540.30 8.414125 ‘Sphericity (decimal) 100 0.82+0.02 0,66+0.01 0,590.06 Surface area (mim?) 100 18344027773 486.94215.67 221.91212.63 Aspect Ratio (6) 100 75.65 48.23 609127.11 — $1.1085.89 Bulk density (kg/m) 20 27521,09 4761.97 588,2643.84 20 5203647 7114797 865,8729.23, Porosity (%) 20 47.1140.11 33.0520.11 32.06+2.67 nis the number of samples. Data are mean values = standard de -50-Karanja fruit and kernel Average values of the three principal dimensions of karanja fruit and kemel viz., length, width and thickness determined in this study are presented in Table 3. The average diameter calculated by the arithmetic mean and geometric mean are also presented are provided along with other physical parameters in Table 3. Bal and Mishra (1988); Dutta etal. (1988) considered the grain as spherical Table 3 Physical properties when the sphericity value was more than 0.80 and 0.70 respectively. In this study, karanja fruit and kemel should not be treated as an equivalent sphere for calculation of the surface area. The surface area of fruitis 55.52% more than that of its kemel. The bulk density of fruit and kemel are 425.04 and 651 kg/m’, respectively while the respective true density are 601.35 and 995.0 kg/m’, respectively. The corresponding porosity of fruit and kernel are 29.32% and 34.57%, respectively. s of Karanja fruit and keel Physical properties t Fruit, Kemel Length (mm) 100 4885 £454 25.68 £2.65 Width (mm) 100 19554277 1563.41.86 ‘Thickness (mm) 100 11482146 8.164087 1000 Unit mass (g) 20 3220419.18 1329.58: 13.24 Kernel fraction (%) 20 4739.46.67 100 Shell fraction (%) 20 49.6133.21 0 Arithmetic mean diameter (eam) 100 26.63 21.74 16.49 £0.65 Geometric mean diameter (mm) 100 2.214104 1481 £0.58 Sphericity (decimal) 100 0.45 20.08 0.58:+0.05 Surface area (mm*) 100 1550.63 423.32 689.64 + 19.66 Aspect Ratio (%) 100 40.02 42.71 60.86 4.11 Bulk density (kg/m) 20 425044433 6513.67 True density (kg/m?) 20 60135£7.81 9544.51 Porosity (%) 20 29324089 34,572 1.21 nis the number of samples, Data are mean values + standard deviation, Simarouba fruit and kernel A summary of the results of determined physical parameters of fruit and kernel is shown in Table 4 The 1000-unit mass, fraction of fruit parts, arithmetic diameter and geometric diameter are provided along with other physical parameters. The fruit length, width and thickness are found to be 21.26£2.01, 13.81+0.98, and 11.03+0.64 mm respectively. The fruit shape is determined in terms ofits sphericity and aspect ratio. The sphericity of Simarouba fruit and keel are found to be 0.69 and 0.65 respectively. The surface area of fruit is larger than kernel by 63.36%. The surface area of fruit is higher than that of kernel indicating thet ‘mass or energy transfer rate through the surface ofthe fruit mightbe slower than the rate for kernel. ‘The bulk density of fruit and kernel are 622.27 and 727.73 kg/m’ respectively. This indicates that the bulk density of the fruit is 14.49% lower than kernel. This indicates that fruits need more space per unit mass than kernels, The true density of the fruit is less than the density of water (1000 kg/ 1m!) due to the air pores between the shell and the kernel, The true density of kernel is higher than that of fruit. This indicates that separation of fruit shells from kernels after decortication could be done by blowing air (winnowing) or floating in ‘water. The porosity of Simarouba fruit and kernel are found to be 33.23% and 28.61%, respectively. Since the porosity depends on the bulk as well as true densities, the magnitude of variation in porosity depends on these factors only. The Porosity of the bulk of kernel is lower than the fruits. This indicates that aeration of the bulk of fruit is easier than of the bulk kernel. aitTable 4 Physical properties of Simarouba fruit and kernel Physical properties 7 Fruit Kemel Length (mm) 100 21.262.01 15.78 1.08 ‘Width (mm) 100 13812098 7.70.86 Thickness (mm) 100 11034064” 6.71 £0.37 1000 Unit mass (g) 20 1120.16 52.34 330.26 +2935 Kemel fraction (%) 20 29.014 034 100 Shell fraction (%) 20 TAZ 1.08 0 Arithmetic mean diameter (mm) 100 15374087 9.42058 ‘Geometric mean diameter (mm) 100 14784082 895 40.37 Sphericity (decimal) 100 0.69 + 0.03 0.65 + 0.03 Surface area (mm*) 100 687.94 £37.68 252.08 + 32.36 ‘Aspect Ratio (%) 100 64.95 +651 5641 £5.54 Bulk density (kg/m?) 20 622.27£15.64 727.73 + 15.54 True density (kg/m*) 20 931.96 £33.08 | 1019.3 419.65 Porosity (%) 20 33232203 2861+ 1 is the number of samples. Data are mean values + standard deviation. Conclusion At present tree borne oilseed (TBO) such as Jatropha, Karanja and Simarouba has a great role as a resource for biofuel because the kernel’s oil contains that can be a substitute for diesel. In the oil extraction process, the fruits must be decorticated, the seed husk must be dehusked, and the kernels must be dried and then oil has to be extracted, To design and fabricate the equipment related to the process, the physical properties of the fruits, seeds and kernels are important design The physical properties of TBO fruit icluding moisture and oil content, 1000-unit mass, fruit part fraction, dimensions, ‘geometric mean diameter, sphericity, bulk density, true density, porosity, and surface area are investigated and reported. Acknowledgements Funding for this research was provided by the National Oilseed and Vegetable oils Development (NOVOD) Board, Govt of India, Gurgaon, Delhi The authors are grateful to Dr. Naresh Kaushik, Scientist, CCS HAU Regional Research Station, Bawal, Haryana, India, for provic fruits for the experiment References 1, Altuntas, E., Ozgoz, E., Taser, O.F,, (2005). Some physical properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenun-graceum L,) seeds. J. Food Eng. 71, 37 43 2, AOAC, (1984). Official methods of analysis (14th edn). Washington, DC: Association of Official ‘Analytical Chemists 3. Bal, S. and Mishra, H.N,, (1988). Engineering properties of soysbean, Proceedings ofthe National Seminar on Soybean Processing and Utilization in India, pp. 146-168. 4, Bart-Plange, A and Barych, E.A., (2003). The physical properties of Category B cocoa beans. J of Food Eng. 60, 219-227, 5. Biofuel Report. (2003). 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