NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEag Design Performance Objectives | nm 474 287s Earthquake RP.(VE) ASCE7.10 Essential @ Facility ay 4372 8785 earthquake PIV) ASCEP-I0 Normal Occupaney ° is Performance Level Bora Generalized Ductile Mechanism Force — Deformation Relations For modeling (using nonlinear procedures) and acceptance criteria NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE1) 2) PBSD Analysis Procedures Serviceability Evaluation — Linear Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis for 43 year (ordinary occupancy) or 72 year (essential structure) return period earthquake shaking for Operational performance damage state objective, which is to remain essentially elastic. MCE shaking evaluation — either Nonlinear Static Analysis (“Pushover”) or Nonlinear Dynamic Response History Analysis (Perform 3D) with the performance objective of low probability of collapse for ordinary occupancy buildings, and performance objective of Life Safety for essential structures. NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEBu Roof Structure Yielding Mechanisms oo NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEBuilding Frame Interstory Drift Limits = Project Drift Limits from PBSD guide standards and ASCE 7: 1) Occasional (72 yr. R.P.) earthquake shaking — no drift limit 2) Rare (474 yr. R.P.) earthquake shaking — Maximum story drift angle is limited to 1% (1/100) in moment-resisting frames 3) MCE shaking — Maximum story drift angle is limited to 2% (1/50) in moment-resisting frames. Where nonlinear response history analysis is used to evaluate seismic performance due to MCE shaking, residual story drift limit is 1% in moment frames. 4) Wind — maximum total and interstory drift =h/500 (0.2%) NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCESeismic Interstory Drift Movements MCEA=t85in = NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE| aa Glass Facade / Curtain Wall Performance Objectives il 1) Curtain walls design-build by manufacturer 2) IBC 2009; ASCE 7-10, Chapter 13 — Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components, Section 13.5 Architectural Components — is prescriptive seismic design 3) Essential Structure, Seismic Design Category D, Ip = 1.5 4) Performance Objectives for facade structure design: a. Life Safety when subjected to MCE shaking (Ip = 1.5); Maximum drift 2% (controls design) b. Operational (serviceability) remains elastic when subjected to 72 yr. R.P. earthquake shaking NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEag Glass Facade / Curtain Wall Performance Objectives 5) Glass facade performance requirements — damage limits: a. Occasional (72 yr. R.P.) earthquake shaking: designed and detailed to accommodate the seismic drift demands without cracks b. Rare (475 yr. R.P.) earthquake shaking: designed and detailed to accommodate the seismic drift demands permitting minor cracks only c. MCE (2475 yr. R.P.) earthquake shaking: designed and detailed to permit extensive cracks but no fall-out 6) Facade wind design load (unfactored) = 40 psf 7) Maximum deflection of framing members normal to plane of wall = L/240 (wind controlled) NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEManufacturer's Rendering NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEBa Upper Facade (Zone 1A/2A Shown) =o > westse Sg nn come Cntr ie Carmina ct ‘never eit irasenee, = Exterior Wall Section 6-6" NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE“Og Manufacturer's Details - CW Top Anchorage i NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE| og Structural Steel “Ladder Frame” NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEAR Section Through Mullions =a = on NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE‘3g Seismic lecinciani In-Plane of Facadefg Movements of Steel Frame and Glass Wall Panels og NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE43’ Ladder Frame Design Verification Frame model including geometry and loading Load combinations Stability — Direct Analysis Method Stability — Effective Length Method Mullion local buckling Load Effects Displacements Mullion lateral torsional buckling and torsional bracing Mullion combined forces and torsion NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEa Giass | oe NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE pg amt : 40 SF Wind Glass + Frame DL(-2) ——in-Plane Seiumic (+ shown) (tert weight pot shown) (9X shown) Seeci Glass + Frame NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE Member and load eccentricities included Wind pressure (+¥) and suction (-Y) applied Glass + frame panel weight supported at top by transom In-plane seismic loads of equal magnitude iin +X and -X directions Wind load effects greater than out-of-plane seismicert ener Dead (2) e phys 1 14 as 12 216 a 09 #16 a’ 12 +1 = 09 a 6 12 a ? oo a a 8 12 a a 9 09 a at 10 12 a a nL os a a NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE 2iA Stability — Direct Analysis Method AISC 360-10 Chapter C: Design for Stability Direct Analysis Method of Design * Develop model including reduced member properties +1 =10 “eos y * Apply 0.8 factor to all stiffness values * Determine loads * Gravity loads stabilized by frame * Lateral loads * Determine notional lateral loads * Gravity only load combinations: N, = 0.002Y, * Assume not required in lateral load combinations. Aonal Arse S 1.7 NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEStability — Direct Analysis Method * Perform second order analysis * Include P-d and P-5 effects * Frame analysis with 0.8 stiffness reduction: Aznq/ Ajse= 1.06 < 1.7 * Design members and connections per AISC 360-10 * Interaction per Chapter H: Design of Members for Combined Forces and Torsion * Effective length factor K= 1.0 * Check deflection / drift limits * Observations * Notional loads do not impact design. Gravity load only combinations do not control. * Second order effects in stiffness reduced model result in maximum 6% increase in weak axis bending. * Effective length method suitable and straightforward to apply due to limited second order effects. NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEStability — Effective Length Method AISC 360-10 Appendix 7: Alternative Methods of Design for Stability Effective Length Method * Limitations * Gravity load supported through nominally vertical columns, walls or frames © Banal Mise S15 * Develop model including nominal member properties. * Determine loads + Gravity loads stabilized by frame * Lateral loads * Determine notional lateral loads * Gravity only load combinations: N, = 0.002Y, * Not required in lateral load combinations * Perform second order analysis * Include P-A and P-5 effects * Frame analysis with nominal stiffness: 4,,.4/ 4;..= 1.05 NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEBa Stability — Effective Length Method Hi * Check deflection / drift limits * Observations * Application of the effective length method is straightforward in this structure — Second-order sidesway effects are low —- K=10 * Similar results for direct analysis and effective length methods * Effective length method requires less effort than direct analysis method for this structure. Both are suitable choices. NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEMullion Local Buckling — Nominal compressive strength per AISC 360-10 Section E7 - Members with Slender Elements Minor axis bending per AISC 360-10 Section F6. | AISC 360-10 does not include specific provisions for noncompact channels bent ,) about major axis. Per Section | ote | F12, limit stresses to yield, #\cT, © fs lateral-torsional buckling, or Jocal buckling stress. NASCC. THE STEEL CONFERENCEFEM Load Effects 1.2*1 +1.6*Wind * Verify transom sections * K=1.0 for direct analysis effective as torsional na method and effective bracing for mullions length method * Flange local buckling * (KL), full mullion height limits strong axis bending * (KL), & (KL), transom-to- strength transom * Flexural-torsional buckling controls 2 z x Strong Axis Bending Axial Compression My max = 930 kip-in Py max = 3 Kips NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEa FEM Load Effects oi 1.2*Dead + 0.2°Spq"D + 1.0°EQ(+¥ * Flange local * Torsion due to glass + buckling limits frame eccentric mullion weak axis seismic loading flexural strength * Evaluate stresses using shell model Weak Aus Bending Aaial Compression Torsion Moe 258 hii Pann t 7 Ships Tame LZ hip NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEBH FEM Displacements Brose ® 5” 21 NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEfm Standard Tests Included in AAMA 501.4 oo 1) Wind Pressure: Structural Performance by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference, ASTM E330 2) Air Infiltration: ASTM E283 3) Water Penetration - Uniform Static Pressure: ASTM E331 4) Water Penetration — Dynamic Air Pressure: AAMA 501.1 NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE7) 8) 9) AAMA 301.4 Default Test Sequence Air Leakage Static Water Resistance Dynamic Water Resistance Structural Performance at design (service) wind pressure Repeat Air Leakage and Static Water Resistance Seismic Movement at Design (474 Year R.P.) Earthquake Displacement — 3 full + cycles per test, typical Repeat Air Leakage and Static Water Resistance Structural Performance at 1.5 x Design Wind Pressure Seismic Movement at 1.5 x Design (MCE) Earthquake Displacement NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE| BE Mockup and Test Chamber I | = NASCC. THE STEEL CONFERENCE1) 2) 3) 4) Challenges in Implementing Test Procedure Seismic test movements in two directions, in-plane and normal to facade. Upper facade much taller than lower facade, and seismic movements much more for upper facade. In-plane there are two separate types of movement to test: a. Left-Right Test A: Top sliding rail system that isolates facade from roof movements b. Left-Right Test B: Racking deformations of facade ladder frames and sliding of face-mounted glass-aluminum frame panels Seismic Movement Left-Right Test B also needed at the 72 yr. R.P. earthquake displacement to check glass performance. NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCESeismic Movements In-Plane a es Left-Right Test A Total test displacement = displacement of facade + of level 100 floor + out-of-phase displacement (MCE=28 + 4.9 +6.1 =+ 13.8 in.) in-plane movement me |) Roof MCE £ 6.2 in. _— NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEAp Mockup Chamber - Plan Section ey an < | Access platforms and mockup supports | S : = a NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEaa =a Modified Tests Sequence Steps 1 to 5 same 6) Lower Facade - Interstory Displacement Left-Right Test A at Design Earthquake 7) Lower Facade —Interstory Dislacement Left-Right Test B at 72 yr. R.P. earthquake displacement (first requires installing in- plane restraint at upper intermediate transom 8) Lower Facade —Interstory Displacement Left-Right Test B at Design earthquake displacement 9) Lower Facade —Interstory Displacement In-Out Test at Design Earthquake displacement 10) Repeat Air Leakage and Static Water Resistance NASCC: THE STEEL. CONFERENCEBo Modified Test Sequence — cont'd i 11) Modify Lower Facade top connections to allow larger movement tests of Upper Facade 12) Repeat Steps 6 through 10 for Upper Facade 13) Structural Performance at 1.5 x Design Wind Pressure 14) Lower Facade— Repeat Steps 6, 8 and 9 for Seismic Movement tests at 1.5 x Design = MCE Earthquake Displacements 15) Repeat Step 14 for Upper Facade NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEae First Mockup with Water Spray Racks ip = === NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE- Peel cn | 7 NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEMockup and Test Chamber — Right Side lS | ¥ ; NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCEHydraulic Actuators for Seismic Movement In-Out Test Fe NASCC: THE STEEL. CONFERENCEao =e Test Results 1) Preliminary testing did not pass static water resistance test; Z 3 Continuous silicone sealant around the glass perimeter was added at the factory along with larger drain slots in the aluminum frames, which corrected the leakage. Maximum out-of-plane deflections of framing members under design wind pressure were within the L/240 limit. No glass cracked at the 72 year R.P. earthquake, the Design 474 year R.P. earthquake, or even the MCE (2475 year R.P.) test movements, exceeding the glass performance criteria for the 474 year R.P. and MCE earthquake movements. NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCERATHS, RATHS & JOHNSON, INC. ENGINEERING - ARCHITECTURE - FORENSICS Thank you Robert Kritzler, S.E., P.E.— rwkritzler@rrj.com Brian Lammert, S.E., P.E.— btlammert@rrj.com