STUDIES IN SOCIAL DISCONTINUITY Under the Consulting Edtorship of: ej Pres nd RH H. Vrade fn Teaons Expt rs the “Tint Weed ‘ery &Gemey an Jom 8 Hoge eee e—aes As Sociology Meets History Charles Tilly enter for Hesearc on Social Orgran ‘apartment of History ad ‘parame of Soctoleay “enrersy of Michigan ‘han aon, Megan @1 Sociology, Meet History trou: thie the noble elon the assasinaton of onytee twentieth contury reader a scilagt thiscurlous experience ones culrge to reflection a the character athe reer dap {nd on sociology rlaonshp to history. The Alercire's report ater tks proposing an age Interpretation of elon. The interpretations 1. Stéservng, manipulative oublemalere drawn tom scott gna 0 th iat cers a tel om the tera autor fe ha het teary ody eqhuit cane the ecient su Aor aa lio i xteen ad seventeenth century rence wes, dene ‘sn alianco between «small woup of content, rltcotny neha, ‘lage group of agorved commons, The wiht tone wa tne ‘maladministration a usc were, Indeed, wisp prance ed frees justine fr retin. The ogitzrs of reselion nace sften carpe with the gane and escape! tr Toya rengomnoe ‘ek them down. 8 fara gas in ct the Neraro’s ane feetains aoe sabantal err it underestimates te extent toh tg common people" acted knowingly on ta iereste teats so ‘silo a shapeosy manplsbe man That ee, hae “The Alercur ore may mare occas fr socologsea rele. In 08 or amp arth sy oft Gers hee naa ter from Stay Daring the recat War of aon, the bate {Slowed the Langue fary under he Die of row dhe pe ‘crcl urea vat tv tn cena rote any pars of Pane pore ie Sree a ewe Normandy the ion gon and Gene he Hho ang ‘warnnan sah mem sone woe Nene CP {ess and cher were essential heal a mun ple a he nh th rt acy dati ae tate » cond the Guieri’ caste sn finaly took 8 psoas The unger Gute baer was exceed Mereurettangos oss 2) Shades of Robin Hood! Aihough we hav no eideee tht te rk ‘ands gne to the por they ceinyarvue the igh tle het the rch tn the content of the ter uk change fom salons solders o dangerous rininls was ar mote shih nade, ean er opie ofthe raged French countryside tested repeatedly, I was Ran hard toll he ference petwern oops and bands he ans mation fom carlos to hghsyan, tho Sormaton of «FONE thane the posting of declarations th lege and te executin all portray {Brus wot in which model farmed congutnt we eal valle ‘no means did fe naan sat have the monopay on armed co azul burecreey fed greater songs ster han any ater ‘ance ie whe touched te el person or preogstie pa the price. ‘nen hanc assssinted Henry vin til einer ale Torte teri claning appara of rl Justice tn pe ace ‘on etre the Paris ity fad the Pangan sanaed Raval oo (tatu fad and wet iron Then was ie or ving sd {hurering “Aer he horses ad pla fora good hour” reported the ‘Sct has hi an cuanto urs eo oars cowie ‘vet tee to {he bly remain bonfires througout Pas "ef ig of Rae a the many er pi teats ‘feovnteestireentury France. Fist we appreciate the importance of ‘templar fsc al purse ae pone on flr teppei puns afore y any meme They il pt generale aig | punishment alhough ey sometimes ineareested peopl «for of ‘conion ar preventive detention. They lacked the means to vend many ‘ina to gles o the gallows, Huger ad ter ei sought, sted: o eter potential delinquents bythe quick and wsble chasis tent of afew. Tk mounting of bloody examples dramatized the power Utihe thors witout orang hoe imed Fadia capoctos. ‘stcond we recive the participation of ordinary peopl ae epee tates and to some dogre, a cies an pariipantsin the process of {arution On other oceans that popstar partition Justi pro ‘dod a warant ort asta mode rhe people's aking th nw no ts‘Gras ot sss, beatin, decerelns come ot ei err ‘Sitemeter power and ‘stint ue yur tcre repre esate eecitn at oe es ta rae © ot bitin wed Chana thd net bg wel overeat yt wr aes "swe estat he a dcop nobis a hang commoners Wwe glimpse the standard routine fn whieh el He highwapen, fed decane of nent below wring th eon, Fegin to tena the provlonce of roi inthe cy soveneenh contr “Test news fashes om 165, 1608, and 1610 poset more than one hulle ote eight change too haw the ney ‘oye af experence nd hoi at hare tree sce tee ‘proved ou understanding of ebelon sn foe sats of con. anne, egret sa pre it a tat ie oes mally through concept renerenta sn creation othe come The cont challenge ito ey vt ety within which the gerd ate nal agrarian bureucracy, mating ee tou yep ‘we maka that challenge oy bound to conor nd inc te for srnsing the devslop eps an the eh Sato sh cris aetna tn whnther we approach the ent of ancstenthcentuy Pec ‘cil orashistrins~and wheter tse sor fet fa ‘Mey aera pratense rane apr bw analyst sich event ater rey bu apni se ae sod reason or sen ot one send Sys er sv ite Shee of ston nl stra sc al evn coon Nora gouning of soil theory! or ean ta wl Boer ;: <—e loaer as we proce we might calle thee challenges the probloms of | ictioe aenon osectural change, and of stare practice, These ‘Se probleme have Brg the ware caper nis ok into beng ‘istoreal Practice ror the moment lus concentrate on the problem of historic pac tc. atnough Tl yd occaanay tothe joy of needling lo ‘i my sono an at sgt re ar eng ly Tuy Alou foe sctlgts ly oder bt fn gute those ‘Seto tame abeltin the neetoalebleneas of histories proce simpli sola readies capture cases rom he eto "Sor thout sontienng ih essing hsoriogaphy and who {Founding a owm sans te Komege of ote ram ay esc pot of ithe tk the sacl ornate Spy ha onthe ge een ah ‘Rigas e ather introns andthe social syeteen os 4 while. The “Eigen me toe os ar Wane ey ners races ano om Tou se SEEM eee arn, ab con we te He Pe cabana vray parla doscrp cae ‘Ren the horn tout remain chor fo the atu eppeningsand wd Soman wh tk os 0 es at See fang anasto Solog and Hater: Method by ‘Siemens pet nd rd Hotter a sy ase Bo, Bolan Nw or 2820 epee hy pms, ‘The dsion of Tabor, then resembles the dvion betwen the I a saa ent sat ty fal pare cen brains nn bra story does the Wanscrpion, soto the oe borate inthis mysieaion As GarthSima Joey outa Nora of reece Get ot rd oe try ng nym ‘ellis night haw reo say post ay isntion bese fo soi hm en ‘im subject und repay a andogeteyundesea arsies wih ‘Tee a ys yaa ne 0 there sid wl oils ston ar tn be hed arthouse had things an eengre ae Th hele app foc atc ore una {he renga dis bo omer oma dsl ay teu th aopton insta wor of cputndsosnens ‘erm eomempray comin seu tee a ‘Sloe wudy br rcesing try tw ed soo and histoire notre vse sting woe! sas tte tae ie tet thse sere rth sale scma ine manent a nates iris atrocious {Cre tat itr nig om tne alge Son wore and wht may wea sre the uo Sting who want hwy Soe Seton ne ie i rset tr of fine of hea posse se zd sci has ater oc he maths ie {ie erag om th ef soci tents ty a on Sct fuce realy te eadeer tab cuenta stra weament Aga prt hs char sie the tans Steve nwa rhe ene sg oe at ‘As taterof pric a ae osc tessa at ely titra Aan hire th ent tas nl the action enter ino te explanations: Spenge's tac secon of Wester ila consequences ofthe playing out Of partcular zation ‘ss more historical te, in tis senae han Kanes tore accurate account of he comelats of economic growth in wide verity of cos ‘ses The dsineton, then, doee not depend on the acurey of the ESE ‘omervatlon thas ile oF nothing to de ws he comentionsl ison Setwcen “yoneralvng? and particulriong’ eaciplnes: Hardy) TNhement about sci! process for example could be more general {Ein sown atempt fo swonp all of human hisory so fection ‘Geant and senate phases of specie soctetion Yet sovoin's chee, {nts curious wa, bude in place and net has stone grounding ‘Nor dons the nowy conta between the “alr” sciences ad the natura” Slencor-the‘Gtstormacnschfton and the. Nature “Gigten—captore what {have i ind, Indeed, “natura” sciences Sitar geniog) poorly, and ewoltionssy bileg” someames froveod suite hisersally. Ts tegration of tne ard place Ino the ‘Sp sgumnent mars off store apa tater on 1 wil agus that ocologealanajees of trge sai change suo, y and ag. rom being Inautteenty hetrical Sociological theory needs more historical {Founding Failed sociology” No, n important ways sociological proce ‘Somes down tof story, Stinchoomabe's Challenge Traveling fern! tiectry,Athir Store hak arid at & Stinchcombe argue socalogts have commonty thundered Dy ters inate force age models ono history, stead finer eget, ‘ih tie hntorealwdence Schone Theoret! Model Social father ope wes hoy to develop theory (178 3)” General ious ore 1 argent re ha hens ae Bia hy fice ‘hfe vr now sng oro e ee apelin to eS Thy ae {Ren tbe ruber hw mcg {ronal notions tha che them vores nrg an tudes of Sickie sumone free 17) later, wiv some reasons fr bring more ents about fame theores han Score cars heel’, Nevertelnn,aot ap hering hi noon oon aie scl change in qanuin red amps. Heine sts of soil ange, sroting to stich, en sepa ag ano ans then ee le Shane under cy Fats ae deeply analog tay ave sonar Gaus and snares ea ote ample We mip but Sep alo ig diferent ona tino dscipline ad eek de bie pare am wry ong ut at hy a ea en he Sher the for of progscon We would then pot Yo the sat ‘cya ero sharpen th son tare or a tare ncheomie gos rho he aur tha proper aul sage ‘sry what pope wat Sod wt they ih thy eto {Spe rh 10) Ta nour aman ene dan and ork Sipe we might cee cae ett wakes ot ‘nced nthe same sate cole tile sein exon fa ontol oe hats of potion ut adopting dey ioe Stator ngs. by such dor asgy ww anchor # fact ins Parclar hit stan: hee Owner aed rr hs ace {hd tie are loch in characte cg oer tine acpi aid stripline. The care ofc sethe nator! une howe, tote exaishment tang at In Schema’ vse conaricton a sequons of cr euchentabahed a rtp moana ot ‘oper causal ening) inocu eur! proven which eet Int creat the conitons rho en Thus wei dn set {pening up etepeenr eeaing tne wk ty arm ot eel ‘tomer in oder to mont span Gan repro ang rots snd scumnating cap tome etepreneu tgs eras ther volume and thie pot by standardeng the product and the Condon of rotuton thas te strprnsuy ine ara Ingauch neat tne doe ad wet dice w proces re Cast opersed wortr it he sane hay worker esi as of satoag, tal penae ard sath an oo on ene ‘The mah ofa good Snconin arate at thet te fe {tence repent tin many rent shuaons a hee Satu ofeach step tho sequence etbhed by «Sup analy wth {Ther snr sans cuore aha he oe ae sep ae Most narave tio thinks Suchen, seduthly miseading tigen appearance bt tenance equnces ‘Mow narrate hss sper nese tee engin mr ing the autor subttes aneny, cere rege the itn ofthe chie actors or org til presentation ofthe sequence of events ‘hthe working ot of dominant Force or Plan, Scilogtswh stamble io hater, Sinchennbe sige, commend go wrong because the fomeriions of arate Hstry misled therm into thinking they ean ‘inttute thelr ne ireumaby superior Force, Plans, o eadgs of Intentions or the hisorans’ pital vemons. The socolopst pete ‘ishandling ofthe astrel record ‘Sinchoobe attaches provocative rgument to detalleingenious csegeos ofthe wort of four histor anti: Leon Trak, Alas de Focusrite, Ne smese and Reinhard Bondi Nove of he four qualifies Son arhivemongering prfeesonal Mistorlan-—Smeacr and Bend en lens so than Trot or Tacqueile. For Stineombe's ma ash nent woven i ates whether the analyst’ ra materials ae {ents o other hitorine” loses om tet In fact on hoa in tne ‘Combs's anguentserong echowr of Toequeiles rebecions on the sine sub ‘ain ory soting pol en th ty a many he ‘ohich we all chance for Ick af ty to untangle AniEe gy che de nor uc ne pope none ‘item wn eeu 178 80) @) Fatane Calimard 1964 112133). {nore ambious than Tocqueile: vw proper deep ansiowses sinc Combe argue we ean untangle chance Th ded, hi ceoUNt of ‘ted soil historians ds Won hry ae go Treaty, Torque Seber Sonal and eer strong hoor snaiet work ce) ith Slowp analogies, When they try to py ery general models 0 lrg? INatreal sequenees, conversely, thetreslts reas vacuous and mise Teanga anyone sass, Theoretical Methods in Social Mistry end with {a msgs teat tk oi RESET gp in oe sn ny gpd stochumoe trrsh ari rng cg Ee {Tis nor wrong There i» moch thin Sehcombe' canankrous srpument. Much supposed applleation of nara tnceres to isory ‘ise contt of signing rsoung mer” rtonlion modern ‘tion, secarstton, Regeony, tnperalomte Mer face The fear for dep analogies nde ey to eet hist expan ttn. Naratne history does commonly ge an ilory appearance of "et hove ota ae ant correct win singent nis. et us tin stdah bower two procesues he one by which itonans ee eon Shain, and the one ty which they mae thse consonons neigh {rl eominclng ooter poop. two processes interorine, atte {te nv eta ad tay sonics ee ret fom each whe Stnchcombes ana of hia prviw di anontmclstly epistemological he point nt to sy how most ratte hist ans do the work omy dy tt dn the codon der ‘When it comes to wring at concisons, s+ opposed t validating Shen stra ean ant dove boa thre, Ty ds ‘wala the agenda or ry particular st sry ha theoe. {lodge the student of demographic str, feist, can hardy ‘Seape the infuence ofthe exerpresert tory of demogrph tans tion: nd fb haphazardly or rigor, esearch fr eae rl Nestorian we eas he Westen floret ndeaking dtd sty of slebolder” ain we necting the reor of se ae tans mals an mpi choice fering story which seer tte at deop analogies, br they bn wh core, rue or rela en inthe area of alsin, el striae rly contre Sch agi yest Thr pena nero atdation that goer bond lial oration Te two oat resin ‘spioents are tat the sna be relevant to the testing seria ‘gorda and tht fw based on ital fox. tue that hustorians commonly grant wally to frm of argument that stineh Cont fray cs photgealy competing arate a (Srcucea ave wadenpread doce tot of ours, make them sound tl {hr presence makes i tear that Hor al the dell exogss of “Tray Tootuevile, Seelser,and Bend Stnehoombe's main busines "a sunehcombes chown is, bow ht ony on btn tual objecion to his engument The genom thew that Stinchcombe ‘Ssones a eelevant to isola explnaon commonly conta Strotione forte ieatifestion of deep eausl analogies. Theories are {Gol kts varying in thle ange nid efloctbvenese bat propoang solutions {orecureatexplanatery problems Some o! tow structions are wart Itse some ae mislening and some ae god, But normally ote fo Wy arene enplantory problems rau in history ty do ie he: Wi polo ee wy a ee Nase rer bad theory generates standard ways of slung recurent pra Tema retainer of cis an the wy to the stony nd arecor of pnt sue Toward he end of the nineteenth entry, Emile Dustin Enoratd's teary of void tierentation an i consequences Te ‘hoy incadey among other thing a sort of race betwen diferente {ha ere, change oder if derentatonproced tse than shared belies dvonder aude Indra sre, protest sometimes ‘ven reotion| reat Durkin heer bd As Chapter "Useless Duckett volume indies, not only generate nll ste fat andoges or esampe, betwen India rime and colt ro- fee) but ls missaes the carl sires along stuns Io ‘Sept ferent steams ef rurao-utban migration) tht are na ‘ago. "ero tis ed theory as auvanays ua 00 a trial anal rest estan 3 line of sume that pervasive in Western fk ‘tg nd tere et oar pho trian coon Se srs, enn ny he a es of he ‘plocomeul Secon. eoniaine tna for anlogising and marshal Ing etdonce in support ofthe analogy: The wae must at mmm rake a thawing thatthe people detached foro existing systems of “hard belet haw a paricdar propensity dior. Pal tr ned ep tre prsucos record of scenes ad ares (it thecau of Durheln's tory, 1 belle, moet lure in arcing a aa actor causal analogen The recor! should eventual each the ser of that particular ool it smnething about he sea and value ofthe slr “And thee aoe good theorey. Lean Trey to take one of sinc comibsfavorto theorists proposed a theory of dal power loosely Stated tat an essential precondition feet th emangnce a iterative soncontration of power Coustegererment to whic the ‘halk of the population can twitch ts aegance ithe exiting gover ‘em cemontrates is ncapacty onary That think eles {nd theory contains a ant of intrctons fo analysing «pron ‘onay stun: Look for the dul power check the condi for a {qutescence f the population to the xing government, watch for de fens; and so on In shor. pres hi partic nly “rts theory of dal poser a especialy prepa example 1 ‘snot juste good theory ut alos historically gourd ory. tay ‘Sounds his analysis on a expt comparaon ofthe Engsh Rewluton| Ste seventeenth contry, the French Revohton ofthe sghteent, ant the Musian Revolution of 1917 "hat setlist th theory done ae ‘rotakyfreultes the thoory not Hels t operate wel oad the Weed offary strong contri and autonomous national sates, The fearon is the peta we para theory tat works tn within ‘According to this acount ofthe place of theory, and acconding 12 ssinencombe' treatment of dep analogies the potental pare ot the Social seieneas in stra work lage Whatever be they the ‘cla slancon sve arn lant warehuae of coup eae ad of Concepts inohing causal analogies; the poem ito ek one's way Through the junk tothe sold merchandise, Sinchoome rightly wares the “Maclay” of our general theories of socal change te von tbscure the algae of goed themy to eect hieceal analyse Scciologss and hintorans ake, bawever should seachng Me "es tat have adequate historical grounding History's Mace Beloeseokng that historical grounding let wt expr the train of story word hat ethene, oa of era ‘fpast eventzon even ofthe posent any present yucae foam. TO ‘ha extent tht when something happens mater, histry portant, ee Anas of induration, for example, dvd roughly nti people ‘rte think that esvetally the same proces of eaptal accumulation TShoobea tnnnaton, bor free Ferutment. snd market growth ‘Spout in county ster entry; and those who thnk that the frees ca ney con of which othr cour ‘toes new section ofthe wor art indian Only members of the ct group ean in fod conscience apt common procedure Sngucpnn nang ani oreo gig Soarlan to Industria at he sume po Une ode o Ment the indardeoeeate of Indra, Members ofthe second ou ‘Suid aor that sort of ereer-econal comparison the tach eter Importance tate phenomenon of history Un he ft group does Me body of materat ttn consist ofthe drble residues of past sehen The gues rm te Mercure ano wth Which we began te mteading inthis pur They perpetuate a eaey misunderstand {Rg one tat chon wands nt nana ot stringy thats cl recon cont main of narstves of various Kinds. Choice, ‘Secon autobiographies ventas report and ther et of na Inet consis of gentry By-product of soca outings: the r= Inains ofstone walt heap, fo, besten pa aft and 9 on iit happens, hstoriane haw concerted the writen mater ‘Snaning fern the pur Bul the writen materia oo, ae many fragmentary typed of octal routines bt eer, ul pr fending nace accoun,sdinitatve.corespondenoe, milter ‘osters and bilo ning se far more nomerous than are hares A documents rv no equally ashe reconstructing the pas we scetyg wo unastantthpatar eon meen enty eat oases on br that mater, porpuphie cma om the monks of SaintCermatn-doe Px Si coming f een ih hw hstorcal record Ineans among eer things, apprecating how much othe seventent ‘Eeury weg wen int ps tsa a! Progra try nf ac het act at {iS suppontion that wns tral problem to estblah the als brut happened inte pest. Eaashng what happened ex hopeless progam iis hopeless Br two reasons, which bneome obvious ater Fie retocton Pst she upply of intomaion about the paste almost iehounet frexcode the eapaety a an Morin to electsorb, sythesza and relate tora have no coon butt slack | ‘email portion of the walle docusnentatan “Soe wham amg rate hing ha epenn tng othe aaa To the htortan who concentats on the asec oftopimes and sho believes that in any parle rine the ates ‘mariage are crt the other hand, tothe storia ho teing to {pls wt industraation occured when snd where di and wh ‘els ht conan he abo spy ergy tes thes ‘Other epecaliss—gelogath, arhasoloits, classics, paleoboe ists fr example ase dre scythe past et heya nt Serer trl The digi res the sa ro ‘tu mer speci neon ps ana ao Thay emphosiz he grouping and losing of texts a he mean of 4 They consider wheee and speciaty wen a event aceumed tobe an integral part offs meaning explanation, and spat atria are poople wo do tess fr thins, Poeeional historians tre simply the pople who cation anor as pom too the ‘competence in history. The istory PAD. Ira peta experence i one ‘gard: though the reconstrction of past behave, the loeton sd leanoription of rlsant teat, andthe anal of thine tet are the Nistor datgushing sil, the erage Novant mang has most ao seri rate these ls unt the lst hae hi he ‘eaning Very fow histone or example evento a archive bre thay eg work on tei dactral diertaton, Beare that tne they ave buy learning other people's yntheee bse sequences, eri eset Itrpretations major books. Within a limited numberof tne space ‘tt they mit Iter ave to tact to ndorradute, They ae als trum, learning t write expostry’ prose ad fo entin other pope's ‘eeu Ht tha ahs ony ve the sro expr of tthe dct’ eas and bli Win any pata spect ha SER protssonals recogni one another ty meaner eieeaton "fata United tees, professional history i larg eld, and prom pu teaching fl At peak in T070 he Aerean Hsia A Tason nod about 20000 metre. The demographic and economic "flection of te flowing years brought the numb hie blow Sia by 167. Tha wes sts great mary profs: Risiory was eater than the glans mong vesench ld: cheaty. engineering ing. and pryhology ter tspproacal tbe nx of psc and sod team ange as such lds ts mathemati an Ango-Anercan rte tn 17 sont 00 people wo had received Pi i {rm 1984 ugh 1978 were wn oo gn te Ute Stato ‘ing he cary Tost profesion as grinding ot about 10D new Pubs each yearn 1976-1077, th figure asl 56, wal 36 erica Ntory 278 in open try and remaining 37% in heat ul of histor wh a hi Ing ae storia do so as tears. In 1976-197 ofl history Ph.Ds now to be empeyed Sx work fr etoctiona titaons Of al working PRD 798 were imtemhing OF tnesareh, 6 fo managment and admiistrain, a tino: iting a eng and ea in ober ot of al lures are om AHA Newleter, December 3978 of Natl esearch Case 070.0 hare thous of practioner ost spent most af {het tive eahng American or Bopean hart young peeps who Ihnen of speciizing in antoy. Mang devoted some of hie ‘onteaching time fo rerearch as wing A fe hundred of them at {ippuhlte tks ane rcs per Hrealwrk, Those ons among prevows wort, cutentreeurch wha tuden were ea tng and wh he gna puic was reading abot itr They st the “The Historical 700 1 hope my description doesnot make the historia profesion seem | smoothy onamiaat tout Heres deeply coherent eel the prostce at history rosomblen a 0 more than serra. and hearin more than # eyelotron, ina eyloton «huge cost nied tppartus why ta motion to produce singe fused esa history dls nt behav is theta herarum, x clsaestory order preva‘Reh id lan as tow ihe stains dh bet mater thers oii ut dt se hing sn sh en ‘4 20? en watching historians at work does have srething in coon ‘mon with song tere the polar bart the emus to the saan fenced of fom i atral rear a rey nthe here se aww the eaten oe np the bare orn vue apes from orn srt teat in nha Ileal aay oor story, soil hstoryedgen over ito ecmomie. New icen a ae, {in Dot inte the hounds ae veal and grt, Precio noe ie of ine of the cer haw then July te ova Secon i or tw poe aida Tet Intact! story bing one rcoghied spect Atedeal Ratpean eos Hs athe only ene aon foe What happens nthe 290? Dono inst sta fit othistrogaphy ttt 300 Holography ry soa excuse thech t Seta ht sv str not a ‘Metrians, and philosopher: Thy analy hater ne eg ‘iirc ach ut a the doimen an apt oer tive & dozen dictions ofthe pons nine of cot, ‘girl naib met th tr fcc gy ‘example bogs th the complaint that °F Hato er Sa keh var wring he he tran Ca ane hsm ot Saciine ittcapuny newb seh ethos ‘To rnd eater oesght, Topol devotes coo 1 ter of srk Reve nodolgy Hany” Prag. ternal esearch ‘Objective Methodoly of Hater “ras atte Metbnology of Hist,” and "Apragae Methoelogy, of {01 He moegetialy reares the problem f store! kro a Spal cat ofthe problem of knoe In general But be ote mace ‘page onan actual historians wortaday approach toh or he ena Yr Fane forming ining combating Schools of Taught focus tele thipte eet on puss pad hy Hoy, nd do mat of eon ster ik thes the cnt ca {i We might rect on thi characterzaton of. Thompsons work ‘aig o he tags Working las oe Thxnpo rany aed tic nt a a ane he ln connec Sete tate ‘hacen "ae de our neal nsdn ty pst expres lor ‘cal: Thompesn sed soho la cor ris i pe arnt eae ner In uct emphasize the conetioning of las contiourree by parties Stzernce tthe nmry mgt tht Tome chine I The inllectual context Is mlsing Especially licking are two sors of ontovarsy about whather Lngand somehow exaped fom 2 et ‘inary station inthe fst ha of de rnetoenteantry, about the litons under whieh workers develop mint cies conciousness the English enperinco, atthe character of sol clas about the hen! fo which ngs workers formed s singe cise with own Su Tonomous sefeustsining culture The questions frhermere, nn prt tt contemporary poll debate, eel a longing tothe hitortane ‘Seenda. The Thomo of The aking of the English Working Clas took Strong stand for class ab proces aid Yelauonship rar than as atopy, forthe rate autonomy’ of working-class ule a con ‘itn the Rngsh woken clas, A reader of Phompaon who ignores this ‘Content ley tbe purse’ hye reste gorau cig some tines dazaling cau ofaneoentvcenty dbeervars uch a PranaInstance John Capham, KEW. Wearmouth, George Mads, and Ned Ske Thormpaon mst knock down 2 It of tystanders inorder hk i wy te rv an _— polemicist With Bick of is pen he ean suman a mage of a oie ‘workers movement or dispateh n opponent to oblivion Ment stra raphers end to ignore or cosa how much sore wring conse ‘fdocumente commentary on previous historical writing Ita hy {gee us a Historian soho sexe up qontions and hr goes tthe Sources to find the answers To those question ‘istricalPratioe as Social Structure he ied tates hy an lang, praia nods ato ‘ierenition i thre dimensional, 42 Time (Medieval, Renaissance, Early Modern, Moder, Contempo- 125, amon nyo ng Frees hry) Toughy the same way Arn rule sorte work ily ino time -place—subject subdivision ofthe prtsion but are comforhi tan interpersonal network tnd tered ape, The meter ‘odes const of malor teachers a hoe former tudes. Th share {guna bas wneral componente: se of pressing questions an rey of| ‘ogni ear oranmwering estan sy of dence [rmalva thelr existence by ge themes a aes, a asso. 4 Journal or other professional impediments ‘ine specis nthe try othe yo tab on a, ng ‘Guns encouraged ty the succes of thelr Eaopean outputs ‘enc! connected peopl who were satersted in the same phenomena ‘Shen wide variety of ines andl place; historians of modern Aes {ihe wo historians af ancient Rome. During the ex 1870, American ‘trans ofthe funy crete cnoronces, sn association and Journal trie own. Ay that tne, a welldemareted rbot pro ‘Aton had come Into eitence; a aloge department coud aay i Sine oi atin he ay a wee ech of store with an enepreeur! Bar arian play important parts inthis sor of tetiaton baling By tose means ls well as by etn evoing rlreing and other tine honored means f cola prome {ion and conte) they help ae the tlt agenda, In istry Seca who are well connected ‘unde thee own country Dursley thou who ar connected wth scholar in part of he wd Se ry hye uc wit wit en Imorpeetere of work being done eatwhere, Because of ths strctire {heels ty connecting thelr ow graduate tusents and sometimes {tow oer early sleet clint to th structure, ‘he nlctual aged af consi of onnions means for answer ing qunstions and’ body af evidence. Ax in ny eer disciplines, the Toran nage specily plc orien the ull of er work = Panda of cru questions In American poi! history. for example, ‘whether the War of Independence constted a full edged popular ‘one strge between two antietclway fi ard wy no cable ‘cast ent rose the ied ates stan hon the ae in wil pote a sh answer to part of one of the ens ld gusts, ‘wilhelp rofto ope af the estate anwar or wl assemble new Thy af evidence auporting an ans tha elas in eormpeiion ‘Orienraton toa comping tt af questions, bower creates aU teresting ambislenen On one se, the stra profession si wal sng someting gestions demanding nee anewers, al sit on ‘sh the mvallable evden On the cer side ager puble calls forprofeeonels reserve & particular admiation forthe hitrian ws ‘res that ger pub without compromising techn standard in {hat they ramble many’ oftheir colleagues inte umanies a ier ‘fom mou oftheir colleague inthe natural and voll etences Natural Sd socal scent tnd to oul the seriousness of ath ha reads ‘ny ad sila well Haris tend to thin of the supewne ac lishment asa work that st once acennble and profound Mania Sd histone ae bookish: although they prize the wel ured ea, they cheat the weld book slr book svar mene the prose faeces Noy. Blog raphite and broad new interpretations of Anica expres the ist Rent Pullor Prizes, or example, eve gone to bogrpie oF ‘sobirapes of Dean Acheson. ania Rael, Tew tes ‘he Unie States andthe Origine ofthe Cod War Booker T. Washington 1974 Prodi Schon Parner The Dov aed Jon Foster Das 1975 Time onthe rose Deterrence mn arerican Foreign Pay: Theory and Practice 176 The Problem of livery the Age of evalaion Eulth Wharton 1877 Clas and Communi: The Inderal Revolution i yan Slave Population and Bconomies i laaics 1978 The Vine Hand The Managerial Rewoton in American ‘he Traafration of American tm 1790~ 1850 1979 Ales ofa Rin The Une States Brn, andthe War gait Rockdale: The Growth of an American Vilage in the Barty Inu ‘rl Revolation Biogrephies sll sand ove atnong the prigswinners, but general et pretaions of American Ie appar to atrct the har ade eos {than they do the Pulser Prise commits Fresh stews Yoo gute tions onthe historical age win pie fom telson A he tel ‘on oftabert Fogel and StanieyEgernas Tie on the oss th . ‘So ech arwrere cur even be controversial and ay even bul tas “Sint acancon. Yet onthe hola technical toured farce take vocond pace 0 graf expositions o subject that interes the kere pub Fhe the historical scholar who eres ester fom pocrs mae nd 8 ‘rina adresses recive subsjueston of one ofthe Big Questions, ‘evs pros newest that subquestion metcloushetalogs and “nave the mie source, an cautious ayn aut the idence Sor 8 see roy fhe sunt sh, ue ef xy ih Sng tc Caren depende on publishing 2 book A ow fest ‘hs haw the good fume of aco to monograph sere hat pith ‘ation comatiee tat pet the oma ight work othe connections ‘theft Most of thom, however most hi about tiring mane rt omy wth schol para into someting ult dierent © book whose buyers fenerally care ile about the state ofthe terture tae losing fora rounded, cornicing, comprehensible treatment of ttansormaton commonly reqs the darting not ony ofthe di evtaton but sao othe omer graduate student trang in dacumes: {sion and crserefrence. To become working historians the neweon remains an esentl pat ote crf Th problem othe profesional is how to comy the inlderssgne of stent without impinge riers meh ok a ot oy oy sur ‘ances under anasto demonstrate the authors ary with the ‘and te materials Yet the writer must weve the sours nf a ae fat argument Tho argument in turn. ifr fn some ngnoant ‘say om those peoposed by eur authors. The ene procedure te ‘es layer handling o the evidence Handling the Evidence What i that eden? At the bordel of athropogy and histor potters wall paltings nd pang stones see a the storia rewulngs,sulprres, ane peta students othe recent past have tape recordings and Hn Ur dsposal Phippe ANos ard Lawrence Sone Cerio th gat al the ene tha Mata a Par ercellence i constuctig sete om ts writen elds ‘most subdiions of istry estensiby direct testimonies ty aor ‘ctors—autobogrphis, depoctns, priate letters an se 6b—have Teng bd pide of place ln he antoy ofthe any, such tet cre ia sont th gtr, hutch proper ‘ont ether hands unialy to pay much attention to routine domestic tom unt someone coe sho tha it eters a the ike eld sh Sshswers tothe quertions the deeipline ead posi "A sgifeant part of historia ination consist, indeed of showing ‘hat new source wll aniver old uration: beter or diferent. Dung ‘he 190m Sephan Therostrom acne singl-handedy eorentel Amer team urban history by demonstrating that wih appropiate stated procening ral vai cy dctris and sina enureratons of ‘rcupatonal moby among dierent segments oft population, He ‘ated skeletal indkidual biographies by follwing the sane person from one record othe net, ummaty collective grapes ty cating the experiences of al members of «gen cubor, css oe ee eat fy. Thernsvom modeled many sf his. procedures on those of ‘toot who had oon atdving ventntncentury bly paterds {Ind found ways tone them work ns ninetanth-omeury context wth Newburyport, Mesachuset—"Yanee iy” in pacudonyan—whose ‘wentttrcantury css sructre Cloyd Warner and associates had Thernatrons ndings countered the notion ots slowing of mobi from a thi rnetoethcenry to rigid tenth entry. They alse ‘iageted dierent pateras of mobility for direst ethnic groupe. He ‘habs therefore bore on two clam questions of American ur i ton: tether the niseteentvcentury lly was a srt of opportunity ‘machine har gradually slowed down, whether the etnle andrea der {Sp af the Armerean working las ampere the development of eon rt on ng conditions, ass consciousness and collect ation. Other Fists nmedatb ook up Therastrom's challenge and his modal of Matt aet ony ty siecaree tut lo mannscrptceneuses sd 2 {aint nine deny ne me pig tone ‘Today 'histosiography grows rom yesterdays story st as previous strane hive st he cument quetins they have ented the proper IReant or anewerng the Ths wnat ery oe one itr ub fon tater case mma er Guess Aner pia Young For Aaa sol mate ry Th Pope ‘Sraranging the existing etdence in he interpretation of mention Sndealeulations that appears tobe more consists economical andior ‘nono publeswritings a torances oF perhape ofthe materia ok ‘re:conge slogans tals pctores and te ike. Some historians have Instat on cy read ad bl pg aatae Amorca's most energetic enanucr of quantitate electoral studies ‘ok the str wt oat pean oer {ng values, erst, and dase hat ext fo mow soca (bey, gan Png 74" The pers sacha of aig ‘Pte esti ame, rable meane of documenting per tecalien, Feinterpretation, howe, scores mote pnts wi feow istoriane tan doer documentation iHitorane share ith atts and Mort ‘ep admiration or he abit state defend a “oil hee" A sicoung lar tome aero i Iothing wore in stor than to be thought tative beter al a ‘iepandont Tha rk to ata tpie and an approach then to tke ‘jnely pels otsersITtwo people discover tht they are working fh the tame topic instead of competing to sake the problem Ir diferent a people in many other Slde woul do) they tnt Ald up the terry one drop the opi both redefine, or they war Duta sion of bor A responsible’ thei ctor wl not le st nt conte waking on api dane that omens dexr como harry sng at hn Same unique bod of esidence 4 Wkly to harper the work ef eth Inunegutor it therefore doubly Sefton to hae 0 people wong tte sme problem, But such anuments apy fortiori where Fessarch more expensive snd sr whic na neh ra appli nf The Fale resmbles the rule of srl monogamy: Aten” smacceytble ‘Once Histor Anite sor er bk, fa play eve igh ‘iventure~fr Historian B to go Duck fo the sources ad leur up A einterpretations and Theories “hie complex sci stractre fips explain fw historian can so any ahraof work by nonhistoian tht rm te outdo aly Feleant to ther concern I lps secant forthe nati of pray general story of cations fg. Namo 186.175 starts pole ‘pplasee but no Seton, Even the otal fatory-adcated ty Fernand ‘ral tums on practice to tie place history that oad the range ofsouren and prcente nder examination, Historians roe flow speciaiss by tee emt tha et of conventional sogories sn fats concerning particular ansembe of paces and pried hei fompetence in locating and ung a st of sours aly writings of ‘ern sit ed po a ea th et hat hae doctste and controversy’ about those parade and places. Tae wosker ‘sh deals tary ith toss eatpore facts, seureen,datene, ad ‘controversies eo bude an argument and aby af edense tht re {erpret some o all of the eaters, acta sourom, cts, nd oom "uoverses, ans recognition asa gene historan The reinterpretation st orth wld hpi prions hee and cof prev work on pooms and symphonic fen dete themeles tt pn tinea lack ping i of utione oon Fr ents oe ite asking about that period and place, ging prey 10 pots, POM acemel dut the dace, mol an pital implcatons of eral eaperence unr anabsn,neting on the vt of genet sees rng npn nung ehatual matey, anderstanding and interpretation of he wae ‘actu thi organo of gery we auld not be surprised © ‘ttn proces someting he un fiery es a the fconomts caveat an numa o «ose ron Miclamieal econo tery, orth sornlogiat’ fet to bing tort profes new undmandng he ple tne enone er ceen, he teane of renee vay fom feld 10 eld nny. Dey hory, reap ha eel Crit were tty and that oer methods prcuce substantial ‘Gidea conctusions ‘Thus Thor Keown begins his challenging aeprtton of the eases of modern West popunion vt ans modest demurrer “is sant seed explodes nolan shade tie, ting the un fom Mitrcompettor. Meco wystmatialy setup he aeoundng pro ite seaiy counters stmatve counts of population owt he 5 ‘epoch at ating down argument tal neste ety contr (iim at oaeal improvements oie expecta and edu Bul lipacase n whieh beter muon plas a cota! Par usentstons polite! history onthe other hands rary spring ‘gacrehta ate tho aos o sare hare ndersken themeasrement ae modi of eons, flexi behind ise bren smong the most orerou cies of avave and bogrphi ‘pprssches to pollo tory the connie erent reward see yThcmateoon and of the Aerie pte! tome. “ie arson in qin pesing om ones istry 0 an- tne gc the le fo two ea) Interpretations ofthe rlo of heeySep tnancaan tt Sa Si cy coe eet agendas th shea ae ct sai lore eh Fete ol ae sa a ke eo ar Soi lel tr great seater eta ie Scoatedemabatiena wut og meretoe ge greets ceeacin se a a ee te nate fee alge cages tyre Se aac “sy ant thea eon rey arn Mn ean th es Soe mene ey eon re ea rpc ea Tr | socal Seieneo History” {somthing called “social scenes hitory’ has arisen, Tce seven ‘a juoal iy the ame Sail Sconce Miory, ein to journal of “one demogrpie tryin at athe om ‘tarps! instar nt solani Se the tstitional Contest of Crossing . “unsatonIndunlaion nd Cine in pal Germany” The Congrevsanal Game: Prospectus” ‘mplng es tay of he Poplin and Land Use of Des a he Growth of Engin Agricultural Producti in the Seventeen -rhe hog Context of eth Piies i the 1805: The Reform Acts athe Fornaio of ths era Unit ary” ‘his incomplote st shows the variety of tpis that erwin under se Tune of uaa scence stony sections, pie pinion, lo Uibth terre, ny sea, and on Te st cs not sow he tnasual feature af tw ole ad contents: fal of tables and ron equnth rmatzing resul oF Typotheseas equations, ceo shout eches of analy speaking quent of modes ther time ae verspace These are thn stigmata focal etnoe sory ‘de cies ory urn “Sct scnen sty erage 0 man reasons) «number cof moc scents hare become iret i working seis with Thatry are actully based in departments of polcalsclence, solo vont cena and 2 ow spel Bes of history tne invested IMuuy tr socal scence approathes to thir problems and te Sore Ama prin sing ey i, ‘isdn ae 15600-28000 peesonal strane Cate“The mubkspline of cl siene history i unusual Xone of the few species nso nt defined y a tne, a place sna opt of ‘exile although thy come deproportintly fem th sta sre ‘herwis knowns ora canoe, and Plea istry the topics ‘hat compre sochl science history da not form a loge seront Bock. Historian hae not prvi considered most thor oblong together Nor ar thy imp tpcs tha come tn pre, lose ae ‘he preccupation ofthe ascent sca sciences, The peed of sol ‘ct ate hs no man lie ite of Senn The subcpline has oer peta fstres. The common erature to which is members are erent 8 rather hin and ely nt ‘doll Since no sng, coberent soca scence et he hears tnvobed attend to cierent trates wih the socal tenn doped lng onthe spect historical topics tat concer them, Alot A he ran inthe dsipine have dor rp alanen fri ain to being devoted o sail sence Wotory as suns ty werk in set ‘cinnct dtcipineseconomis, anthropology, demopraphy. and ov which they are oat hsety asec social science history. Techical Innovations Reunly conse nour ‘de tho suesepne, new ways of string eden, ew sted techniques and new modal fen mira nom nonhstri werk ot Sede ol cans hoon re of ci ‘amin problems, however died. is members share ante, 2 ‘atonshipto te historic! prfeon se awhele and teal ant Ais hay common ground wer the whole oscil science history ‘oe could ready understand he suspicion that gts leer History ad way pre ap appearance. What ges soca et nce history ts strength, however, that composed meso ‘male ster each nf which does share problems: ater and pes ‘rdures Asa practical approximation ofthe csr eight nk tho {opie ofcly represented onthe rogram commas of tet rae noth Socal Since tory Asointtn theory methods and ec. Ingo socal slence str, abo htry soa structure sn sb ‘sy story icy ran istry istry of eenion; ecm Tr hustory: demography; electra, party and logit htry: bureaus at iernatinal enone ilonate hte; vince; pbc ‘tier eviminal Taste; eg otory among the dozen mene of ‘Ae comten, intemal ix wee based is departnens of history Aen departments of pote! since one na department conor (eeand one ns department of soioingy! The clusters ar o wo oer {Epang kre nstrcal species tt hav ng exited but hat ave caeRinped close working tlattonshipe with ana or anether of Uae soca SEtncwsepectaser st ect came into ings « result he {Stracion at history and one of he sol scene tn tb fist eategny the most prominent ease is ecunonle story. ning the ets none hist hegi dagen Mode “onside tang in economies Inthe category of ew speciale, the most dramatic ese deogrpie Matory” [Mary of ts practioner fal the fla stra demography the changed emanates ws fometing about the fits character se Gaunt 173. Alou the Specialy’ intelectual origins go back tothe polical arthnetclans of The‘aeenth etry, demographic tory han ony existed «sb ‘anual dstieie body af kneeled sce the 1960 Sommhee esween the casts of eroneni history and demogaphe sey lth ther mao enterprises socal slnce sory: an {he urben Ray the study of weal moby, nd boon Fach fhe {Specaliee hus is own flaonship to some portion of the social sc ‘hoes and each shares some pool of problems, materia and proce fire. Hach ha the makings of tine subbetie How Do istry and Social Seience Goalesce? ‘ny these ares and not other? Prom gia point few, they are ‘ne move obigus candies for socal science work than other subjecss ‘hathave remained inosptale fo tock sence mary stor, the Nstory af celence the isiory of popuar culture, apeultural history {nd bngrapiy ae eas in plot nal of thes Boks there ents abo atelated splenic work sorevhere inthe soe belences, ad some Stholarshave made orto apply the approaches osha scence 0 fant these es ane not moved notices toward he socal scence, Tt poaie, in principle, that the explanation ies the relate power ofthe eas an! procedure sale Inside and outside fisold whan ting ese elathty wna e migh hk tas more to do wit the compatibility between the exiting nce af ‘he histor Bld and the styles of naan that psa nthe aac ‘Steniteapprouches wo a gen problem etd esh andlor super ‘swore guration tha strana re ale aking? the ene onctusions, oer il llow quickly. Graduate shades begin propos Ing investigations o contin, dupa elon, or ite the eon ‘nina Since rele doctoral deertatinns rake up the balk ofthe ‘monographs published in story, the new approach hes cone Iinpart on the books historians are eading or 10 years te The ser and the mare general the procedures aolved the more ely rate The study of American slavery street point wel The eleency and prota of slavery n Amerie's ction regans befoe the Ch War ave crucial problems becane they bear ev ose da sel uns wr Souter, lr a on sec fits own wight whether tae pester eficency of Norther agree tnd of tre labor wore farther frets tothe conomie ablty ofthe ican polite and hitorane rom the time ol te Cl War onward. the ate 1950, weve Ale! Conrad and John Meyer bean to vedfie ‘he postabiy ofolavery ar a question a formal econ and began ere estimates ofthat profiabiy rom exdenee on costs pies, and production inthe South. Thi estinates portrayed slave jwered Feultre ab areatny cinta pottae sate, hat work sited tn slavery that eventually Incite ers of Robert Tope Stanley Engorman, Gain Wright, Richard Sutch, and x umber of ether expert fconomiss although noneconsmiste much ar tugene Canonse and Herbert Gutman continued o play inporans pate he ascooment of the character and cansequonces of American avery the propose at ‘economic answer to an old historical question opened the way ta "The Lnasion fesembled tae great migtions of the Mongols or the ‘Normans though teal deeply transformed the socal steacne thelr desinaon,ewentualy the newcomers sd the ser tre smite toch othe. The economist beg ating as they were ‘Spi onto incorporate American soonome try ito neces ‘Sonomles and leave nothing worse Sr the historians (0 d. Eve: ‘yw monroe h peciten hhstorical problems posed by that time and place. At the same time, Fintona bogan to Iara the strengths ard wraeses of eeonomete nae een on ccanon to lean how todo Ar Eugene Genovese molting iets 1 207820 yours ater Conrad and Mayer—Gavin Wright was prefacng ‘Shimpostansconometsi study othe Cotto Sout withthe declaration ‘hat the us of econumotrie economic story “have kequenty boon {atusbie and stimulating but Low belie tha es mltke for ee omic history to deine lf metely a evonomics apple 10 oid dat {tates econo: history offre dntintv tnllecual approach othe time pay a fundamental role 197 ma)” “American economic history i inno sna roerting tothe sats @uo| ant. Any Nstertan wha noe wats tobe ard on the aly of ave ‘rany rumba of ether topic in nnetenth-centryPitory har to ‘tir wah te econometric work om te subjot and tay wel ave tndrtake is rer own econometric analy The base inn nthe fel now includes a wetantia amount of economies: ded many oF the nom people inthe Sell are geting ir rinng In department cnomisr Bt our further changes have then the Gel pat the pant t ‘which i seemed that economic sory aight simply vanlsh into eo tering sfeanty constsined the operation of econaaie pro- i had peoualy appeared abe timeless and une.2 The sents Depa t pnd 0 the sons hie 0 1. he hitorlane became suelo aria wth the procedures, 4 Historians and economist alle began to Kentify problems that ‘were crucial but not ea handled by the mabe economic. Im the process, as Genovese says, a tinct specialty of economic hstorynether strict economies ne stil hiltory—egan ta rs, |VTie Shingo htt ry ote = par rte fanny structure, cities, nocilclany and murber of ether topics Tat ily slot coalecamos of pomions o tory wih sega the tory asa whole Instead of being the edge ofthe sora sciences a3 ‘whole with history at + who ia election of many aire ages rs of war=the common ground tat ress from orgnating in one ‘rand tediton ad being confonted ity another ‘On the one ede there he histor tradition, with trating of anand or iyean a tt fron ‘tngushing features explictconceptuszstion and modeling of the ‘Phonarnena under std est emphasis on teasurement, the del {the stength and direction of important reationshipe The attempt to econcila thee fo traciions sen toca selene istry a cath imethodolwica ty “TenadcipneA r apatade tif pop pane ‘he social scances on the ground that they sre suman. Yt 9 eld eri the historian to rscue the om aberacton snd vo gin wocnse Dt the day-to-day conditions oftheir Ibes. Ordinary people lee few "este marrage contacts, notarioed transactions, constspion re ters ta ols ret books onsen, enteretieal records, othe te rouroes, One ofthe greatest conrbtions ofthe scl heen to Tr istrcl practice has ben to augest means of combining the fgive ‘sions ne sch urns gps vette cnious campleof tat popu sae of collective bgp sy conden he Ae Soh Se Te vee Achar Ca George Roo, and her stents of ruta itnefolwed the loud of Goorgen Lars In attempting exhauste ‘humerations and descriptions of ilerent pert groups of acts ‘Tur quantat wert vs smpe and ot very extn, bit demon iited the existence of shurdat viene concerning ora parti ‘$Eus in the rotation, Ahough enelysonquanttat, the ch ne Zp of EF Thompaon and} Hobson on the Ines uf workers ‘owe diplayed the promise othstoy from the bottom up ail nt tite srl Slots ong to to Tat te rvlingreefntion of the [boreal agenda ge them am opportunity to apply thle om sis 0 theta eridonceAseginent of soca sconce story dewteto the ‘thy at erowns tunis and ordinary worers pew UD he gow of domograp ser ws nso way contay 10 that fered, yet produce tar real Wheres the Urge 1 Study cro ried win histor, Ow Ristori! td al pr “esc grow ery lrg fo the concer of demogaphers, French ‘mae au Hy pata gt 0 lap he cond ae The seueh forthe oof neversed dectns in ri aston bees one af demngrpiy's dominant preoccupations. Heres pio tht aso fel tht te sre sorte of materials hat ntqurians the tor he constaction of genelogos would wlth ret care yl Sne menses of erty moral and uptalily e and his colborators (Ineloped frm of abet graphy any reansttuion— sing thoregats eft dato, nd mirage we Roman Catholic hare fa xan fr i parshoner The ted yee porta fe icluing indetons of much eater varity i preindustia ‘euliy tan ned presously bee tought toe th cave. Other research Foupy inoubiy te group working with econome historian E. Wigs ‘ha lnelnrunltorian Peer Let Came Universi ook up Sitar utes, The ean aera ia lel derographi: was, In ‘ioene, a flr’ oma al efi the theory of demowaphie tats “Te rosoner int history ocesred when Wig Pare Goubert. and ‘tier economic histor began to Interpret actuating ial aes 8 Indiatre af wellre and to tamine the covaiation of demographicStuctuations wih sig a the eeonony. Gouber, or example traced the dvarating eset of periodic food shortage on tent ae by parishes ofthe Beauvais ron, aswel a the remarkable weujerton of fealty once the ess was pst That line analyse ated meaty ‘withthe alred-ontataned interpretation of Pench econ: history 2 series of well defined eyes. in France td elsewhere te ly Grosdenedl fom there. Some investiaatos seed the sty of deme Saphie process other worked at brogng thee Raina proce ttaod on the connections between demographic processes and thea ‘conomic contest By this tine fornal demograpy, economic medling thd taste ansbae wore Becoming commonplace in thie parted meng 4s Quantitation the Essence? In Glare dho leading edge ofthe change was sone for | ‘quaniteation Hecate of tit nila, many nongseitate Neto ans mistook the prow or the whole shi Thy though that quanti tion was thn essone ofthe new movement hat itp are wa “quanttatve ator tha it practioner claimed everything ould ed should be cousted. The adeatesthemeeies compe the miu ‘xnnines the weaknaser of Handa soclogieal notions concerning ‘he central problemen the rrewreh progam ‘Chapters and € War and Poort Rebelion sy Sevweteenth Century ton combine eas materi methods and provisional res fom ‘wo Ingules ithin that earch program. The vo inquiies tend to (Shs the processes of sneaking and capitalism or ranted ad osm {hte quectons a ollie ection Then asta st ote istic process by whic espitalam developed and state grow. “roltarlan= ison Theory and Resear al States, Tas and oleae” Chap (Gn and flow asamenbat more eileal synthetic and speculate sterically grounded theory aad resareh, And the books eoncunion Fooking Forward Info « Reangew Msror traces continues (Soong these vat sciloicl expeditions ino storia! eran uy 1 inet something ele ve foe om ta erin? 1, 10 quote George Henan "he oy sheer singe acts can ge of hee own ‘het sees" Te sorely unde ingly ny tates pep the autonl compensation of tang the rociologat into the ich strc resi of everyday sociale, The sorts of esis, fo exam pln that we encountered at he star ofthe ducasion inthe Mercure Francois Tet us return tothe Mercure, 1 ate where a program of store nase leas us Nowe we can revere the ange aur approach, Ear Sfctocket ata tex and asked what cou ll ws about the era Now we eine potion task haw the evidence inthe tat bear the ass ‘reaptlern, satenaking an calcination, Prope) read, the Mer~ ure ily butte wit relvant evidence. 14 yoars old his mother, Marie de Medici, was regent. Louis andl Marie face three liked challenges torn within hi ersten hangar. he (Boot sonoregh courte especial the Parlement of Par, were ngzai ro aston by ch new guring he ‘ctios. The hing clots kin andra prince, including the Proce of ‘Conde ahrmated between geudgi acquiescence al tm lion Protestant conaatorios in Gaerne were giz tats ty free te ‘ry Catholic ure ge ofthe Kington Spanish princes and Oth site to the Spanish crown prince. The rsitence athe courts deprived the [ing oftheir sanction fore ta th whieh to py the nope eid te put down the rbelions Te hag wl the queen mater tre to rod expedient sdch as expeing al practicing fom and conocat Ing thelr property. Meare, the rebellious princes fied & paral ‘wo slr sea a tape and lence hanged rear ones ‘when they hao whieh es tel the princes thro est ir {ods lodging aon and sexual ratietecton fom the local population ‘shen th enarion thretened tut the local rebel te ait ‘commanders cheched thee troop by meano of exemplary punishment ‘When they could, he princes eral a mor egular seta of ta Hom, paral otha ofthe kings the Morcure's writer comet That technique, the princes hal eared rectly fom the erown's ov Now woul take a peat many more tet to construct the changes {gman nthe France of 615 Incanto homer Tse tw ae eng for Monty 'an unexpected. convergence between the interests of {ing pros goods, land and labor in exchanging ter, tinge ing them into lager and anger market that lo ow they accumulated apt Capitalist hada powerhl intent in destroving tho expat of inal poplar in sacs 0 eed in local communities the food, supplies nd mae power oguiedto sep large armies gine Tote exten ha ood lad in lator were buing exchanged via a monetized markt and shad Sole pico, war ear Sor the statemahers to seize resource They {ned the exchanges themtehes, they used mat dered value 6 Inge the capac of people Yo pa they arated the money people ‘cumulated om saling thie gods and they ured the tox mre tp fu supplies, and manpower on the market lstend of comman Uetring them dine rom uring houses. The press had ie omen’ The enforcement of taxation in money frend people ol [ony serviceso land and thus to expand the market Ciptaitsplaved tating rosa aleve of Ue proces as local merchant interested in making a profit on the ale of eat. a pur ‘Shavers of xo oflzes on eich wa post to make «prof ‘erditars wo adhanced arg sm Yo the em i rtur or the Figs to shares of itr tax ern, enfrceabie by mana thereat imi powe. noe ern hcp fought the aes ‘aemalers coinelded and led oan lective coaison ~ coin that, subject population royal ofcasruceesded in groly expanding raja everue,a hs ‘had posibl the bling of ng, tbl, ae rele armen that wre Inge independent ofthe great agnates~the Kings als Under hat fort of ert the French anal budget nearly oberg from process of bulding » rexula ar occupiod a fll century, and the f ancing ofthe ary staggered fom expednt to expedient up the ‘howled in ase and power The statalers snd Hraneiers ced formidable opposition. Ordinary Seoeaten of local ia and. when they sry. profited the local lourgeotsie Nobles, great and smal fought the fo eal cedpopulation, On the principle that th enemy’ of my enemy em fend The thor erent interests aging bor nobis and pe commoners gins row sometimes produced a powerflalianee The aliance {ul maan agonal elon fr Serene han the pea noble cone ‘eyo the commonpice popular renstance to the tax coletor A te ieroure's commentator sid tack in 108, the rebel pete wa, {ndoed Yo lien the people's burden ado make are hat hore wh ‘were charged wth the sdmnistraton of hstioe would do better in he TRtare”if he eas la ight that thle real hope was fo Se i roe ‘water and nthe guise ofthe ble good oan thomsees up at he “pense ofthe poor people then we can se why the "pretext had wide ‘great noble, racked the French seventwnth conury. The grstst "nter of them ll-ehe sree af poplar note and jul suas ‘th te erown that we ealheFronde almost esroyedthe monary. ‘hs akg ronda pi lar calective action consid of resistance to someone e's tempt 0 take something seth ecorent rebels agai tation being the Cen tealight an it en {Sn repmeaton; andi) the crus coalitions that sometines sprang ‘atm ofthe tne. Alo howe coke see nthe ht «vigorously ‘expanding state, seconded by a growing bourgoke hone Interests ‘Conalder the province of Quercy In 162, Bypass the previous ar ‘rn the Btg ad estalaed Une Hecton to collet aces direc The fcr ofthe Election hal bog her ofiow and galned tet incomes Mercure, that the region powerul people would support « popular "ising to abolish the Fletion When the new fears exe to tae oe, ‘carn Douay Quy sav. au he a oa ake wh ‘ioe othe thew hci wach yn pone igi te a, an tha sis haha enn ag tthe es sgt parr ta Pat pepo i reno ba a pean le up ee er unared en, ng "SHE tee te pope, tn th prea sur a ow ‘hue on put and jrewct aemsaments (secure Pango 123 3— #74, rhe rebels attached he house ofthe new oferta force gra to soon men But the mltery governor of Querey alacked then Har Cahors broke them up. ad eaptured tel Tears ‘eta uel te Ta es don a sna dy Deo fom sara was hanged in is hometown 19 ds ater Tas the Query abel fon ended ike many others with a few oft leaders punished spectac {he bourgeois win had hought the roel oes ened by malay xcept trough the presence of the proesring bourse, the ex peronee of Query inthe 100s doe 24 tac the taertory of expand Fageapitaan vey clay It does onthe oer hand show Oe interplay teatemaking and popular caectve acon. Statemaing bapirged ‘ratnary poopte rested the then oti interests x te and ml tary might were nthe siaof the sterakers: te people ted 7 Prey and Int epatdy Before ng the ord lies, the provin $line rom tat pnt on ih opal France roiled Into the aghieeath century popular colectve aston faint the sate destined some and ation again protein or asping of nd been the more vnble forma 6 popu Fest ‘ee the eighteenth eantry brought food ots ocupatins of di te! Indy and stages aginst the landloré’s exactions to tha fore ‘Shoe we ee tha he food os sted aga mercado who bucked merchants and that the lalords who sed up the greatest {Skwooson were there who bought most age fnto the expanding ‘ver market the sit ava fom sttemaing to eaptliom athefoces of popula collect action tecomes maniest. The changes in ‘olive sti responded sensitively toe tend of structural change ‘Do not tae this setch of seventeenth century Trance ae del for the historsally grounded sociolgial anal Tam advocating Te aks the prnnaking confrontation ofthe source with slernatine ieee ‘ont in which storians excel I Tack the expt modeling precbe Speciation of tha tras and changes of statemaking exptlism,and ‘lc action rom one er tothe mex Later chapter i this back Study Brita Contention” and others oe out tegmenta af the a Drone that | ve i mi. This preliminary skate imply evoke the Droblem—to situate seal processes i ten an pace The work Te {uirer permanent encounter of soelelagy und histry 2 Computing History A Computational Memory ‘An image of my ey days 8 5 gate sent sc in my rin ater ast S0yeare Tas dom of Us ar standing round SDanking whing macine ins harhY lighted basement room. ‘Thove the idle ss scillat Samuel Stour taking fs. ‘ente singing om ne mou anes ower his west Sto {eras a deck of puncte cards shoves them nt tho bopper at fiend ofthe machin, porhessbuton and watches the cards Sor thoalves ito gasstopped be ie peer at esse of the ‘trios ples Then say, OK Nov lets uy breang on religion: evwhipeeach ck of ead fom ts in ad slaps i oto the as thove the bn Then he grip the fest stack fat drops ino thehopper spun ape sagiten the card ets amet on oP ‘tthe stack inthe hopper roa a rk and pes te burton “tthe ada students, were ering acne but serviceable sey fang ata condo aligns est “Sulytethe unts were most fle nda survey respondents, {ind‘he vara, ther eopones Yo standardaed quetions, Dt ‘incr an ene the loge we aor wth he acta mate) Then we were supposed oidenty the vara to be ex ined ext our enantio er of dierences with respect to that would reveal whether they i. aded, vary a6 expec