OT DE NGTH OAL MaTERTAC..U!!” STRENGTH OF MaTERT ALS Tn States, Wwe Study the behowour of eee but in prcetce, No Material T Byrd ond atl moterialy deform, Skady of Lech metercady as knewin a mechonity ef deformable bodies 6} Streqgty ef metenvly, er) The vecistama lay whom the matenat ofa body oppecer the deformation FS Collea CErengty =f matentoly . Property of moterioh¢ B. “Rog: dt Matera Tt does net undese ef defrrmaton when Sbyectes bo ay external londieg ( Gloss £ Cast iron) Elaste Material TL tndlergect & deformation lh Subyected to an Cxbernol looctigs Such Choe the defermatiog icappeorr on tre Yomoval of he fooclivy (Rubber) Plastic _Matertat Te undergo A Cont rere deformation having the pried off Lsacling ome the deformation & Permanent» Tk doe rot Yegain He original Armenvons on the vemoval of. the locsding Gxemaaes Duckie Material TE Unclergog large amount of oeformaton tortrout rupture - Te muck Possess a high degice Gerersllf , Proof Stress = Strees @ 0-27. Stroba 9-002 Stra)nd 6 Mox/Uleimote Stress = teed ot Mitre Ne | ates Onygrnat Cle Area before tect Nominot Stress = Loca ot ong point Original Che Aree befre test - True 6) Actuol SEwsy = Leod of eny Point: CIS crea at trot point/josd Wworleny @) Cafe Stress The moserum. Skrecs: be WHOh ony member (6 designed b reese defornet or Tea brook less Etomn. Fete Henu Safety factor will be Conciden Uworeing Sbress = Mela trees Ctpuctile motenely) Factor of Safeey _ Yibimere Stree MRritkte moterioy.. , Hcadah, Cafaagg oil ioe eg ee 2 Viele atone Facer +t Safely = 185 Coteet) % ge oleate Stree = 3B ( Gucrete) © brittle mateney do not i Pocsece ony yi Stress The farce +f resistance ser onrk Gwen offered hy. @ body O97 mt defrrmoton &S |enown oy tre Cress ©) Inktencity of Strese. Devect 6) Strece thet cicte MOrmal to the Ruvfece Che load Oct en Ar. be bre Cle Plone) Te Con be Citna Tensile or Compreccim Py Nature. ie = Applied leod | Priginal C/f Grea TeCiike, te Force ‘ormal Strecs Tensile Strece Styece that oc be fengtmen on obsect: Bete Comprecsive Strecs Stress hot acey te Sharten on obffeck iat Shear Skresc (oD) E TL wecully Whe > member it Sebsectes boa Parce "eee Cooltea Sheen forte) that Poroltcl er banger Ke be Surface. Rearing stress (ea) The Conkack Compressive Pressart Letwew Seperetea beds - Lanier rey ore Connected fy Roly Pane é7) Rivets, =e ob = & = = (C fey Grea SS { iP eat ® Patt dic, = / Tending Stress (f) The strece cleveloped t+ reese the benctig moment - CE ste Le Is Dre Combination of hota Tensile ont Comprcsive SEessey — = B= LO 2 Bertin omment a Eeciin ermkihrSEroin ~ CRate +¢ Chong ef dimension ) Strain is oleRned a an Amount of dePormobon an obseck Cxpenences Compored to 8 onteyna Cire & Shope clue & imple Stremwen 1. Direct 6) Normal Céra!n fe) Stran Couzed agit © Aurect Tenctle/Gompreti.P Skress/ Force - as ee cheeses esan Orrginel demengron a) Longitudinal Strain (ex) Strawn inthe Wrecker of force Cx = Shere to, erate _ Orginal leegty 5) Laterot Strain (ey) Skrain PerPendiculon drectsa of force ey = Chere in deoty ap e Bb = peeeemedy tat a onginel deptw BD R Sheer Strain Cg) Es he angle Ehrowh which bre badly Aistors CEwist on ob of Shope) Under tre applcatvg of hear Joace Stream Cer) Ay _ Chowe intbtal Volume B Volumet' be Super Pieral Stroin 7 Aree Ctroin Cen) Cp = BA . Chenge in One A pnitl cree Sf. 280, tao B a Coe Cy > Ce Cy AR. AL, 80 wersey +) Super fiect bran = faterol C&rosaC e+ longituclinat Cbroia Cex) A=Lb 9 da= ny 44 ez 4 Skretenp01 Extension wate ey tha AE 2 tinguiin soepaind ae oe = Stretch vetis +] (+eElackc Constenty 0) Skrescd stron > T=EBE 4) Sheer Strecs k Sheor Stretn 2 Ysae 1 Young's Modulus CE) Used tb Chorackerize moreriey alse Cotted of Modatie of Floskerty” fp. Shes £5 Gen R Sheor tfocluies CG) Used be, mecsure bre sb ffness of Ahe moter GE scoala = Shear Stran & 3 Rut moctitas CE) When» bedy Subgected & three mu Eually Lr elirectong, ~ Normal cbress os a Teh Volumetric Lkrain viol o Modules of Rigictity”. “Like 4 Equoh? Novo! skrencfa) . alops Poisson's Rato C») 2 e y . jo - Heke = & (Ate bin 0405) Longrtudinel Stren * PRelatonchp betwen E,Grk ont B= 2a Ct) t= ZeCI-24) AKG ea pe eees = EtG t Ge + 2G a antl: eoenesn : ke Tape of materal “Howe Free perdtent Btaave Gondbonty pete a Ge tn) Orbhokvopi¢ et Anisotropy * |Elorga bon of tpockieg load (Ce(f vst Tgrored ) aaa b Blengation of body clue bo External oe ET ee Au Fe C ae ia e tol 2 Due te SeiP ol is b= 22 Che primete bore ay) At> Bae ce = Pee (Fe Gonited bor) Cu= 4 ar? } Tapered body 48 As eee 4 de : a edit i moe © Due be Temperature is “Thermal Stress a= = EX AT Ac =Laat Feront Gee Compound Stress oF on Plenes negkgrble in B-crecton, Fn planey Concrden Strecses £ Strong are Verbcat Plane (@= 0°) aryle ist Pp orm Vabue Ty, aes [forrtantal Pl tear (o= 90) TR ZY > Princple Skrese ow 0 dvectan Sere . me = Sheon Stresyy *f ack 8h X-fate £m Ge dscatien, Combraed Stresses OR = Novmel Stress és se tne Combined Sbresy Norrnal ko tw Str face ) Sheon Sire (CC The tambmred ctreg - tengented bo te Surfer) oe R= [aceppe — (He Recuttent Skee. Coyle tebv Srfoc ) Fert oe + (S53) corse + By Sin20 Eas. Cat c= (22 +) Sina + Tay Carze Speciet cases t Unrowel Strest (Only ox oct) (og =0 4 Ty>0) Qs Rroverot Céress ( ox + 3 pure Shear (only By acu) (ox=99>0 ) och) (Ty >0 )Principal Stresses 2 Vay Siete oer nit be mee oh Ban , te se Ten 2Op> 5a iS (ox) (¢- Paste bin rNermel Strey esttn Vertaal plone. TES fre function 170) [dete GS mor at Lp Gr) M+2p D Gp, - On > TH Go) = Maser PRaciale strep acting Op wim vetcle 1 Spr = Mirer principe Ceres acimy Tap wie vuatde Maser princ*pel pe a 2 (438) + By eCipel , Strex n> (249 )- (eat <1. The Tiss Prinupol plones(Moyercé tino) afer by angle 90° Hlarimum® Cheech Sbress _ FK-B Seece YP _ ws] mew at SE 0. he at Tanz = 2 iy W'9 “Trem occ on fr plang (re Oc 4 S20") “2 Tam 269 * Ton 2 = rte gece eae e > | aco Tentop > cok 20, 5 Tin 20) = Ten C0226 9 (esi. [a wertaezee” | OP = Octus> ~“Plong of principle Streeter (OF) # Mox Shoot ftreisy (ty) are. dactined ues’ be each otha, “Mo hr'¢ Crve te. TEES Ere geaphcsh Peprerentaton +f Compound Stresses. (Farmuley exe Same) oF > +e Centre. = (ania (ve) v atCentroit £ Centre $ GrowtyCOa) Cenbois » The Poirtk Where Lubole are of tre Begjort 1S assumed & be Concentrated . Centre of grov'ty COG) The point hreagh Who Che Ushele Uscight ef Ge body if Assumed ack Notes, 7 In 2b view the Centrsid € Cn Gre located at the Same poiae* ds fs =. > The Centroid mey be lig Ovbside tre Section ) Centioid sf Larrea cnsistay of offerent areas = J ; ae EV’ A en ; egenk meet

MeL Mtevmam/lowege. if Fem baleen about ca C By) MT 8 tree 2 TF FES Feber obeve Moser princi ons f@ Fee VE Soa, Prlor moment of Inerba Ip = Trot Tva C Som of Second moment of rey abot X 4 Grr ) Section Tra Comsin of ems ot Carmen) Recteng le bas Ly = bo? = 1 Ty 7X Recent. ay Corigin of aris ot Vorken) he (2 bht _ bh crise of aovs ot] CO) — 4 (2B + cement = ac “Wioggle 3 7. . Civete au K Tyee= isSemicw cle Parabale Segment CR) h Feo A= 2h Quedrent Circle + i 1 (272) Bem Wy eee L a Perabslic Spondret, leace Side i: hk A-4yco+s) Cartey vi ms leege trde a esiey ce Bore bh oh ( beta Beare) Shear forte € Bencling Moment Orogreame Sheor Force F) Nigebric Sem of alt forceg 1 Citar Side ef the Sectvon Rending Mament (i) Algebric Sum of ail fre Moments of tre forcy on Clthen Side of tne Section, Sign Cenvertionc 0) far Shear Force (ave) (ve) 1 aay | cement Clockwsite Retet'en ANE clock wrle ) For Rendig Moment ee) ca aa Cae 2) ss noes Sagging “ caging (Smite) Seely Relizenstop betwen (Ww, F/M) .4F _d™ at dy = (( wer Ww ax * axe (rae MM (F (f Specie Condibons tase) Pure bering 2 [rate Constant Enrovsnant we cecton (re AM ng 0) i 4 (TE heppered Ar Cantileven Courle « fa) ee mee ) C Fe Swar) ~ PE Point, Where Rimzo GY Rem Chongy Sign, Rim ts Max when SF is Tero #9 GE Chongy SianTheogy of Simpl Stemple Reneltng Consider Bending =f beam Uhat t Gecompornedl by pure bending wy. Cre Sf a0 en Negtegibte “ Grrovyrouk Oe geben ) Kenetiny * The Sk ress tnduced due be Pure/Cimple bending S Called Rendeng ek: a Ie Neutral layer 3 Yoon ahs ee neutered Ye> The loyer Uohich x Neithe Compresseel oe EhongeteA due = & Rendng bs Collet Neukreh legen, (ee Cee UY Lenghe clue be aan PM Rendiny Stresses are Zero (P=0) i Newtrct layer . ) Neutral Axis (NA) The line ef intecSection F Neitrol foyer [Nested bore plone of Cross cecten. BEE ar PTE passy they, CoH of Chr > > The cows Where we Chress ¢ Clan Chem it's 890 Neutral legen Compact £ Seance) Cie ~ ie Strecs due tercempre eres, Tense, oe cre ‘due be Cloageton, Rencteny tlress v7 Equevon +f pure MRenebiny (Ale Calleet Cer noulti= Euler bevelieg equoton’) Re Reading of Curvature fom win be Contre) ed = Difkonce measund Ram NR 2 (PF #) Tmportent berms Secton modulus (Z) = om Flexurel Rigdtty = EL Se beet 4 a AE —— Curvature (CR) = EE Flenarct migiaty . ecm ef Uniform Gecton S Erength The bending Stress * “Canstont Uneovtout: tre beam (te fe Ad = constent ) Me The Renny Stress CRIS Giso known gy Sérengtn -f tne beam (f) alk b A Ee dame feb Ame Ream made of aifferet: mokertely 3 Tn Ews Case * The uwolty of Composite Seek” IS Goncirclered y © Equivalent wordnet Seeker's anes -' Equivelent vrai of Ceckve = brome Cu) me mecliten roe = ) mats Dard’ bre Raa Men lRectergle cut from Circle Mex Iimensiong of RectonsleShear Strese Dretri bution in’ Reams as ) “Ba SiC at thet Sector Sheor Skvesr at oxy Cecvon (4) = eee De ge ana im A= Tatel Gree of ty C/¢ Average Sheav Chess at ont C4a,4) ae Specie! Condi bons nee ® Rectonguior secton ( imax = 5 BA te Ge Dishenes ) Civeator Cecton ( 4, ©) Wranguter Cectom (Yeon = 3 tog © fom bop/botm Fun = + Tong, d) T-Secton oa = [Buco +a] z Shear Stress dist’ba ton Par tne Pos lowirey Setbone } Rectongle by Crvete C) Hollow civete + DD nay [stent ce J eo I : aie ue PR Ret Ub I wrk Tmportant prints > For pore bencigy (Feo 2 Shear Stree a'co zo) F TP votdling 38 Sudtelenty decreaiey 9 Sheen hres C9) Setdenty WnCreary a, Vite Verso. bg CB ema) = e on be ganckon of We e C5, Fer Tsdeean - re Shem Chere Ob a 4p Sudeenty incresg fm E Cords) 4. (ecm ay] > Fe LAtaen Wwidhlp , Sheen Stree sure Ge fom Ci Ex) € wise vente, Spiers Hemi Begonat et horrontal > Re extreame edger Sheor Strers must be Zee (Jaa 2 a= bree )Phrenny—af Pare Bericlins De flecvon of Reams (Y). + io Eloctic Le 6) The Chape f tre deflector of mre beam it called 7 Depiieien Gave, The Equat-on fx tre Elackc Line is Catkd . ae edad ale Cunvoture =p = ft <3 a Refation Ships Slope 6= Bo er Sz. (max Deflector (y ) > ETCy) = ((raax Ets = !L (Nin depend on (EX) Selfnecs Ch) = SSE, = OO (Ms deoerd on EX) ) “Empertont (pains 9) Canblever Yso wit! will Zero at fixed end + Crenene tS {ews of reciprcet de flectons ) Ye Cade Due te [oad ot B) = Yp Cbuctelead ot c) b) Simply | Suppetet > CYemon) ot Whos Clope(a) Chongy Pet Sign Cue o drat Seppyt Yeoctons Monimam ot free end, coble > (Oxon) et Seppert Teeceon — cokife (Co) at mor cleFlectan CImos) ©) propped contever Deflector ot Pop =9 ©) r beflect'sn due te Prop (Yp= =) Ey toe PlecOonsdiie Eau lees «a Contes Cams) Moment orea .Metnod “ ps Az Pro} MD Slepefod = ORE First rroment aves of “Rea 5D Seite ton es : Defleceen(y) = tS tence fom Cenex clope) 4 Gar of Remo Meacodlay'! Tntergretyn metrod a (Cresta = { Gai? 4c 6) (crore 2 EME re Double Trkegraton metrod } ms (ocentte : (Gee sean (4 ~PraxJte C) foxcort = (Boon) cf ey. [Constante will be Ando by apply bourctoxy omaitenc | Congtonty wit be ada te me Ace berm ory *») Staite P Noo Unleneoon seocty = 3 (Determnote Leam) Novof unlenmsn Beoetoy > S Cindeterminane beom) kon Ow?Tipe of loading (Ls Spon _lenstn ‘Man. Skpe COmor) Mex. DePrectn Cmax) (a) (™) Mee ZED Bust Seyer wou" Borer et Wee Te £ ae GontroPlemure 2 SL (fem Pep) Cmigablemte >) SH) Cin prop )sa Compression member Im any Pracit'an oFner tron Verb cot , > Generaiy Brege ce Sed bo Connect Si pport Main membery » Cokann Zs a Nerbeat Comprccwa membar Useal in Berifobinge , Slendernecr Retio + Rods of Syrebon Co) ee sae = Puck ting ©) Cnippticy load The monies limited load ob whch She Column bendy bo hove | Lateral displacement 69 Torch te buckle wr Enron buck ty font Clagifecron of Columas (A= feast lateret dimension of Oshima ) tape eakoans (> Boa ont Columns £ Chruty - £ fhectre fengtu Leet Ceage roc of Gucten — ‘¥nin T= E we Least today $ 29-49 CBmrn) -|#e Le Ty Can Tren Calon sit Pash my YY ativectn |) R720 Clong cobwmg Pel cue be buckley ony) y | DS Shore Coluned | Equivetent @ Fe lenges of tench Oe CH (ced a4, 2 eO CShert Gotomy fot che be creck Strsry ) ‘Siegq_Conversions foe beret bh , | cence ty ) Lege Omeenty’ — (D) Cve) 1 Uncupported [egg tr sf Calvmn Clete.) Effects ©” Con Weert Che Comprcesit foods Wirt rkondy, jure of ControPlereert 2 Curvature of. the Columy > Te te length bn prety ws Rankines Farrnula Cany Eype of Calomn 2) 3) Porcent Wigged _ aBosed on Oron'tcal Consiterctont. Equilaterd Evtangsie *f tne option Cro-cecron Shope of tre Column, Eulers Formula (fer ee | only ) Enel Canditony Loge “Wer D Upfar ent Fee 2 Crippling fea Cred= 5 ae | Biearele ne lowet ent Pred ‘hz a is ley he te Golmendy Fred [7 ‘fe h "P= Couch food Sverarn en a Ks Rentnes Get Ptrvenk 2 ft Tae = Te )) Laneght iron, Wild ex Cripplina (ood (Rr) Dice ieee oo Factse of Suet YD Cost mn 3) Tmben Safe load =Cove of 9 Gors- Section The. Pert of Crats-Sectom! Grea twithin Wwh'th a direct load 1S applied Lensife Stresr Will noe be develope re [eee] ot ee vohere in Bre Cros: Secken ‘cCeenkwicity = ity = Betken Permmissrble dittonce Pun Centre We Radies of syrton ~ SH f da feage lodent clinenon y Circulor Seceon 3° Hellow circle = = Cmax = “OESE Ee =D a4 D Rectargelor Secton ae iron = east of Chroster \e Chop “Torscvn refers © Oe twickg a Ckraght bar when te ts loacted by moments Cor Terquer) time Lent bo produce Beraven Akwvt The forgeudiral arr of tre bav/chefe. arsitedod Sen saat “T= Aug: Targee pied C feet) haf t oe Sh T= Polor moment of inertia = Text Tyy = Me? gt i R Gi= Sheor modulus en rooduly of Psidity Ba Notes Oz Angle of twice EE Yes br a mg Mast Shaft fR= Racliur =D {V's Mons Sheon Ckreee duc & Tortie, Angle of bone Co) = DE Skroin every clne Stoeth enecry. Stored va) Tercien Pagidity = a Toon 2 a Ipolar recto modula CZpJ>- > FE 09 Power tron tm ted Chreugh, by haf t P = Torque (T) % Angulor Speed Crad/ccc) C8) oe SINT aos ZA S Ese wees C oe Ts Cafe against ee Permessible Sheor street Targe Fes Ota € Chefe Cd) = ese any O=, Oa Combined bendioy f Toecion SOG Bendieg SeeIC) ae Be L Sheer cbrece Gp) = T Principel ee ZF f° erat ce ee Cats r* = he (M+ Tee) te ; ore ee ltreeral es te, (m-Iee re) 9) Equivalent Torge (Te) = [eqrqt? f 6) Equivatene Rom CMe= (M+ ett)Resi|rence The Strain energy Stored mo body Clase Proof Resilience - Marion Modulus 4 Resilience ~ limit due te external loading Usithin tne Resilence upto Elockc Mmrt Proof Recitience Nes ng rsh itreteraatiCy) Sian Bness 1 Stored Ces: renee) cer & Rencling. Ge Drrece Ere Goreme) Sheer Torque Proof Resilrena pe a 2e = wary” Us Avg: Torque x Angle of Teurgt re ae « Bera). : hotiow Shef & Resilvence Springs - Energy Stored for Pitureuse CO! Soriny on clocks, Comvese 6) Leek Spry ~ Absorbs Tension Spring Closely Coiled helical cprnge ® Subgected Er External foods Deflectron CS) Total twist (Cp) Spriggs fo Leng < poratter cree he ae) Mo i : a Znwo? Ga ) Subyected be Externot SHE Cry @m) MR EL Excess Energy Ces. Sprig oy brea ) — A Spring Primerly ae be Tortivn 7 Teoistiny n= no. of burns Re Radics Ch Col 2 FO%264Q2 A = deo of Cprizg wsive, 4 Stiffness = rg Cw) load Cw) Beflecton(S) Cauple (ry See 4 sb fftnece 5) ParatleL CW = Wit We) Sk = SkiaSle, [eon]hin 4 Theck GylindentTabes be & (Thin Ylinders) = Thceners of tne Cube C= Trtermh ott t oe - oo kerr otta sf babe Se CTWete culincters) P= Toker pies cure %) Hoop 6) Circumferential Ctrety Con) _ ies Ch coe Y Longetudinat clrere Cox) |e | <"* Heop stress Cog) = 2x longitant ctrese(az) > oH 4 og of Lensile Skressey > Max Cheor Stress Croc) = ©) Ebficieney of geirls (2) er ~ Bams Weight of tre dam (Ww) = 3x Can) Hor ota pressor Cp) = “e Cut = toon Herironted distoncr bin CG «f tre dom ke Eve fot Wohue Resultant Oot by hese eb ~." P=Rose 4 Ws Reine cote = Mee We Za Disko nee es oe eh € = Diskence fom (mit of base -— Resullont aut bw 4) Stre wey developed at tr base of De dom tin = 9 (14 SE) Gin = 2 (1-88) Note» Crippling Sh my wit Eve) te rently averbertly of dom (due be bensite sonny > Eccentricty C&< i) Middle -Thirel of &* bose. C7 Reeesk A6'e th) > Eccentnerty (ed < on Ee BeErEL OVAEUrNIG, of Com CR ay coer bace