PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 7™ EDITION PCI Industry Handbook Committee Greg Force, P.E,, FPCT, Chairman Neal S, Anderson, PE, S.E., FACT Karen Laptas, PE. ‘Timothy R. Salmons, PE. S.E. Ned M, Cleland, PhD, PIE, FPCI,FACI David J. Larsen, PE, SE. Kim E, Seeber, PIB, FPCI Hany A. Gleich, PE, FPCI. FACT Jason P. Lien, PE. Larbi Sennour, PRD, P.E., FPCI, FAC Gary A. Householder, PE. Rafael A. Magana, PE, *Battah Shaikh, PRD, P-E., FPCL at Hynes, PE, FPCI Michael I. Owings, PE, SE. Irwin J Speyer, PE, FPCI, FACL Phillip J. Iverson, PE. Stephen Pessiki, PHD, FPCI, FACIL Peter G. Troiani, PE. SE. Walter Korkosz, PE, SE. Steven H. Peterson, P.E. Helmuth Wilden, P.E., FPCI Jason Krohn, PE, Courtney B. Phillips, PLE, S.E. Charles E. Wynings, PLE. Consulting Members Robert F. Mast, PE, S.E.,FPCI, HACI Jagdish C. Nijhawan, P.E.,FPCL__J. Robert Norris, PE. Editor Helmuth Wilden, PE, FPCL a. Deceased January 10, 2008 1 POI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION First Printing/CO-ROM ExdtionDedication ‘This seventh edition of the PCI Design Handbook is dedicated to A. Fattah Shaikh, who passed away ary 10, 2008, atthe age of 70. He received his BS in civil engineering from the University of Kar stan in 1960, his MS in structural engineering from the University of Hawaii in 1964, and his PRD in structural ‘engineering from the University of Iowa in 1967, at which time his career started at the University of Wisconsin ‘Milwaukee (UWM). Dr. Shaikh served UWM for 36 years as a professor of structural engineering, chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, and associate dean of Graduate Programs and Research. He retired in 2003. His internationally recognized expertise inthe field of structural concrete and his passion for his ‘students and profession eamed him the reputation as one of the most popular professors at the university His contributions to PCT and the precast, prestressed concrete industry were extraordinary. He served on many PCI committees for many years, including the Industry Handbook Committee, for which he was co-editor of the “4th edition and chairman of the committee forthe Sth edition, and the Connection Details Committee for which he was editor of the 1988 Connection Details Manual ‘Fatteh was admired by practicing precast engineers throughout the country for his practical application of complicated research, He was the frst © compile headed stud research results and recommend a simple design methodology that was used successfully by the industry for many years. He also was an early advocate of using ‘dry connections in high seismic areas with the application of the "specific yielding” principle that has become the standard for the design of precast concrete connections today. All users of precast concrete will forever be indebted to him for his work in moving the industry ahead, He has been honored by PCI with several awards including being inducted in the inaugural class of PCI Fel- lows in 1994 and given the distinguished Educator Award in 1998. In 2004 Fattah was named one of $0 Titans of the Industry. Those chosen for this distinction have made a positive and industry-altering contribution to the industry inthe 50 years preceding 2004 by creating new technology, product innovations, opening new markets, ‘or dramatically changing how the industry manufactures and delivers its products. He was one of only five aca- een updated to clarify diaphragm and collector design procedures, An entirely new section on blast-resistant design has been added. Chapter 5 (Chapter 4 in the sixth edition) has been updated with significant changes to the use of shear friction and ledge hanger steel design. ‘The asymmet- rical components (bleacher seating) section has been expanded and a design example added. Sections on concrete corbel design and sandwich panels have been moved into the chapter from other chapters in the previ- ‘ous edition, New sections have been created covering shear walls, including a design example, point loads on double-tee flanges, and warping of double-tees. Chapter 6 has been updated to reflect the latest headed stud design criteria, advanced steel component design procedures, and the Instantaneous Center Method of ‘weld analysis. Chapter 7 is updated and now inchides examples for ASCE 7-05 wind design Methods 1 and 2 as well as an ‘expanded seismic load example that was in Chapter & of the sixth edition, ‘Chapter 8 has been revised to include updated infor- ‘mation and much of the erection stability information has been doleted because this is better handled by the project designers responsible for this aspect of the ‘construction. Chapter 9 is a totally new chapter on materials and condenses material covered in several chapters of the sixth edition, It also provides new information on other ‘materials used in the industry. + Chapter 10 (Section 9.3 of the sixth edition) is now totally devoted to information on fire resistance since this is a major benefit of using precast/prestressed con- crete, A new section related to fire endurance of pre- cast parking structures has also been added. + Chapter LI (Sections 9.1 and 9.2 of the sixth edition) hhas updated information. + Chapter 12 (Section 9.7 of the sixth edition) tially the same. + Chapter 13 (Chapter 8 of the sixth edition) has been updated and is more in line with ACI’s tolerances. + Chapter 14 (Chapter 10 of the sixth edition) has been reorganized to place an updated Standard Practice first and also includes an updated Operations Practice. The specifications for both structural and architectural pre- cast concrete are in a Word.doe format on the CD in the front jacket pocket. + Chapter 15 (Chapter 11 of the sixth edition) includes updated Design Aids as well as new ones providing ‘bent bar details and standard shear reinforcement for double-tees. + ‘The Appendix is totally new and is the result of PCT's ‘Technical Activities Council directing that the impact cof ACI 318-08 be included. +A searchable CD is included in the front jacket pocket of the handbook. This CD has the full text of the hand- ‘book and many of the cited PCI references. Substantial effort has been made to ensure that this hand book is accurate. However, PCI cannot accept responsibility for any errors or oversights in the use of material or in the preparation of engineering plans. The designer must recog- nize that no handbook or code can substitute for experience and engineering judgment. This publication is intended for use hy professional personnel competent co evaluate the sig- nificance and limitations of its contents and able to accept responsibilty for the application of the material it contains. PCI considers each new edition of the handbook to bea liv- ing document. The user is encouraged to offer comments to PCI and suggestions for improvements to be incorporated in the next edition. Questions concerning the source or deriva- tion of any material in the handbook should be directed to the PCI Technical Director. Comment by Chairman Greg Force: T would like to offer my sincere thanks, appreciation, and admiration to my fellow Committee Members, the Editor, the PCI Staff, as well as countless others within the industry whose purpose and intent was to create an invaluable design resource that places precast, prestressed concrete in the vanguard of building system materials. Afi First Prining/CD-ROM Edition #8 PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITIONPRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE: MATERIALS. the market, and usually employ an accordion type gland with knuckled ends or flat, perforated wings. In the case of the knuckled ends, these serve a5 the male ends and are inserted into a special steel nosing extrusion. This joint is commonly ‘known as the strip-seal. Expansion joint seals using flat, perfo- rated wings on the gland are usualy laid into blockouts that are cast in the concrete, adjacent tothe joint opening. The gland is alfixed using a field-poured, epoxy-modified concrete in the blockout, or the gland is mechanically attached using polymer anchoring blocks fixed with cast-in or post-installed anchors (cushion seals). These joint systems usually have a shallow profile and are suitable for use in parking garages. They come in a wide-range of sizes, depending on the anticipated move- ‘ment, Figure 9.7.5 shows this type of seal system. The owner should be made aware of the maintenance required with these joint types. The accordion shape to the sland holds dist, debris, and moisture. Occasional cleaning. Of the gland will help prolong the service life and preclude potential tearing. Snowplow blades and traffic can wear down the edges ofthe nosing material and cause spalling that progresses inward over time. The constant pounding of traf- fic can loosen the mechanical anchors through fatigue, and they should be inspected and tightened periodically 98 In-Service Considerations being unsightly, cracks are potential locations of moisture intrusion and possible concrete deterioration over time. Pre- siressing and proper handling procedures are two of the best methods of keeping cracks to a minimum. To evaluate the accoptability of a crack, the cause and service conditions of ‘Tension cracks are sometimes caused by temporary loads ‘during production, transportation, or erection of these prod- vets (See Chapter 8). These cracks may extend through to the reinforcement. If the crack width is narrow, the structural adequacy ofthe component will remain unimpaired as long as corrosion of the embedded reinforcement crossing the crack is prevented, The acceptability of cracks wider than recom- ‘mended maximums should be govemed by the function of ‘the unit, Most cracks can be effectively repaired and sealed. ‘Long-term volume changes can also cause cracking after & PO|DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION Firs PrintingICD-ROM Exltion CHAPTER 9 Fig. 9.7.4 Typical expansion-oint armoring angles to protect ‘spalling and edge reveling, This compression seal is supported ‘on beating bars welded to vertical legs. Epoxy-typo a oonictet® Elastomeric: seal Fig. 9.7.5 Example of a proprietary-system expansion joint, ‘where a elastomer gland profile is bedded in an epoxytype nosing concrete. the component is in place in the structure, ifthe connections provide enough restraint to the component. Intemal causes, such as corrosion of reinforcement or cement-aggregate reac- tivity, can also lead to long-term cracking and should be con- sidered when materials are selected ‘ACI Committee 201 and 224 reports provide general infor- ‘mation on eracking in concrete.** PCI provides informa- tion on eracking in certain precastprestressed concrete com- pponents.**8!