il Economic Restructuring and Redevelopment ‘image of ty consists ot ony of peopl ut sof bldlags—the homes, ‘fice and factors in which enidcats and workers live and proce Ti ail ‘vironment snctre oil ean, caming commonalities of onde, etal (@entaon, ac, encty and elas to wssue spatial dentine. Soil groups, nun, themslvs pysclly om te urban sactietrogh he forma thn of commanites, competition fo taster, and seprepution in oes Wards, ‘trough claserng eechng boundaries, and esublishing dstaoce. Ub py Cal fer alo contin an sults coon activity. The bit environment ‘ches the divron in me and stance Detween home aad work and generates ‘he mille in which prodoctive enterprises rele teach ther. Axa souree of ‘wealth roeh he realestate nasty cost of ding bins, and am ase aed {expen for hourehold, physical srtes ae excl elena the urban cont "The dtinction betwee the we of el eae for human vit and its mae ‘stole offen summarized a the ifleence between ae sadexchange Values! Freueat tenon between the two Tancuons has provoked fe community Teis- tune to redevelopment and highway programs and the endemie atone tween eigborioo groups an development gees which have marked wan olin the United Sac andthe United Kegon ocet yeas The mene Stakes involved have meant fit esvon of reseste developers and the cu ‘comes of suggles ovr the uses of urbar land have Become rail factor in ‘Stermiing the ftre character of he whan econ. Tor policy-makers, eocouraemeat of cealetate development seems 10 offer wy of dealing with eterwaeiatactabe economic and seca roblens Governments have promoted psa change with he expectations that beter looking ccs ac als ter hs that ting poor peopl rom ena os ons wil elite te causes af “bight” ater dun moving i clsewbee, ad2 WE GT omDeRs that eopeny development eqs economic development The quandary fore oa fi i ta hey sist depend oo the pivate vector a Riaaoce ms Peto roth an they have ly very insted ols fo atacing expansion to te juadctons Tei bay relanee on the propery setr pay ress from tet rene tii o inact than te indies How much gover tient proprans for wa rdovelopnct actully do simulate busines i ow ther an open s® fag inde ato respond to theoretical gestion onsen the bng fies ress inpoant plc iste fr communi e04Ps Ito government, Wiha theses erature, the sono an8 polit ‘Eire ae she realestate developrent aad isi Cnsequenos are he ‘lbjet of eemiderabe debut, Doe asa development simpy repond fo ‘porate gambles ty ini oto mae fat pois ors an answer 10 ‘Bn tsa needs? Does the type of development that occurred ding he fal decals of te tenis cetiy in Londen and New York nextaby gene Ie tocs"—one forte ih none forte poo? Do the abides tht 0¥- enon dct omar the property stor repeseat 2 selut by plans and ‘lamas o ceils tetod by wich he plc ca, with 3 small inves Rant sala eupioymcat and public amenities as exerts of development ‘Ghenes? Progrowtholions consisting of basins group an public officials, ave cages cofance i he effec of pubic private paterhis ase nes of economic expesion, Neighborood groups have fequeal though aways, opposed lnpe se rdevlopment, because they have fered i “ronmental effects ands tendency vo displace low-income resident and sll, Tanners, Other eres ving bck othe economist Heney George ave a {ened tha the pros fom development were created by te whole corny fn ave bee epiimately appropriated by property owaes. Gea fis ‘Rholass have supped the pesmi view onde causes and results of devel ‘pune white conserves bane celeb ts rrepeencra Fase and ans forming consequens. Raja ahs stay has bea to discover the condions unde which the spuuletive propery development solr invests na pace nd terol of te (ote secrin providing thoy codons Evaluation ofthe impact of pbc apres pyc! developments more dial sine tee ne many confound ing vibes bat tis a ater PHSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE CONTEST OVER URBAN SPACE Sine the mit-1970s Ameri and British local government steep toad pope development ave ined more st stimusing sonoma) 1ro- {Tce cis than a ebacing the guy of ie for residents, To achieve thorabjce, thy have promot th construction of commercial pace Ove using an pb ites. sen though many ofthe now syscrpes, five ‘lls and dowatowa aus produced by commercial developers have arguably (Gotedmoe atc ces, the provision ef amenies has bee ony Seon {Sy pipe of reevsopment fore Economic develope stele have pial involved sbsiies andrea ary slo developneat fms at wel so busses ht could e expected, ‘engage inlng tem rotiv atv decd noth Landon and New York, ‘imulatin of commercial property development was the most impeant 0% "sep of the Iter prt of he enti. Yet, or oso hs pro hin purslon was no hampered by a shortage ofofce space. Public incentives for ‘coerce were nota rspene lo otdeeck tha was ting investmea La the autores hoped tht, by loosening replations, supplying Ian at nfasetre, and offering subsidies, they would cause developers to fer her tgualiy sheer space. Tey intended that he lowered cos would dam eng basins totes dens ena reas, Event, otic makers belived san Increase inthe supply of pvt ovaed,competvely pce, Lists space ‘woul create son demtnd Moreover, dese het prclied eli ie mar principe, they seemingly dd conser that x sss woud beefed ining land cost, vea hoop andes coal chaige mote forthe same pat elif al costs were brought down by tx abatement. “Two reports writen during the 1980s, London: Word City and New York Ascendant, ween the bet of goverment in Lona and New York, en bythe strategie considerations tat guided policy-makers inthe ensbing de des The documents ar pial of nunbe fsb effin Briain and he ‘Une Saes, which tmp cha cour tht would expaize om service sector advantages in the face of continuing decline of manufacturing. Like mest ‘of hese plans, they were intended as guides to action and were no oficialy ‘Mole as legally inding policies. Nevrtcess, the) rereent a ranonble mary of the aitidesof public lias ad private sector leaders toward the lly prospects fer econo pow “The writes ofthe reports perceive the principal vantages of London and New York tbe heir wordt) sures. They defend be govermnenl policies ths and sly what the sepa a the ly practical couse for taining nomic prosperity with ter high-cost environment. Inexphining thet fmhasis on afew insti, dey pont ot hat despite out-migration o mani facturing and wholesaling enerien, tee vo ian etal ad ceased thir prominence as centers for investment markets, banking and snes se ‘ees In thee diseusion of growth suaepes, the repr’ ahr ell or bgh- {oad rgtng ofthese ore serie bane Towering ther pean on The London report stresses unspent and expanding the eal bases istic. Aswell a dentiying these ways in which government can sit the sector the "ep ofthe New York commission endorses offering loans nd tx subsidies to act bosinss oles expensive locas win Ue cyAnalses of the Development Indus “AthooP aovermeat asc sya inportan roe leg he physic ‘Ettonmest tema pope of ages in py fos win Landon sod BENE tn pa este Sevelopmet nds > Exaation of Non. lcumcndeios eves the ay in whch ban deepen Suet athe sane ine by bod plc and econo nperaies ad by GmERty son pce modus pean An pls of operations a0 Maton and soil fons crete te opartnies hazards aoe 700 Fetes ch mots in thet of poss hat x8 a 60 omic ad soci intracbow : “iota cnet an inal nip when sting hs se found stu coon and pial ress Dt peso a eer saree the evelopment ny. Detlopmetcontines © be a gly ae al nny. parr epi Sng) es he spas Sette wha tum tc Although women now const asia oP ‘hmorrea-sne ker men conin tdninte emajr delat fms Vine sie he ge poy et ve canzed te faces of London and ed Won Thane ben suk byte ext 0 which ty ave Ben die y Moussa cow ter nd scleexpesion aba big ni ing tne personae on he sae. tmp inky econ ne an pla iene te development it- dusty hal rece bees the flo of eos pllcsonon als aaidens aca Ded Hare was vl losin xanga reds ana tond hore penptive® Neve exw), pei ia TeUMETRingtom sca soem be tgun wo uj propery my WhStinie cmp and berets investigation” Arran inet an (2S. an aca apn ceve wes camining te isin ics, RGSS. chee estate rosy pene The ti fs een nmeves tei win Jona of academe progam tl a SE? cooocras woul be eps ia suc cote be emis Bea ao rr thn canes sod sacl impact. Wii the United Sues wo Sidenble popular lierare oo rakente development tends tard LASRESRy trees bern cial eai Ina pes expe eels etaonlthe co wh shag and Dll Rico Cet [prota Bete nears eck an nmol by anti eat bung ena dy ron tase ian odvebpent ius reed far moe scholar ateaton ti as he realest erro, ha of deelopmen however hve lag © ‘Gilden govern ater tna pvt decison making. Atop hey Bae ‘Gage as amoenee of pvt developers om plc poi. hey havea ttcinues a esponses of opr invests a givens aor than gun Uotmctesourcen This book wimp to res toms, while king ie stating pont he senaro tht the redevelopment erate has fy con- ‘Stemly chronicled an hati reounted below. For inmost British tes ing the Tancher period and in most American cles thyouhout the bistry of ‘uan redevelopment thre is pial sory. The esearch report inthis bok, js ected at filing in he gaps nhs story, neta contraditing it THE TYPICAL REDEVELOPMENT SCENARIO “The tory gos as follows Ia the ps ity yeas alt all of he major eto plitan ares ofthe develope world ive ben affected hy changes nthe ma ‘nal and intmationa economic syste, sch that they have ether tase 8 ge af api nd well-odo people or alleed from dsnvestneat ad pop lation withdrawal I both advancing and declining cies, growth has Been & ‘nested ise, and groups have moblize let population and capil ows, {Deter inte atact development. Wiki the United Sia, bases gouge ‘hly in concer with pla Ieders, have promoted gow and tried 0 ose heir objecives witha the cana of elie calidon, of which Pusburzhs ‘Ategteny Conference i the prototype Uren movement riven ty Sy, preseritonst and environmental concerns, av opposed sbsdied downtown ‘eevelopnen and uaregulated rficdiven expan Tey have lio athough Jes eqn, pomed aerate plans fo eghrbood redevlopnent. THe cucomes ofthese coats have ated. Regardless, bowever, of wheter the fulthas been owt or dct cr rater ot ess qt, eal maka oa poe pret has ther than comprebensive planning has ben the main vehicle rdteinig the uses of space ‘Over, soe ltrs have domined the agotstions ang gover ment community, ante pia sector onthe conte of redevelopment.” They fave ben suportedby lite nd mie-clns coneumer sceking downto “i provement and activ, centally ested housing. Neighboriaod sad Lower Income groups hav received seme guns in vomeplaes from redevelopment {Geral howeve, the wan pot etic communities, and small usteses hve suffered increas economic nd oestonal milion ss acomequene (Central business dst (CBD) expansion as increased propery valves im areas oflo-income ccupaney foeing outed rag He ving expenses and Tweaking up communes. The emphasis on ofce Pee employment within most lage redevelopment schemes ha eafrced the dele of mnnofacuing abe ad conte to the employment ilfiais of unsilledwavkes. More cent Stele toward retin eleainnent dit have priced vomewhat mote ‘snhigaous ess in terms of employment. While busses have received d ‘ee subs, tnyyer a age have borne he cos and recived baits oly ‘hey have teed down,LUSJUK. Redevelopment perences atish and American experiences fred before the 1980s and, athe eins tener cenury are verging again. Ul Marat Tathe’sletion 197, cetclopmcasn Brn confermed es cloey tote logic of pvt apa han {taid ine United States The imate elatonship betwen ea ete off ‘Saban easiest tht a lark of US loel goverment wherein satay ate the argent constr o municipal poll campaizs dil pot ‘Enda Jos no exist a Bain Bris local autores restricted pvt de {Stpmcotand it mlions of wits eae (Le, pol) bowsng. In coats, “Shu clearance” wat jor cwpooeat of the Arian ban renewal ro [Pa sealing lathe demolition bt othe replacement of tens of Bousands of ‘Eis of poor people's hoosng Furtbermore, land taking or highway bung poled aa even gree loss of its Te Britain. socal howing (ve, publicly owed ce subsidized housing a belo market pecs) wis lice tioushou metropolis, miming go (ho and income segregation, American pi housing, wile mck mor lim {fal inscne, was aval only othe potest eset and was sly forated {ow income art Lb neva efor, often deisvely abled Nee re ova” programs by tei opponent aged phe aes that were near Dsl ‘Maa cone o fo moe feat resident dstts. Ths intent was citer © ‘etn the mare prosperous ares ot cordon it off om the tea flower cas {anon Theieffect wa fo dle noni sient nto mor ote Imogencouly minty terores. "Ar nte Unted Sates, Batch altho used revenues thong son on sis an eset oper Cale) Unlike thei American xu Tens bowever sh oc! goverment that could etme the service mans ‘orem trough itral sources recived a compensating ceniza-goveenent (Jat They tetefre di ot ned to atact basins and hig-incme esis ‘Fiala hemaclver and could ford to be more atuned ote negative en enmentl end scalpel oF gro. ‘using the peviods wen te Labour Pty cote the Brits cena go enon tench measures inthe gain tat vate developer could chive {rough enbanced property values eal fom aang planing permission fa pce of land. Ur the Commurty Tad Act of 1975, opted ring they postwar Labour goverment, local autores were gas the power tO xe land need for development a ice flow marke value Developers anise the nd fom teal stot ata ents, Te erence aie woul! conte «development x on landowner of about 70 pce. ‘The purpose was tenure tht comma asa whole would recoup mot of Ae devopment lv of land Los thts agey helt implement the ‘Sheme, and he Conservatives denanded i nevertheless, while in exstece it ted a deterent to speclave ness in and pies” Drape te tices tn hand Amend ety year psn the nds of Csr govern inte Ut Kg Som dno whotysvage Une Aetna opm, po Te etoiir ha ed fo att developers by ping sn sees ct ln at ipa had syed reopen Silat ‘trap oy into one regi Tar cape oye Sere 6 on ret fcr ye wa coil te 950 a ‘Sci made majrctlon rue of clones eek po ing hase infactucere.** ee ‘ata Und Sen, jor ene of peve sommes sare ne Unie King nay 17 Te Bh xpnaon hepa with Cotrive atl presen nnd cat ct Simul te coon, Who scien went peal Sneed pop {ryt tof anes ding ban Dee ie erm a ‘rot arena ppc a cm ly Ott Sach Eisen ne nC nn eae ae up th rea sr atts aeng nk cn [iker Mian Pato teen ms mnie ef US. ss fe ‘poe in camer ona sore oct es, hi ‘mets own ocipeny Kd th tanto pera i overceped eft nape of per contol on event st Bian 070 bum ad Amc corpus ins wo faults and bankruptcies. - nt ater fe 17 a bes he xe ine Unie State ra chine atom ep cae pi ol aah spy Ta abn prem gogo pron ‘Sued coma cxpunton now -ien wenatthC of ‘Sole te ancl wel re eT gin ok le Sing init movofcommn eo pervig wing ce ‘ing the supply of affordable housing. = tay he 90 evap polis int wo cms coms “Tae Dnt Urn Development Corstos (UBC, mold she sar Aneta ete alate deeopaat pes ope apa Gov ‘iy neon onda ly tcl goin ey ‘todas thpming enor frretevymnont eva Th concen wt the removal fron ming power ot ll consis The UDC were Seneowar ig ep meter han cone a tig" naner cn of nance my of Ae Cater atough seal gverames pe te Bs ota often oe Patient Taber eee mn ‘te dig gga son whe fm veteran fr tres i eva oft nv spy nd es ting”tn gener the dominst bjt in both cots was wwe ple pom ces with pate ete thi feu inreation Ese ras in edevlopne oprams onthe proviso fbn, pic smen- ‘reat tpt beef low ancome people were daweplye 8 e602 ‘Sonic poweh-ncasucd byte sou of pvt svete eterap — ‘eae he ero of poate “The pono he opemsis poze the claimed ht he ha acu remuabl svc inte ctr of erty delve. Numero Src, however, hve crated ths gowt a exeemeyooeven is im uct imal bean ity sled fessionals an rangers and les {Reve te formes plc fom acing inesexcepow- Pid Sroce str Mero econonisresrctring ad conto of = Sines proces boenng nce xp growing clea eS pressed isl pty nh ring residential sept of ch and Por. ‘nck and wit Raid deveopcat ln proficed weal coat ttc, Wet aig new roetsupasd he sed aera fy Side areas and brought sn omsumers ack previo abandoned enor th bulk ad densiy stn everwhsine the suring side ‘Spann th crowed centre of London a Ne Yor, overloaded ans evan an desta ten “The ccomnic dwar th cy 9s ese resus ninety and sata we seemed heat evo ins tea tet ofthe previ sets Is abel at asta empoay bal 0 ‘Evia, bts dd not rice amaoand in eter he wenn ap Shean sich nd pore the goverment prt of pvr investment tgh miso buns Byte ou 200 conrmiczsion wes wi EY. hd dma for spce sured one aa radiigtnforate epee oh tan orig rl ete pres, an parking nese compton rw Inet space In New York, ean oe renewed ees Dor y the Flic secor ed ot involve the spmsonp of megapot a een he Erin" Bs nea, th ls evelopment trate leds wally 09 Snide developers ad he aepat buidings- In Landen or-™ ‘Se suntexy wan adopt sds were pane oa nd ge pes Wee tera Solarciberciy habowing evidence ofthe speculive ovebulling hat Chareverzet ie 180s‘London however, as nw toed owed ate inp while New York excep fran effet to reise he zoning code, pays Tenet in pling ta “THEORENCAL CONTROVERSIES Most analyses of wn redevelopment ve bee bllt around ease ste of Inia! cues Te more ambitious of thes works develop theoes concert ing the cil determinants of urban change Understanding wan redevelop ‘mem however, was notte central se fo efi case sae that dealt wih this subject. Rater, it imply constituted an arena in wick 1 study the question ‘than power sroctres Ths, Rote Das Who Govern? a a nombe f| obsequentreanalses of New Haves, Conseccu, examined decision making {a that its urban renewal program but did not sratinze the oatcomes of redevelopment." Nevertheless, Dahl and his associates, Nelson Posby and Reyenond Wollinger generally asumed that redevelopment wat a widely bene {cil goal, athe ite of Wolfingr' book The Pot of Progress implies ™ Cie of ther work, however, ike efor overlooking te cost of eeveop- nent programs to pooe and minor prowps™ Fe the dca of he 196, tb power-sructure hate dominated American inoue on urban police, Wit is dacore the quution of ace was arly enone. Bat by mi-decade ria iss, i moveeas A io ‘ry efor timed th uban ae i aba. Asaret th spe o sc ‘Sn widened considerably beyond Dats iil oe. Baach and Baa, inthe rtique fhe lr, aged tht in creo wdestand power, ne mst ss who tenets swell as who gave. Ashes began peal any sey of decisionmaking site to examinations ofthe effects of pepo, and the beni ssmrionsconeming the progresive gules of urban enews were ‘dopped* Thus, doubles o Das supe, Who Govers? simul by af ‘esearch ha ulintelycomecied redevelopment poi with the eal and co ‘nomi rot and imps of decision making und famod the basi fr mach ofthe ier writing on uta polical economy, willbe dscusedbelow. Altough hse ‘tai coflictal on whether redevelopment oon cl actly cam ce Fer conomic growth ey general grt onthe regressive dna cons quences of amos all cena redevelopment programs” ‘Us politics emerped more soy ld of soy inthe Unites King om thn i id inthe United States, The much weaker posion of Brita cl ovement well the leer prominence ofan soil movements hers ‘hal mach to do with this relive obscuriy, Sates of redevelopment wer a ‘Bed out ora vrcy of purposes ther han, sate United Sas, conte ‘othe evoliag debate on community power A nambcr of work reed pls ing, housing, nd redevelopment fo thei ow Ske eecting the much ston fae ish planing wadion. Unlike the Americans, Bish ensues spe lel une debitingwhther seeming cosenss on eevelogment pars Ra been manipulated since the conflicting rogrune of the Laboar end Conserve tive Paes made distension obvious. Rae, they concerned themselves ote ith the faneton of planning fr capital accuulaoe and leptimaton Bish tsthor wee les aclined frm he tt Yo examine plc decisionmaking ia isolation trom ts boader economic a cca cont they therefor sei ed the eaionship hetween comomic transformation, ls rice and han form eae than id ther Anescan couterput™EXPLANATIONS OF REDEVELOPMENT POLICY ‘Explanations forth evelopment story 35 summed above fino bea exes anewori. wi a overappng tad eatesory designated regime theney” Athena t th age of works within herpes desea, (hoes secon povdeabiloverew of the principal arguments. Liberal Theoles eral analyse tres the importance of nice producing redevelopment Se ‘Rae They can be died acento er stresson econo ool a RES thang redevelopment aves, Conventional cconoialy evened ‘Suicide regulates the urban growth process and opera trace he ‘unpna fotnes of tes othe eff of canon compeitio, uburunizato, ser eethotgia change oa the actives of places The expose of iy ‘Sia to orban deine, according wo this depiction, reais fom the need Sanjemat fr competitive dsavantageby offering incentives to industry. Tit Saar v oo incompanble wit srucrallst analysis bu rater, with hat Tfamewock, presets supa explanation sinc does ot eeoun forte fences undying the cesees competion among paces, the conraetions ht ‘Sencompeio ress, the necenary elation berween uneven develops A yo te dependence of the democratic tate on capital, andthe power SALES) sain ota the outcome ofthe proces. noe word i Aes neva the workings of the global cpt system, pout, sore pled, stand of itera thought sepeates economic nd pola power an sess the ae ofptical devs Dal an Posy, wr [i efos te resurgence of Marxist bought inthe 1970s, were mae conceroad ‘Blrcentesng te sngle-site nodel than with eonfooting tratraisn. i Tile in itfoces on el Gevaion making, however, was a rejection of PeSromi determinism, They fgardd te local dcishn-making rat a5 8 ‘Sung multe cites ta specie in fret sue areas. Redevelopment TEs ony ome ofthese ae and was not of gual salen to most people, The [Ep Jscalm-making le beled to public ical, wh wee ceskeds pos Te stanment mv expensed thuph cleetons. Savitch provides an updated er “Son pluralist thought While corporating state theory into is model aad hos somewhat pring compas wi is prodecesos he explicit repudits ‘Re Managment, contending tht he ost power is held y lected off ‘us can poe oo aonomoay uth apd exerise set dices.“ Si Teak, Sansmen, soncerned that he poieal economy viewpoint exudes he a, Sprpreve otic cto, contests wat he ep ita. The aor cinqus pir nthe power sac ete ocd on eonpecond he ystems riieping of busines and tcxamine the it ‘ation of Dene. ‘The more rial writers within the itera tration conider redevelopment ‘amore etl ise thn do the pls and regu piso the confrontation tetmeen elite and emmaniy rer then he jockeying of coustane ees ing within the confines of popular consass. This poop fer fom th ar ‘oral, however, Seating progrowth coalitions raber than ineactable {conomic presses th reason why sine iy ar awed wii tere ‘elopaentpooess* This argument allows fr greater lel vation and he ‘cvercoming of dina! colons by couatamobiizton thogh bth protest oveneats nd voing I steses volts inthe formation of poi oop ings aber the econo ogic ar seucuraliss se as causing peopl in thon snl movers Te Left bers, however, flo demons ht redevelopment programs ‘ever favor noel groups over the long em. Sch ining would be neces in onder fly to cotati rectal analyses. Ti argon that basins troupe donot get th way aviomadly Bot mast organize themes ad fe low cossous oll strategies indicts indeterminacy inthe urban system. Bat they donot show ta uomos can otiney favor mais of he popalation, fiat ower acme groupe ypally puta dominant oats chat he {emocrac capitalist sytem offers ch potential or suid inorperation of lentes mtb decison making They ces srw peso by cate turing the Marks argument x depicting absolute domination by basness an by the lope of capital ater than ony claiming the psvileged poison apt and ts dependcnceof government andthe working poplation onthe neste eins of eaptalt Struct Theory Tse he term “sutras ee to heres giving primey to ceo el Sion in etemining social ction. although sch hore are od in Marxist ‘hough tir more rset msiesiins ek wi Mars Jets and eo oc redconsm to atch um extent 0 make te abel “Mares” misleading ‘Contemporary stucturalis explantins refer tote logic of expt opert- Jing in ne of plobal economic resrutrng and exes Social and spain equlry. Wit his tadiion, however analyses vaya 0 whee they tess roction coletive ensumin ia ei analysis of he bul enviroment Fancionsefrecevelopment. Many observes bral and structural ike hase ‘edhe orton beeen ubanzation and econo growth, Employers need rxinity to abo ool, and pacers reqste aces 1 spies and o mat te. Eso ct thtfoe chs sean cach ter or neat o tant ‘in nodes and elecommuncaions fae so a oevetcome the feton of “dtanoe, The trait ist onthe esogiton ofthe antes of p80 ‘ewido apt: i, tht he for of agama ine 9hthe imerests of capitis ater than he preferences of workers 0 oasu ME ‘Sul second that ty particular agplomeran i unstable because it embodies “netyingconadctons, In he words of Davi Harvey ‘Caital ow presupposes tight tempera an spatial cordnations inthe ist Stincresing separation and fragmentatn, is impossse to saeine such ‘Tanti poco without te pndocon of sme kind f urbanization as 3 “oa scape within wich the accumulation of capital can proceed. Cail socumolton atl he production of erbaniztion go ha nba Tis perspective deserves odin ont cots Profi depends upon realising he sul valve cst in proton wih ean ime, The Temover tie of capital. isa ver mpoant magne... Compeion [dues eng pressures oases tarover tine. he sme press as [petal manifestation Soce movement across space aes Hine and mane. “peti forces capital tw tbe elution of sail banis and he anmilaton of space by tne.” Building a capacity fr incressed ef ‘Geney afeooination in space a tine soe of te halls of capitals “tomiaton Considerations derived froma sty ofthe circulation of capi {alt thn tha the bun ai nd te "rata landscape” for se ‘mvlaton be vb to ontinnos tansfonnation. In this sens lo capita {umofason, tecnologia innovation ad epitalstubanzation have 1 fo taster” Inti vcw, sono expasion requires the constant demolition ofthe fixed snvestmon in bikigs so Insts Dat supported the previous round of ‘Seo eansactons,Govermen-spomsored redevelopment, according © de ‘hosel at by Haussmann in nieteath-conary Pais ald erated by Robe onc neeestet-contary New Yor, proves a veh fo conituous ans foomauons” Since. owever, the ity remains he ea of elective consump (Go, oso const are perenialycmtste hy commis ‘tose al by those bsieses tat sal beset rm the ole pail a ‘ingement Ua police rises fom this contested ean” ‘Cael in his early wor, raced uaa Social movements tte ineguais xing i the wonplace and contended at urban pital coal represented ‘Tapcenetofcovfli rom te ean of producon into consumption His ‘pyonch and ato thers who examin ie beigtened importance cl ate ‘Beco rtd the ates ofthe eal tun various of the contractions tng fom the aptlist mode of predetion, Uta redevelopment tot 5 ‘ell a ing required ineove praca, were needed nore 0 eprooee (belatoe fonce dough the provikn of oosing ander servics. The action ‘Thar anderhing hs egument cons bap with he yuna embod {a eral plait though. ur the purpones of my discussion, here ae four importa points Siviog from the stort poston presented ths a “These neces bacomsimolvedin ie apis Jemand fr amore ticker awn tape se ep can ayo ea fe Selopmeat on iowa Redevlopet poy ian sen for clas and community-based con Sin wih en pe soto aptly nh es 2, Ste st, npn ir ow mf mang revenue nd pow, omisof Henry George, who argued for comiscaory taxation offee Theory vm thcy sie th bounday Pte th rl ad cts ‘ain Te pm her amr i deci ang gv rane Stes ferment wich ks ot J a rsetng are, ands over "Clee toe {eines spay Ata sin le onl sos of he ind inthe at © rates caiy gre Mina te Doser wel coh a pantalones an FO seen rn Aaah ey saci an i ict ane ies calabro. The psn Py sic eit inthe aaa ofthe comaniey is nor hat of & sens comunip ont yg oa Ts ce as Ce ns ae bdo se Tope aye ght eo sein cc sn et a ge eee tt eta mcs) at ate eto a fac Eee epee 8 ‘terms of decision making inthe face of pattems of costs and benefits in which mo reves peace ae aa te eh yb te 8 a time He ea oh pon hme Ie a aig Ny Sa ec hs pis ane tle see pune ey pis a cag iene to es Se eae memes tren pn © scenes ma ero ee R ‘theory, in its discussion ofthe social bases of canfliet and coopers ee ey scomnoaaes ieee se a ee cts heals pa en ce eee mpl cy nc ep ei ee a en Ge evens mien A Sa als en ne Pea sa nes” a et le a a ee psec oni a st ce pac INTERESTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION, ‘My own approach gel embrace the nets of eine tery, ba tao ates toumavel be economi orth ado prc oa ological conse. thon of mural imerest by soil poups Badin he Marian concep of inet s follows: Tada howe ie shares ae ily feted by nt larajectv soil omdtions a sido haves common res whet they Fer ‘sive any sch erst cent Bat even inte case of pope evel, {edd peeves commen interest ogy sd uncertain fet hi ew of how tha tres can est be serve tr, ferent ntaretains of tin ‘eet by powerful groups make pone direst scl cues. 'My formulation fers rm argent ike that of Kevin Cox. who takes amore fxd view of meres formation Inserting th the lt ares fo filly dependent capitalists diver urn refevelopms, he assumes that al dependence is a sholy obvious characte, Yet, the following ilttion ‘shows i ition allel snd anes according othe paticule regi bt indvidol actos adopt. For example he manages of dawniown depo ‘men store may ives eatin ranches and dsinvestorclase the main ses ‘hey may paticpmte ina downtown growth caltion renovate theo ore, move wpmarkt acl endow futon tat suppres housing: they tay, as employees of a malslocaonal wet corglomerae, transfer sate Susie ina completely ill pt ofthe cnty ake no intrest nthe redevlopmeatproram of thir orginal neato, lth instance eventhough thealemtives all premised on eanomicnterest lon, they ret dre ‘alings ofa situation apd indicate how the eeunstance of el dependency ‘sls rom perception and activity, Moreover, ea hace can alr he "bj tive station” in which the actors ind themscves, ax welt te feo Sow ton redevelop In oer words, perceived interest is neither an astomitic response to coo noms poston no wholly voluatarisi option among ple anes ther ‘eyresents astute postion derived rm the ieactn bstweeneconomi communal and idologial frees at paticulr hse moment The tals tet inthis book fr detecting the economics driving ltrs formation ome primarily from seaturais thot do ot sur, however tat ec ‘omic facors pode only ne posse seerretation of intrest o tha sonic stato as opposed to community, ice, and gene) th aly “objetivo. ‘lier tobe maxi. Insta, the fron of nr the sajet of ‘pleraton, particu as neugoveranentl (hanes and community) eevel ‘pment ctr omer hel ep’ Because te definton of interes contains Sach an mprtantntepcttve ‘fement, factors that shape consciousness ae of pacar npr nse inghuman action, Valo wditons, ology, an personae therefore undetying eats of uo development, They canna simply be reduced wo the soi ons proton, because tir origins, even if economically bused may ‘Gotten tak to eae isa periods be the products of sei ements Fat than ett of lations sci. Moreover, rap ientifitions {hay be ats with economic ntrests and not spy as elt of spa tia by pepe ies, ‘what Mates? Tec itessebercente tral nd nc cpaatins tern eft ocea ne nstnce nt former one mprance of POW ‘SuSE ting and inthe later on economic ng ad clas donation in ‘uiitng th curso even For rai itera, poe i no simple ttn of economic cendacy ht regues choo expend eee ‘That nsouces exten bond sony to xganization, pli sap, ad Teton Manan woe al forms of power the las of rodeo 2d etic emi chices factor a he conse of tr econ pos reesei actus ently age res flaws 50 Se} nates ad seny race and era seule detent ut Be Semicon, who epeseat something o yh ofthe two cook "SEEM Geant owe ter voce of ower, butte development EES Str metod snp ong examin ig” ofan, ine hat {eB ee ncaa toe human sci cading estan by ter ‘soup aps sis Can Loca Ofc Produce Growsh with Eau! tne sy of ban redevelop the eopnio hata a embed ‘instal ecmamis ye nose over onors do eso ol atu cat due over tb acy of oa ston ib deep sao ave ken plac win te ager famcwork ote hyperiy ae aed nent nana ierana mons competion, Te cine secmingly and inno cae eS of manfctuing a ater cena fer ix, Within hs comet, soil ets aa cd wher epi fw conta he rl rege ects Sea commie ott “Re ever str by gorermcts oun he mod Wate ties cutee ine ew oleconme eer nae fe wily emcie Soa sonora tn otic pan xan hs let ittSeromcrot th mrt held ot ot by conservative economists but so by waseee cs of governmeat subsides obsess Beh aie a Ps SEs dnt chowe «cao bcasepoveenaliseates a avaiable TESA Rane of acon sch ant polo he reac of cent hich immediaely tfc production corso marketing ffestivenes, Ase Ingy, businesses do ot pick the estos becuse of goverment pte encessions at ater simpy tae advatage of them o enhance thei Poti the expense of uxpayers®™ ‘Paul Feteon, nhs noel Book, Cty Limi, considers that Ica go ‘rupenis can afet the econo stuaton of teraction ven though ey ‘tat cic improve the welfare of thei pore cites He expire {say Beease personal ewan ar not wholly ed othe ulnar poiabiy ‘of poets, india within oth goverment and the indo fen saceum to sal thinking in pushing forevermore, ever sae developmen ‘One of my main pepses 8 utine the broad characterises ofthe real st nuts of rel tite tots wis Landon and New York xaine the aontips song poitans, community groups, and developers 1 inves ‘tea well, nections smong advises, nai and developers within he Propet indies of te two sities, Several hey guestns scare my muy 1, Whit the reatonshipBewen commie restuctrng andthe contons of real-estate development? In what ways 8 fedevelopnent bot funtion Teapone fo ad eau ageat of eso? 2, What conascions re incorporate in urban evelopment poticy?On wat tus do estate developers slot heir rojees? What ate te cases and sonsoquences of proper eles capitalist development? 4. How is he ean indy affected by goverament programs? How does ‘nflacoce poll vegies? What explains the redevelopment poiy ofthe Tocal public sector? What ree os of planer an he fnctons of urban panning? 4, Whe the snares and ferences in redevelopment civ in Lon- don and New York votes wih sna economic haves Bt gute fea Inston aon? ‘5, What are the pil charters of relents econo sector? Does icon trea an economic growth aon t growth in tious op {a ee ito capa fers to increases i he pape ale of sels be ‘une of ena fue ais? (ls tious caps wsefl concep)?” 6. By what itera shoud we evaluate the redevelopment process? Who wins ‘nd wholes in ad unde what onions?17 How can edevelopnent be incorported ito reais, progressive pi for scones growth? The ing coafems 0 9 ais” methodology in which he olt is oto etineate a oneal oes tht occurs af allies inal places, Rather, the objec tive sto understand the mi of general sd spect factors tha create te Lon onan New York of his moment inne Aloogh few cies playing ime ‘haratrstics il share solar outcomes, ter ces wl be diferent precisely tens of the exiseace of London and New York To pt ths another may. we have to understand the processes creating London and New Yor in order find ‘uty oer ites ake on athe ets, Tere en single mode ofthe le trono-onury metopol, but aber thre is network of lse, With some ‘aooopoiing paicula spciaied riches. Becase te Rasa eapital ofthe United Kingtom and th United Stats aro London and New Yor, ober cts lle fom thn ven though ey ar alate by tum New Yor and London tue special eases, but their apypcalty makes them worth staying, not becuse they presenta model of aller cies bt Bae hey exemplify sce, and especie cas of 2 The Development Industry and Urban Redevelopment ‘The devant instr sin some way the bosib of New Yr i. Lune Dstt Some ay mci nthe basins fy foe of the eect averse wil tae im hl hed sey dro of mec popery a ter int 190 Whom he de hs for shook el ind hat ver 10 year pod ere changed "ler Ps gsi? “The 19805 mated an extra surge inpropery developeat ia London and New York, followed by an equally preiptous dopa the end ofthe decade. A ‘ew bom tered fog athe mi1990s and comiaued tough 200.The wo pet boms closely tacked spurte inthe economies of he wo ces, ely [Mbtbletngrowh in nance end busines service sectors thoughout they Seam but lio to expason in moda and tori, expecially i the Inte par ‘tng in many respects hes epeesented a cntnaton of previous wend, ‘fata ewe shal seh some lemons hat ieee it om theese sig "AS the 8s boom its pak ighsnking poblie ficias were celebrating sn“ renustanc,” embodied inte grand new bulding completes of Lo ‘dn and New York. Atte same tine, writs academics, and commaniy-bsed, ‘rls wee copdemning the pretensions aad soil impacts ofthe een com> Sted projets, In his wily rend book, Bonfire of the Vans, Tom Welle ‘Geers in soneon te tdi Noor of a New York Gi vestien fem. His ‘words apr both th physical sing ofthe reat nancial markets wii these od ees andthe stil ambieae they engendered wat vast pce paps sin hy fet... Twas an oppressive space ‘vith ferocious le, wing sRoetes, andthe or The gla came om ‘wall plate past faced out ooking ot over New York Harr, the ‘Statue of Lite, Saco Islnd, ad he Brooklyn and New Jersey shores “The wrhingsilouetes were team nd tron of young mee, fw" of tem ‘er than erty. They att jackets of. Tey mere moving about a th apis manne ad sweating ely inthe momiag abd shouting, which ‘rented te ror, Hvis the sound of welldocted youne white mea baying formooey?