J. Opt. Commun.
2017; aop
Rajat Kumar Giri∗ and Bijayananda Patnaik
Bit Error Rate Performance Analysis of Hybrid
Subcarrier Intensity Modulation-Based FSO with
Spatial Diversity in Various Weather Conditions
https://doi.org/DOI 10.1515/joc-2017-0073
Received May 5, 2017; accepted July 20, 2017
Abstract: In this paper, we study the performance
improvement of free space optical (FSO) communica-
tion system with spatial diversity techniques employ-
ing hybrid pulse position modulation-binary phase shift
keying-subcarrier intensity modulation (PPM-BPSK-SIM).
The involvement of multiple photo-detectors in diversity
based FSO systems offers an effective way to overcome
scntillation. In this paper, we have simulated the bit error
rate (BER) with respect to different parameters like aver-
age SNR, link distance at various weather conditions.
The simulation results are verified in Matlab environ-
ment with the mathematical analysis. The simulation
results show that higher order single input multiple out-
put (SIMO) system achieves better BER performance and
hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM has significant improved perform-
ance than the common modulation schemes like PPM,
BPSK-SIM.
Keywords: free-space-optics (FSO), subcarrier-intensity-
modulation (SIM), bit error rate (BER), atmospheric
turbulence, pulse position modulation (PPM), equal gain
combining (EGC), maximum ratio combining (MRC)
1 Introduction
Free space optics (FSO) is a promising technology as an
alternative solution to the RF communication systems.
It provides high bandwidth, unlicensed spectrum, easy
installation, high security, etc., which are the key advant-
ageous features of FSO communication system [1, 2].
For FSO implementation point of view, the atmospheric
weather condition severely affects its performance. The
*Corresponding author: Rajat Kumar Giri, Department of ETC
Engineering, International Institute of Information Technology,
Bhubaneswar, India, E-mail: rajat@iiit-bh.ac.in
Bijayananda Patnaik, Department of ETC Engineering, International
Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar, India,
E-mail: bijayananda@iiit-bh.ac.in
atmospheric factors like fog, rain, haze, aerosols cause
attenuation by scattering, absorption, so it results degrad-
ation in its performance [3, 4]. Apart from that another
challenge is atmospheric turbulence known as scintilla-
tion which results from the in-homogeneities in temper-
ature, pressure in atmosphere that turns in to refractive
index fluctuation and it leads to severe degradation in link
performance [5]. So a number of mitigation techniques
like advanced modulation schemes, spatial diversity and
aperture averaging have been applied.
On-off-keying (OOK) is a common modulation tech-
nique used in FSO communication due to its simplicity.
But the receiver design for it is complexive because it
needs the adaptive threshold adjustment according to the
turbulence condition [6]. PPM is another modulation tech-
nique as an alternative to the OOK. Though it doesn’t
need any adaptive threshold but it requires synchroniz-
ation [7]. So subcarrier-intensity modulation (SIM) has
gained attention. It doesn’t need any threshold adjust-
ment and it can use the advanced RF technology. PPM
has better power efficiency than OOK but it is not band-
width efficient. SIM technique is not power efficient but
it requires less channel bandwidth [8]. So a hybrid mod-
ulation can be a solution for this perspective by com-
bining PPM with BPSK-SIM to mitigate the scintillation
effects up to some extent. In [9, 10] the hybrid modula-
tion technique PPM-BPSK-SIM was studied, where it has
been shown that the hybrid technique outperforms PPM
and BPSK-SIM.
Similar to radio communications, the effect of turbu-
lence on FSO links can be significantly reduced by apply-
ing spatial diversity technique [11]. So the performance
improvement can be achieved through diversity technique
employing the hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM modulation scheme.
It employs various linear combining techniques such as
maximum ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combining
(EGC) and selection combining (SelC) to mitigate the effect
of scintillation for the improvement of the BER perform-
ance. Though MRC shows better system performance but
implementation of MRC is more complicated compared to
EGC technique [12]. Hence, we have used EGC diversity
technique with PPM-BPSK-SIM in our study.
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2 R. Kumar Giri and B. Patnaik: Bit Error Rate Performance Analysis of Hybrid Subcarrier Intensity Modulation

Faridzadeh et al. has evaluated the BER of hybrid acteristics is defined by probability density function (pdf)
PPM-BPSK-SIM [9].The spatial diversity in FSO systems and here its pdf is given by [12]:
was proposed by Navidpur et al. [11]. The SIM-based FSO ⎡    2 ⎤
3s2
with MRC and EGC was studied by Popoola et al. [12]. – ln IIo +
1 ⎢ 2 ⎥
The BER performance of FSO system over double general- p(I) = √ exp ⎣ ⎦ (1)
I 203s 23s2
ized gamma fading was studied with EGC, OC techniques
[4]. The capacity evaluation in FSO system using log-
normal channel model has been discussed by Kaushik Here 3s2 is log intensity variance known as Rytov variance
et al. [13]. Diversity in FSO with different atmospheric and it is defined by [12].
condition was explained by Lee [14]. Kaur et al. evalu- 11
7
ated the BER of MIMO in FSO at different weather con- 3s2 = 1.23Cn2 k 6 Lc6 (2)
ditions [15, 16]. However, to the best of our knowledge,
performance analysis of FSO systems using hybrid SIM where I is irradiance in turbulent medium, Io is irradiance
modulation with spatial diversity in presence of different in free space, Cn2 is refractive index structure parameter
atmospheric weather conditions has not appeared in any known as turbulence strength, k denotes the optical wave
of these studies. number and Lc is link coverage.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. For calculation of unconditional BER, the probab-
Section 2 presents system description and turbulence ility error should be the average over the atmospheric
model and Section 3 illustrates BER analysis for hybrid turbulence [10].

SIM in FSO with and without diversity. Simulation results So we have assumed x = I1 + I2 + I3 + ...IM / Io =
are discussed in the Section 4. Finally, the conclusion is exp(X), which is the addition of M log-normal random vari-
presented in Section 5. ables having the new log intensity variance 3x2 and the new
mean is ux . So the pdf of ‘x’ is expressed as [9, 10] :
 
1 (lnx – ux )2
2 System description p(x) =  exp – (3)
x 203x2 23x2
In general SIM based FSO technique, the information
 
modulates the RF subcarrier signal using any specific elec- 1 exp(3s2 )–1
where ux = ln(M) – 2 ln 1+ M
trical modulation technique. The intensity of the optical
 
source is modulated by the resultant electrical modulated exp(3s2 )–1
and 3x2 = ln 1 + M
signal. In receiver section, the received optical signal is
converted to electrical signal by a photodetector in dir-
ect detection process. Then it is followed by a normal RF
coherent demodulation technique for the recovery of the 2.2 Link loss
original information.
The transmitted optical signal gets attenuated in atmo-
spheric channel is caused by absorption, refraction, scat-
tering, fog, cloud, rain, etc. The atmospheric factors vary
2.1 Turbulence model according to the weather condition and geographical loc-
ation. Another factor is the divergence of optical beam
In FSO communication system the channel models are cat- results spreading for which optical power loss occurs.
egorized according to the turbulence level of channels. So Atmospheric attenuation occurs due to absorption and
the channel models are defined as log-normal model for scattering where as geometric loss depends on receiver
weak turbulence, negative-exponential model for strong aperture area, divergence angle. So the total link loss can
turbulence and gamma-gamma channel model for mod- be expressed by [10, 17]:
erate turbulence level. Here application of FSO for short
Ac
distance communication in urban areas is considered and !c (link) =  2 exp (–"v Lc ) (4)
6Lc
the log-normal distribution is best suited for it [10, 13]. 0 2
Also this model is mathematically convenient and tract-
able. So in this paper, we have considered the log-normal where "v denotes atmospheric extinction coefficient,
model for the BER analysis. Normally the channel char- Ac is receiver aperture area, 6 is divergence angle.

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 R. Kumar Giri and B. Patnaik: Bit Error Rate Performance Analysis of Hybrid Subcarrier Intensity Modulation
2.3 Attenuation due to fog/haze
In FSO link, fog/haze affects the optical transmission and
results attenuation that depends on the visibility range
which is defined as the distance that an optical beam
travels in the atmosphere until its intensity drops to two
percent of its initial value. The attenuation coefficient can
be calculated as given by [13, 14]:
 –r
3.91 +
!c (fog) =
v 550
where v denotes the visibility range, r is the fog droplet
size and + is the wavelength of 1550 nm [13, 14].
2.3.1 Attenuation due to rain
Like fog, rain has also adverse effects in FSO which causes
attenuation. The attenuation coefficient can be calculated
according to the rain levels as stated in [13]:
!c (rain) = 1.076R0.67
where R denotes the rainfall rate.
3 Hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM
modulation schemes and its BER
calculation in SISO system
As discussed in literature, PPM has better power efficiency
but it is not bandwidth efficient where as BPSK-SIM is
not good in power efficiency but it has better spectral
efficiency. Also BPSK-SIM is less affected by intensity fluc-
tuation [9]. So a hybrid modulation is a better solution,
Figure 1: Block diagram of hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM system (a) Transmitter (b) Receiver.
3
which combines the both techniques for better BER per-
formance. As shown in Figure 1, PPM encoder converts a
block of Q = log2L data bits to PPM symbol format, where
Q and L are number of bits per symbol and average length
of symbol respectively. The transmitted PPM signal format
can be expressed as

L
vo (t) = ak v (t – (k – 1)) Ts (7)
k=1
(5)
where ak is the code word of PPM , v(t) is pulse
shaping function and Ts denotes symbol interval.
Then a parallel to serial converter is used followed by
a BPSK modulator. The resultant arrays of data bits from
parallel-serial converter modulate the RF sub-carrier sig-
nal and the RF modulated signal is applied to modulate
the intensity of optical carrier signal. The optical signal
generated from laser driver is modulated by BPSK mod-
ulated signal. A dc level is applied to the laser driver to
avoid the signal clipping.
The transmitted optically modulated signal can be
(6) expressed by [10]:

L
 
p(t) = Ik 1 + mcos(9c t + ak 0)v(t – (k – 1)Ts ) (8)
k=1
where Ik is intensity of the kth code, m is optical
modulation index. In receiving side, the PIN detector con-
verts the received optical signal to electrical form. So its
resultant output signal for one symbol stream, which is
proportional to modulated signal and can be obtained as,

L
 
r(t) = R!c Ik 1 + mcos(9c t + ak 0)v(t–(k–1)Ts ) +n(t) (9)
k=1
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4 R. Kumar Giri and B. Patnaik: Bit Error Rate Performance Analysis of Hybrid Subcarrier Intensity Modulation

where, R denotes responsivity of PIN detector, !c is resolved by Gauss-Hermite quadrature integration approx-
channel attenuation and n(t) is total receiver noise. imation. Due its simplicity and compactness, it gives
After passing through OBPF , r(t) will be as good approximation result. The Gauss-Hermite integra-
tion approximation expression is given by Ghassemlooy et

L al. [7]:
ro (t) = mR!c [Ik {cos (9c t + ak 0 ) v (t – (k – 1)) Ts }] + n(t)
k=1  ∞ 
n
(10) b(x)exp(–x2 )dx ≈ wj b(xj ) (15)
By coherent detection where multiplier and LPF are –∞ j=1
major devices, the resultant output signal for one symbol
period will be obtained as where xj n and wj n represent the zeros of nth order
Hermite polynomial Hen (x) and the corresponding weight
mR!c 
L factors respectively.
rf (t) = Ik + nd (t) (11) Now the simplified probability error will be obtained
2
k=1
as
where, nd (t) denotes additive white Gaussian noise   √ 
1 
n
mR!c
(AWGN) and its variance is [3L–PPM 2 /2] where 3L–PPM
2 = Pe = √ wj Q Io exp 23x yj + ux (16)
0 23L–PPM
No rb L/2H as stated by Liu et al. [10], in which No is double j=1

sided PSD of the Gaussian noise.

where 3L–PPM
2 = 23N2 and L = 2 has been considered
For the error performance analysis, the conditional
for the BER evaluation and 3N2 is total noise variance pro-
BER and unconditional BER calculation is necessary and
duced by PIN which is the sum of shot noise and thermal
these are derived as follows, where we have assumed equi-
noise is given by [8]
probable data transmission. So the conditional BER can be
expressed by [9, 10]: 
3N2 = 3sh
2 2
+ 3th = 2BF qRIBG + 2kB T/RL (17)
√   
mR!c Io x
Pc = Q SNR = Q (12) where BF is filter bandwidth that is approximately half of
23L–PPM
bit rate, IBG is Background radiation, kB is Boltzmann’s
The unconditional BER for this scheme can be constant, T is temperature, RL is the receiver circuit load
obtained as resistance and q denotes the electron charge.
 ∞
Pe = Pc P(x)dx
0 3.1 BER performance of hybrid
 ∞    
mR!c Io x 1 [lnx – ux ] 2 PPM-BPSK-SIM modulation with spatial
= Q  exp – dx
0 23L–PPM 2
x 203x 23x2 diversity
(13)
For spatial diversity technique in FSO system as shown
  √
[lnx–u
√ x]
in Figure 2, we have taken N photo detectors (PIN). We
By replacing y = , so x = exp( 23x y + ux )
23x assume that the optical beams can cover N photo detectors
So the eq. (13) will be obtained as
simultaneously. The responsivity and the aperture area are
 ∞   √  kept constant throughout the operation. We assume that
mR!c Io x
Pe = Q .exp 23x y + ux the detectors are spatially separated bya distance greater
0 23L–PPM
  than the spatial coherence length (≈ +Lc ) [18], so that
1  2
√ exp –y dy they will be statistically independent and identical and
0
 ∞   √  any correlation in the received signals can be avoided.
1 mR!c Io x
=√ Q .exp 23x y + ux
0 0 23L–PPM
  2 
exp –y dy (14) 3.1.1 Maximum ratio combining (MRC)

A closed-form solution doesn’t exist in eq. (14) and MRC requires the knowledge of the individual received
numerical integration could result in truncating its upper irradiance and phase on each branch. The weighted sig-
limit. So the analytical difficulty involved in eq. (14) can be nals are cophased and summed coherently to obtain the

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 R. Kumar Giri and B. Patnaik: Bit Error Rate Performance Analysis of Hybrid Subcarrier Intensity Modulation 5

Figure 2: Block diagram of hybrid modulation based FSO with spatial diversity.

combiner’s output current that is expressed as can be expressed as [12]:

⎡
 0

n  

N
RA!c 
L
 1 2
⎣ √1 –k2
im (t) = asi Ii Ik 1 + mcos(9c t + ak 0)v (t – (k – 1) Pe (MRC) = wj exp
N 0 0 0 2sin2 6
i=1 k=1 j=1
  √ N
TS )] + asi n(t) (18) exp 2 yi 23x + ux d6 (22)

Here Ii is the instantaneous received irradiance , asi is Interchanging the summation and integration in eq.
gain factor of each photodetector and the total noise n(t) (22) and it will be obtained as
is assumed to be Gaussian with zero mean. ⎡
   0  
1 N 2⎣ 1  N
n
The electrical SNR for the received irradiance at the –Nk2
Pe (MRC) = √ √ wj exp
demodulator by MRC technique is given as [12]: 0 0 0 2sin2 6
j=1
  √ 
 2 
N
 exp 2 yi 23x + ux d6 (23)
mRA!c 2
γMRC = √ Ii (19)
( L–PPM ) N
23 i=1 The simplified BER in terms of Q-function can be
written as
The unconditional BER can be obtained similarly by   n
averaging over the intensity fluctuation statistics . 1 N   N √ √ 
Pe (MRC) = √ wj Q N γMRC
0
 ∞  √
j=1

√
Pe (MRC) = Q γMRC P(I)dI (20) exp yj 23x + ux (24)
0

 0  
1 2 –x2
where p(I) is the joint PDFs which is multiplication of where Q(x) = 0 0 exp 2sin2 6
d6
individual PDFs for N uncorrelated signals received by the
detectors and given by [12]:
3.1.2 Equal gain combining (EGC)


N
p(I) = p(Ii ) (21) The irradiance estimation on each branch is not required
i=1 as MRC system. The EGC combiner samples the photocur-
rents and sums them coherently with equal weights. By
Using a suitable form of Q-function and with the help employing EGC across N receive branches, for a single-
of set of equations given by Gauss-Hermite integration input-multiple-output (SIMO) FSO system over a turbu-
already stated in eq. (15), the analytical expression for BER lence channel, the output photocurrent from the N th photo

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6 R. Kumar Giri and B. Patnaik: Bit Error Rate Performance Analysis of Hybrid Subcarrier Intensity Modulation

detector can be expressed as [12]: 100

Hybrid−SIM
PPM

N
RA!c 
L
  BPSK−SIM
ie (t) = Ii Ik 1 + mcos(9c t+ak 0)v (t– (k – 1) TS )
N 10−2
i=1 k=1
(25)
The electrical SNR for the received irradiance at the
demodulator by EGC technique is given by [12]: 10−4

BER
 2 
N
2 10−6
mRM!c
γEGC = Ii (26)
(23L–PPM ) N i=1
10−8
As derived in MRC technique, the unconditional BER
can be calculated as follows.
 ∞
10−10
√ 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Pe (EGC) = Q γEGC P(I)dI (27) Average SNR (in dB)
0
Figure 3: BER against Average SNR (dB) of different SIM based FSO
system without diversity in clear air condition at the turbulence
  n
1  √  √  strength Cn2 = 2.5 × 10–15 m–2/3 .
Pe (EGC) = √ wj Q γEGC exp yj 23x + ux
0
j=1
Table 1: Attenuation coefficient for different weather conditions at
(28) + = 1,550 nm.

Weather conditions Attenuation (dB/km)

4 Results and discussion Clear air (v=20 km) 0.2209
Haze (v=6 km) 0.7363
For the performance analysis of SIM-based FSO, we have Light fog (v=2 km) 4.2872
Moderate fog (v=0.6 km) 25.5291
used hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM modulation techniques with
Light rain (R=2.5 mm/h) 1.9881
EGC diversity technique. The whole analysis is EGC based Medium rain (R=12.5 mm/h) 5.8444
to avoid the complexity except in Figure 5, where both Heavy rain (R=25.5 mm/h) 9.2989
EGC and MRC techniques are applied for a comparison
analysis. The BER performance is carried out at various
weather condition like clear air, haze, light rain, light fog, Table 2: List of parameters and constants.
in Matlab environment. In this study, log-normal channel
model has been considered for the mathematical analysis Name Symbol Value
and simulation result. The turbulence strength of Cn2 = Wave length + 1550 nm
Link distance Lc 1500 m
2.5×10–15 m–2/3 has been taken for the modulation compar-
Bit rate rb 1.5Gb/s
ison analysis in Figure 3, where as the higher turbulence Load resistance RL 1000 K
strength of Cn2 = 7.5 × 10–15 m–2/3 has been taken for the rest Extinction coefficient "v 0.1 dB/km
of simulations. The parameters associated with the corres- Responsivity R 1
ponding techniques are given in Table 1 and most of these Modulation index m 1
values are taken from the reference paper of Liu et. al. [10]. Divergence angle 6 10–3 rad
Receiver’s aperature diameter D 0.02 m
In Figure 3 we have plotted BER against the average
Electron charge q 1.69 ×10–19 C
SNR by taking BPSK-SIM, PPM and the hybrid PPM-BPSK- Temperature T 300 k
SIM modulation schemes in FSO communication system. Boltzmann’s constant kB 1.38 ×10–23 W/K/Hz
For the achievement of a standard BER of 10–8 , the average
SNR of 35.5 dB, 40 dB, 43.5 dB are needed for hybrid PPM-
BPSK-SIM, PPM, BPSK-SIM respectively. So it shows that In Figure 4, we have used SIMO system by increasing
the hybrid modulation outperforms of rest two modulation the number of receivers with the proposed hybrid PPM-
schemes. BPSK-SIM modulation technique, where we found that the

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 R. Kumar Giri and B. Patnaik: Bit Error Rate Performance Analysis of Hybrid Subcarrier Intensity Modulation 7

100 100
N=4 EGC
N=3 MRC
N=2
10−2 N=1 10−2
N=1

10−4 10−4
N=2
BER

BER
10−6 10−6

10−8 10−8

N=3

10−10 10−10
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Average SNR (in dB) Average SNR (in dB)

Figure 4: BER against Average SNR (dB) of Hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM Figure 5: BER against Average SNR (dB) of Hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM
modulation based FSO system with EGC technique in clear air based FSO system with both EGC and MRC technique in clear air
condition. condition.

increase of receivers give better performance. For a stand- Table 4: Required average SNR(dB) for the achievement the BER of
ard BER of 10–8 , the average SNR of 35.5 dB is needed 10–8 in Hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM-based FSO system with both EGC and
for N = 4 (1 x 4 SIMO), where as it is 40.4 dB for N = 1 MRC technique in clear air condition.
(1 x 1 SISO) in clear air conditions. So it shows that the
required SNR about 5 dB for N = 4 is less compared to N = 1 Types of Diversity Average SNR (dB)
diversity order which indicates the improvement in BER N=1 N =2 N=3
MRC 43.5 40.1 36.2
performance. The similar analysis has been carried out
EGC 44.3 41 37.2
for different weather conditions like haze, light rain, light
fog and its corresponding results are depicted in Table 3.
It is observed that at N = 1(1 x 1 SISO), the required SNR ing results are given in Table 4. Still EGC technique has
increases from 40 dB (at clear air condition) to 56.3dB (at been applied throughout our analysis to avoid the com-
light fog condition), where as in N = 4(1 x 4SIMO) system plexity as in MRC because in MRC technique, estimation of
the required SNR increases 35.5 dB (at clear air condi- irradiance of each branch is necessary where as it doesn’t
tion) to 43 dB (at light fog condition), so it proves that the require for EGC [12]. So finding the maximum SNR value in
BER changing rate is less in higher diversity order system a multiple receiver systems is a complicated task.
compared to N = 1 (SISO) system. In Figure 6 the BER performance with respect to
In Figure 5 both EGC, MRC technique are implemen- different link distances is plotted in clear air condition,
ted. It is found that MRC shows the slight improvement in where the link range is 600 m to 2000 m is taken. Here
BER performance compared to EGC and the correspond- the result indicates that the increasing link distance
reduces the BER performance. Since the Rytov variance
Table 3: Required average SNR(dB) for the achievement the BER of
increases with the increase of link distance as stated
10–8 in Hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM based FSO system with EGC technique in eq. (2), so BER performance also deteriorates. That’s
in different weather condition. why our simulation result matches with the theoretical
concept. The higher order 1 x 4 SIMO shows better BER
Types of atmospheric condition Average SNR (dB) performance as it covers more distance compared to 1 x 2
N=1 N=2 N=3 N=4 SIMO, 1 x 3 SIMO and 1 x 1 (SISO). For example, for a 10–8
Clear air 40.2 42 38.5 35.5
BER at N = 4, it covers 780 m where as at N = 1, it covers
Haze 47.5 43.8 40 36.8
Light rain 50.2 46.5 42.5 39 only 650 m distance. So it shows that, with more distance
Light fog 56.3 51.2 46.8 43 coverage same BER is achieved at higher order diversity
which indicates the improvement in BER performance.

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8 R. Kumar Giri and B. Patnaik: Bit Error Rate Performance Analysis of Hybrid Subcarrier Intensity Modulation
100
N=1 N=2
10−2
10−4
N=3
BER
10−6
N=4
10−8
10−10
10−12
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Link distance,Ld(m)
Figure 6: BER against link distance of Hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM based
FSO system with EGC technique in clear air condition.
5 Conclusion
We have studied the spatial diversity techniques like
EGC and MRC in FSO communication systems employ-
ing the hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM modulation scheme. Our
study shows that the hybrid PPM-BPSK-SIM modulation
has a noticeable improvement is about 6.5 dB compared
to BPSK-SIM technique in the BER performance. It is
observed from the simulation result that unlike single
input single output (SISO) system, an increase in the
number receivers for single input multiple output (SIMO)
system results in better system performance as N = 1 to
N = 4 in clear air condition the BER improvement is about
4.7 dB and in light fog case it is about 13.3 dB. But in differ-
ent weather condition, when attenuation level increases
from clear air condition to light fog condition, the bit
error rate decreases but the application of hybrid PPM-
BPSK-SIM with higher order diversity improves the BER
performance. It is observed from the simulation that chan-
ging rate of BER in higher diversity order N = 4 (1 x 4 SIMO)
is very less compared to N = 1 (1 x 1 SISO) from clear air
condition to light fog condition. Thus hybrid PPM-BPSK-
SIM modulation scheme with spatial diversity can be a
better approach for mitigation of scintillation up to some
extent.The proposed approach may further be analyzed for
other channel models.
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