+ Transportation System seFixed Facilities The fixed facilities are the physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitutes the network of links and nodes of the transportation system For example, the links could be roadway segment and railway track and the nodes could be iTaleot estore tea PB C1k9 gale (=O TSC oe Iat-ltelele-Pa-lNeR-l Lge) The design includes soil and foundation eo lly design, structural engineering design, the design of drainage systems, and geometric design, which is eoyrecenem Umea) jical proportioning of the lean eRe mince Rm -] SBie latylelarciC mele) = A transportation system may be defined as a planned network of elements or physical components that play different roles in the transportation of goods and persons from one place to another. BUM nal Relm ay Se] Reelin) een Mra eLe) te system are referred to as the facilities. A transport system can therefore be considered as consisting of fixed facilities, the flow entities, and control system that permit people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical space efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner in some desired activity.Transportation Network okFlow Entities To) W asi oe AT ecm eat ol a traverse the fixed facilities. These include people, vehicles, container units, railroad cars, and so on... = In the case of a road system, the fixed facilities are expected to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types, ging from bicycles to large tractor- trailer combinationsMobility & Accessibility + = Mobility refers to the ability to move between different activity sites — If a facility could move people and goods very fast then that facility provides very high mobility = Accessibility refers to the number of activity sites connected by the facility — If a facility provides connection to large number of residences, commercial places and industrial f>)F-ce—cM alla ee) In Val ©] aie-[ee 11] NVe = Mobility and accessibility are inversely rare]Control System = The control system consists of vehicular control and flow control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities. Such controls can be manual or ETO celait-]ecre 5 = The proper geometric design of fixed facilities must consider the characteristics of the vehicle and the characteristics of the vehicular control system.alg A freeway is a highway which operates under the purest form of uninterrupted flow. Access is totally controlled and limited to fel e-lel-Mo\~)0y-1¢-1t(6 ale) ramps. = Multilane and movements are separated by medians = No grade crossings, no traffic signals, no stop signsNg A freeway is composed of three subcomponents: = Basic freeway segment = Weaving areas = Ramp junctionsTET m alte ich = A highway with at least two lanes for the exclusive use of traffic in each direction, with no control or partial control of access, but that may have periodic interruptions to flow at signalized intersections no closer than cAOn inREN Expressway is a divided highway facility having two. CoV ole -M la Mlle Melee elem tale .al IN use of traffic, with full control of access and egress They are also access controlled roads but there may be an occasional at-grade (same level) sianalized intersection.Highway Classification Schemes + = By Geometric Design = By Route Numbering = Administrative Classification = Functional ClassificationFunctional Classification of a Le) m Understanding the 6 recognizable stages in most trips (See fig 1.1): a TINO SNe - Transition Se Pil ele lao) - Collection See eo1 - TerminationMobility & Accessibility SOLS Peery NE oeFunctional Classification of Highway Systems = Primary System eA) I — Expressways — National Highways (Multilane highways) = Secondary System ems le-1€M ale] TNE) — Major District Roads PMSA laas) 1010) — Other district Roads — Village RoadsClassification of Urban Streets + Pea nalelaVay AK 0 r=] Sieg =12) 0c) = Secondary Arterial streets = Collector streets = Local Residential streetsPNatat 1 Cy = Primary Arterial A major surface Siro =l(-1 eh) eg en a od) between major points, and with through-trips entering, leaving, and passing through the urban area. = e.g. Freeways and interstate highwaysPNaeelat- | = Secondary Arterial A signalized street that primarily serves through- traffic and that secondarily provides access to abutting properties, with signal spacing of 3.0 km or less.Collector Streets = A surface street providing land access and traffic circulation within residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The function of collector street is to collect traffic from local streets and feed it to the primary and secondary arterial or vice-versaLocal Residential Street = These streets provide access to the abutting properties. Unrestricted parking and pedestrian movement is allowed on these streets+ Traffic Stream Components and (Ot Te-lok-la jae)Mobility & Accessibility Primary Arterials ee eS ee) alr oeTraffic Stream Components eae) taal (el [ay = Roads and highways = The general environment = Control devicesDriver racteristics A driver’s decisions and actions dependent principally on information recieved throu the senses. In the order of importance, the senses most used by drivers are: Visual (Sight)- 90% of the information Kinesthetic (Movement) AV(I-\ i] oJ] <1 am @=xe16)] 116) g16 00D) Auditory (Hearing)Perception-Reaction Time [1c] 8) Ne) area =r-(en (ep n gM N elk =y- I=) with several factors such as age, fatigue, and the presence of alcohol or drugs... = Then how would you design for a city with large number of citizens????Driver racteristics Perception-Reaction Time (PRT): Includes the detection, identification, and decision, and response elements. Perception-identification-emotion-volition time recommended by Uniform Traffic Control Devices (UTCD) = 3-10 sec AASHTO PRT recommendation is 2.5 secDriver Characteristics 2. Visual Acuity: Plays important role in the placement of signs and other traffic displays. Drivers should not have to divert their eyes to “read” a sign or device to the extent that the roadway in front of them is no longer in their clear vision field. Thus, signs and devices are placed in locations where they would normally fall w/in the clear vision range of a driver focusing on the roadway ahead.Driver Information Needs In order to make sound decisions, a driver must receive reliable and understandable information to reduce uncertainity. A driver fefeluat=ecm alee )anit-1e(e CoM 18-18 AOl sources, uses it as a basis for decision making, and then translates those decisions into actions to control the vehicle.Driver Information Needs 5 basic principles for the systematic presentation of information required by oll eile Wal ne Mil esicam alae Do not overload- processing channel TTanlie=le(e)alsy Do it before they get on the road- a priori knowledge Keep them busy- Spreading Do not surprise them- ExpectancyForces Acting on a Vehicle +a Vehicle Characteristics Design Vehicles: For what type of vehicle should a particular facility be designed? See Table 3-1.. Allow minimum turning radii to be established.. Operationally achieved @ 10 mph, controlled by the turning capability of the vehicle.. See Table 3.2.. At higher speeds, controlled by the dynamics of the situation.. See horizontal alignmentVehicle Characteristics 2. Acceleration: Vehicles differ in their weight-to-power ratios and thereby in their acceleration performance F- R,-R,-Rg= ma R,= Aerodynamic Resistance, Turbulent air flow around vehicle body R,,= Rolling Resistance, Resistance from tire deformation [Om CIE-e( Nor] eam ele )VI-) (ea ce lce -leltl ale RelA) ia RY ial (el(-}Rolling Resistance R,, Composed primarily of SM oF] COMM UK (1Ce) url ELoNn) (~90%) 2. Tire penetration and surface compression (~ 4%) 3. Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel (~ 6%) . Simplifying approximati R, WwWAerodynamic Resistance vc a Composed of: ak; Turbulent air flow around vehicle body(85%) . Friction of air over vehicle body (12%) . Vehicle component resistance, from radiators and air vents (3%) =Grade Resistance R, : omposed of — Gravitational force acting on the vehicle megsueiieueiery sind, ~ tan 6,+ Power Requirements Power is the rate at which work is done. The power P required to overcome the various resistances and to propel a vehicle is computed: P= R*v (watts) EU Melim 100 Meee ne Mi een) (1/0011) v= vehicle velocity (m/sec)Vehicle Characteristics 3. Breaking Performance: Breaking distance (SI Units) = dy= (S? S,?)/ 254 (F+G) DR eRe cue me cord Reta vee ee cee SNe eerie eae h ete eee Cou net Ce meen Ce Remmi ao Cem esVehicle Characteristics a s)c=\-1 dine miso nt-|N ash Breaking distance (English Units) = dy= (S?- S?)/ 30 (FG) Proce R cue mieVehicle Characteristics 4. Stopping Sight Distance: How far a vehicle will travel from the point at Nia ola i= M-jieer-la(e) gM cM ec Coma a Liang iome(—re-) 1-11) am een) (=) = Worst-case conditions ben meme C MES AILS} — Low braking efficiency — Wet pavement = Perception-reaction time = 2.5 secondsStopping Sight Distance = Stopping sight distance (d)= the reaction distance (d,) +braking (ol [=i-]ae—m Col) SI Units d=0.278 St + (S2- S2)/ 254 (F+G) ane] amelie d= 1.468 St + (S?- S,*)/ 30 (F+G)Geometric Characteristics of Roadways = Horizontal Alignment: Roads are not perfectly straight and do have curves in the horizontal plane. These are referred to as changes in the horizontal alignment.Vehicle Characteristics a 5. Decision Sight Distance: It is the distance required for a driver to detect an unexpected or otherwise difficult to perceive an information or hazard or its threat potential, select an appropriate speed and path, and initiate and complete the required safety maneuver safely and efficiently. See Table 3.5... ** Tt is not based upon stopping but rather upon maneuvering.SuperelevationSuperelevationGeometric Characteristics of Roadways = Vertical Alignment: Viewed from a distance, one can’ see the changes emt oan(e alignment, that is the changes in © the elevation of © highways. aEnvironment = A set of conditions that cause the (ols FANYA=10) (Pao) Key-(e Me@pt-1r- (ee laisiu (ec) to vary systematically. e.g. Wet pavements result in different frictions and therefore different braking distances.Traffic Control Devices = Control devices such as markings, signs, and signals should communicate with the driver, and must do so ina uniform and comprehensible way.