Akshay PDF

SEMINAR REPORT
On
5G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
Submitted By
VIMAL BABU
REG.NO.:18200123
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

HMT JUNCTION, KALAMASSERY PIN:683104
2020-2021
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
KALAMASSERY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this seminar report entitled 5G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
is an authentic report of the seminar presented by VIMAL BABU partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the diploma in Electronics and Communication Engineering under the
Directorate of Technical Education, Government of Kerala during the year 2020-2021.
Place: Kalamassery Register no:18200123

Date:
Head of Department
Rajesh P
Head of Section in E&C,
GPTC, Kalamassery
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I thank God almighty for making this a success. I also express my gratitude
to Mr. Rajesh P, Head of the Department, for providing me with adequate facilities, ways
and means by which I was able to complete this seminar .His constant support and
valuable suggestions without which the successful completion of this seminar would not
have been possible. I express my immense pleasure and thankfulness to all the teachers
and staffs of our department, for their cooperation and support. Last but not the least I
thank all others and especially my classmates and my family members who in one way
or another helped me in the successful completion of this work.
VIMAL BABU
ABSTRACT
Wireless communication technology has grown and advanced significantly over the years
through research and innovation. The time has come when we can connect various
wireless technologies, networks, and applications simultaneously. This latest technology
is called 5G.
5G stands for fifth generation wireless technology. It is the latest iteration of cellular
technology that has three main features: greater speed, lower latency, and the ability to
connect a lot more devices simultaneously. The move to 5G wireless communication
standard is an action in response to the growth of the Internet of Things and the rise in
demand for access to video and services over wireless broadband. To support increased
throughput requirements of 5G, new spectrum has been assigned to 5G in mmWave
bands. 5G will use Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) to significantly increase
network capacity.
Although A commercial 5G wireless network is not implemented world wide, an
increasing number of companies are investing now and are creating 5G products.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. EVOLUTION OF 5G 2
2.1 0G WIRELESS SYSTEM 2
2.2 1G WIRELESS SYSYSTE 4
3. WHAT IS 5G? 10
4. FEATURES OF 5G 12
5. 5G - THE COMPLETE NETWORK 14
5.1 HOW DOES 5G WORK ? 14
5.2 5G SPECTRUM 16
5.3 SMALL CELLS 18
5.4 MASSIVE MIMO AND BEAMFORMING 19
5.5 ARCHITECTURE OF 5G 21
6. APPLICATIONS 27
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 34
8. FUTURE SCOPE OF 5G 39
9. CONCLUSION 42
10. REFERENCES 43
LIST OF FIGURES
1. COMPARISON OF 1G-5G 11
2. RADIO ACCESS NETWORK AND CORE NETWORK 15
3. 5G SPECTRUM 17
4. SMALL CELL IMPLEMENTATION 18
5. BEAMFORMING WITH MASSIVE MIMO 20
6. FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE FOR 5G MOBILE NETWORKS 22
7. PROTOCOL LAYOUT FOR THE ELEMENTS OF THE PROPOSED
ARCHITECTURE 23
8. 5G TRIANGLE 27
Seminar Report on 5G Wireless Technology 1
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
The present cell phones have it all. With the development of Pico nets and Blue tooth
technology data sharing has become a child's play. Earlier with the infrared feature you
can share data within a line of sight that means the two devices has to be aligned properly
to transfer data, but in case of blue tooth you can transfer data even when you have the
cell phone in your pocket up to a range of 50 meters. The creation and entry of 5G
technology into the mobile marketplace will launch a new revolution in the way
international cellular plans are offered.
Truly innovative technology changing the way mobile phones will be used. With the
emergence of cell phones, which are similar to a PDA, you can now have your whole
office within the phone. Cell phones will give tough competitions to laptop manufacturers
and normal computer designers. Even today there are phones with gigabytes of memory
storage and the latest operating systems .Thus one can say that with the current trends,
the industry has a real bright future if it can handle the best technologies and can produce
affordable handsets for its customers. Thus you will get all your desires unleashed in the
near future when these smart phones take over the market. 5G Network's router and switch
technology delivers Last Yard Connectivity between the Internet access provider and
building occupants. 5G's technology intelligently distributes Internet access to individual
nodes within the building.
Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Chapter-2
EVOLUTION OF 5G
Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How many of us know the
technology behind cell phones that is used for our communication? In 1945, the zero
generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced. Mobile Telephone Service, were
not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not support the automatic
change of channel frequency during calls. The first generation of mobile phones was
analog systems that emerged in early 1990s.Later 2G,3G and 4G were developed and now
it is time for 5th generation.
2.1 0G WIRELESS SYSTEM
In 1945, the zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced.0G mobile
telephones, such as Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile
phones, since they did not support the automatic change of channel frequency during
calls, which allows the user to move from one cell (the base station coverage area) to
another cell, a feature called "handover". Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT
(Push to Talk), MTS (Mobile Telephone System) , IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone
Service),AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System), OLT (Norwegian for Offentlig

Telefoni ,Public Land Mobile Telephony) and MTD (Swedish abbreviation for Mobile
Telephony system D).
These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models
were also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter receiver) was mounted in the
vehicle trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the
driver seat. They were sold through WCCs (Wireline Common Carriers, AKA telephone
companies), RCCs (Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. The primary
users were loggers, construction foremen, realtors, and celebrities. They used them for
basic voice communication.

2.2 1G WIRELESS SYSYSTE
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog or analogue
signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal
is a representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone
standard, developed in the 1980s. The main difference between two succeeding mobile
telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog,
while 2G networks are digital.
Although both systems use digital signalling to connect the radio towers (which listen to
the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded
to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150
MHz and up. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic
countries, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System) used in the United States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the
United Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan, C-Netz in West Germany, Radiocom 2000 in France,

and RTMI in Italy. Analog cellular service is being phased out in most places worldwide.
1G technology replaced 0G technology, which featured mobile radio telephones and such
technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System
(AMTS), Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT).
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second

generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM
standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. 2G network allows for
much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone
networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi
media messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient
security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted.
This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended
receiver can receive and read it.
Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code
division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into time slots.
CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical
channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA
technology is IS-95. GSM has its origin from the Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM

(Global system for mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile
technologies. Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in
more than 212 countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one to help establish
international roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone
connections in many different countries of the world’s is based on digital signals ,unlike
1G technologies which were used to transfer analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users
to make use of the short message services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS
is a cheap and easy way to send a message to anyone, other than the voice call or
conference. This technology is beneficial to both the network operators and the ultimate
users at the same time.
In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and
proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may

not be enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality
than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal
having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve.
As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually
worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would fail completely.
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd

Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile
telecommunications services fulfilling specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G technology is also able to transmit packet
switch data efficiently at better and increased bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers
more advanced services to mobile users. The spectral efficiency of 3G technology is
better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency is the measurement of rate of information
transfer over any communication system. 3G is also known as IMT-2000.

1. Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps.

2. In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking
(WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS).
3. Data are sent through technology called packet switching.
4. Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching.
5. Access to Global Roaming.
6. Clarity in voice calls.
7. Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video Calls,
Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc are also
available with 3G phones.
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G

and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a
change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission
technology, and new frequency bands.3G technologies make use of TDMA and
CDMA.3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies make use of value added
services like mo, GPS (global positioning system) and video conferencing. The basic
feature of 3G Technology (Third Generation Technology) is fast data transfer rates.
However this feature is not currently working properly because, ITU 200 is still making

decision to fix the data rates. It is expected that 2mbit/sec for stationary users, while
348kbits when moving or travelling. ITU sell various frequency rates in order to make
use of broadband technologies. Network authentication has won the trust of users,
because the user can rely on its network as a reliable source of transferring data.3G
technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies.
These radio technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for
IMT-DS (direct spread), IMT-MC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time
code), IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface known as IMT-FC or
frequency code. Third generation technology is really affordable due to the agreement of
industry. This agreement took place in order to increase its adoption by the users. 3G
(Third Generation Technology) system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies.
3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies holds the vision that they should be
expandable on demand. The aim of the 3G (Third Generation Technology) is to allow for
more coverage and growth with minimum investment.

Chapter-3
WHAT IS 5G?
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed
the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever
before such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced
features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.
5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile
market . Through 5G technology now you can use worldwide cellular phones and this
technology also strike the china mobile market and a user being proficient to get access
to Germany phone as a local phone. With the coming out of cell phone alike to PDA now
your whole office in your finger tips or in your phone. 5G technology has extraordinary
data capabilities and has ability to tie together unrestricted call volumes and infinite data
broadcast within latest mobile operating system. 5G technology has a bright future
because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset to their customers.
May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the world market. 5G Technologies
have an extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy. The Router and
switch technology used in 5G network providing high connectivity. The 5G technology
distributes internet access to nodes within the building and can be deployed with union of
wired or wireless network connections. The current trend of 5G technology has a glowing
future.

Fig.1 Comparison of 1G-5G

Chapter-4
FEATURES OF 5G
1. Peak data rate: 5G will offer significantly faster data speeds. Peak data rates can
hit 20Gbps downlink and 10Gbps uplink per mobile base station. Mind you, that’s
not the speed you’d experience with 5G (unless you have a dedicated connection)
— it’s the speed shared by all users on the cell.
2. Real-world speeds: While the peak data rates for 5G sound pretty impressive,
actual speeds won’t be the same. The spec calls for user download speeds of
100Mbps and upload speeds of 50Mbps.
3. Latency: Latency, the time it takes data to travel from one point to another, should
be at 4 milliseconds in ideal circumstances, and at 1 millisecond for use cases that
demand the utmost speed. Think remote surgeries, for instance.
4. Efficiency: Radio interfaces should be energy efficient when in use, and drop into
low-energy mode when not in use. Ideally, a radio should be able to switch into a
low-energy state within 10 milliseconds when no longer in use.
5. Spectral efficiency: Spectral efficiency is “the optimized use of spectrum or
bandwidth so that the maximum amount of data can be transmitted with the fewest
transmission errors.” 5G should have a slightly improved spectral efficiency over
LTE, coming in at 30bits/Hz downlink, and 15 bits/Hz uplink.

6. Mobility: With 5G, base stations should support movement from 0 to 310 mph.
This means the base station should work across a range of antenna movements —
even on a high-speed train. While it’s easily done on LTE networks, such mobility
can be a challenge on new millimeter wave networks.
7. Connection density: 5G should be able to support many more connected devices
than LTE. The standard states 5G should be able to support 1 million connected
devices per square kilometer. That’s a huge number, which takes into account the
slew of devices that will power the Internet of Things (IoT).
8. WWWW: A World Wide Wireless Web is capable of supporting a
comprehensive wireless-based Web application that includes full graphics and
multimedia capability at beyond 4G speeds.

Chapter-5
5G - THE COMPLETE NETWORK
5.1 HOW DOES 5G WORK ?
There are basically 2 main components in the 5G Wireless Technology systems i.e. the
Radio Access Network and the Core Network. Let’s see these in detail .
❖ Radio Access Network: The Radio Access Network mainly includes 5G Small
Cells and Macro Cells that form the crux of 5G Wireless Technology as well as
the systems that connect the mobile devices to the Core Network. The 5G Small
Cells are located in big clusters because the millimeter wave spectrum (that 5G
uses for insanely high speeds!) can only travel over short distances. These Small
Cells complement the Macro Cells that are used to provide more wide-area
coverage.Macro Cells use MIMO (Multiple Inputs, Multiple Outputs) antennas
which have multiple connections to send and receive large amounts of data
simultaneously. This means that more users can connect to the network
simultaneously.
❖ Core Network: The Core Network manages all the data and internet connections
for the 5G Wireless Technology. And a big advantage of the 5G Core Network is
that it can integrate with the internet much more efficiently and it also provides
additional services like cloud-based services, distributed servers that improve

response times, etc. Another advanced feature of the Core Network is network
slicing.
Fig.2 Radio Access Network and Core Network

❖ Network Slicing : Network Slicing enables a smart way to segment the network
for a particular industry, business or application. For example emergency services
could operate on a network slice independently from other users.
❖ Network Function Virtualization (NVF) : NVF is the ability to instantiate
network functions in real time at any desired location within the operator’s cloud
platform. Network functions that used to run on dedicated hardware for example a
firewall and encryption at business premises can now operate on software on a
virtual machine. NVF is crucial to enable the speed efficiency and agility to
support new business applications and is an important technology for a 5G ready
core.

5.2 5G SPECTRUM
Today’s wireless networks have run into a problem: More people and devices are
consuming more data than ever before, but it remains crammed on the same bands of the
radio-frequency spectrum that mobile providers have always used. That means less
bandwidth for everyone, causing slower service and more dropped connections.
One way to get around that problem is to simply transmit signals on a whole new swath
of the spectrum, one that’s never been used for mobile service before. That’s why
providers are experimenting with broadcasting on millimeter waves, which use higher
frequencies than the radio waves that have long been used for mobile phones.
Millimeter waves are broadcast at frequencies between 30 and 300 gigahertz, compared
to the bands below 6 GHz that were used for mobile devices in the past. They are called
millimeter waves because they vary in length from 1 to 10 mm, compared to the radio
waves that serve today’s smartphones, which measure tens of centimeters in length.
Until now, only operators of satellites and radar systems used millimeter waves for real-
world applications. Now, some cellular providers have begun to use them to send data
between stationary points, such as two base stations. But using millimeter waves to
connect mobile users with a nearby base station is an entirely new approach.
There is one major drawback to millimeter waves, though—they can’t easily travel
through buildings or obstacles and they can be absorbed by foliage and rain. That’s why

5G networks will likely augment traditional cellular towers with another new technology,
called small cells.
Fig.3 5g spectrum
With millimeter waves and other 5G technologies, engineers hope to build the wireless
network that future smartphone users, VR gamers, and autonomous cars will rely on every
day. Already, researchers and companies have set high expectations for 5G by promising
ultralow latency and record-breaking data speeds for consumers.

5.3 SMALL CELLS
Small cells are portable miniature base stations that require minimal power to operate and
can be placed every 250 meters or so throughout cities. To prevent signals from being
dropped, carriers could install thousands of these stations in a city to form a dense network
that acts like a relay team, receiving signals from other base stations and sending data to
users at any location.
Fig.4 Small cell implementation
While traditional cell networks have also come to rely on an increasing number of base
stations, achieving 5G performance will require an even greater infrastructure. Luckily,
antennas on small cells can be much smaller than traditional antennas if they are
transmitting tiny millimeter waves. This size difference makes it even easier to stick cells
on light poles and atop buildings.
This radically different network structure should provide more targeted and efficient use
of spectrum. Having more stations means the frequencies that one station uses to connect
with devices in one area can be reused by another station in a different area to serve

another customer. There is a problem, though—the sheer number of small cells required
to build a 5G network may make it hard to set up in rural areas.
In addition to broadcasting over millimeter waves, 5G base stations will also have many
more antennas than the base stations of today’s cellular networks—to take advantage of
another new technology: massive MIMO.
5.4 MASSIVE MIMO AND BEAMFORMING
Massive MIMO: Today’s 4G base stations have a dozen ports for antennas that handle
all cellular traffic: eight for transmitters and four for receivers. But 5G base stations can
support about a hundred ports, which means many more antennas can fit on a single array.
That capability means a base station could send and receive signals from many more users
at once, increasing the capacity of mobile networks by a factor of 22 or greater.
This technology is called massive MIMO. It all starts with MIMO, which stands for
multiple-input multiple-output. MIMO describes wireless systems that use two or more
transmitters and receivers to send and receive more data at once. Massive MIMO takes
this concept to a new level by featuring dozens of antennas on a single array.
MIMO is already found on some 4G base stations. But so far, massive MIMO has only
been tested in labs and a few field trials. In early tests, it has set new records for spectrum
efficiency, which is a measure of how many bits of data can be transmitted to a certain
number of users per second.

Massive MIMO looks very promising for the future of 5G. However, installing so many
more antennas to handle cellular traffic also causes more interference if those signals
cross. That’s why 5G stations must incorporate beamforming.
Beamforming: Beamforming is a traffic-signaling system for cellular base stations that
identifies the most efficient data-delivery route to a particular user, and it reduces
interference for nearby users in the process. Depending on the situation and the
technology, there are several ways for 5G networks to implement it.
Fig.5 Beamforming with Massive MIMO
Beamforming can help massive MIMO arrays make more efficient use of the spectrum
around them. The primary challenge for massive MIMO is to reduce interference while
transmitting more information from many more antennas at once. At massive MIMO base
stations, signal-processing algorithms plot the best transmission route through the air to
each user. Then they can send individual data packets in many different directions,
bouncing them off buildings and other objects in a precisely coordinated pattern. By
choreographing the packets’ movements and arrival time, beamforming allows many

users and antennas on a massive MIMO array to exchange much more information at
once.
For millimeter waves, beamforming is primarily used to address a different set of
problems: Cellular signals are easily blocked by objects and tend to weaken over long
distances. In this case, beamforming can help by focusing a signal in a concentrated beam
that points only in the direction of a user, rather than broadcasting in many directions at
once. This approach can strengthen the signal’s chances of arriving intact and reduce
interference for everyone else.
Besides boosting data rates by broadcasting over millimeter waves and beefing up
spectrum efficiency with massive MIMO, wireless engineers are also trying to achieve
the high throughput and low latency required for 5G through a technology called full
duplex, which modifies the way antennas deliver and receive data.
5.5 ARCHITECTURE OF 5G
Below figure shows the system model that proposes design of network architecture for
5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks
interoperability. The system consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the
new architecture) and a number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies.
Within each of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as the IP link
to the outside Internet world. However, there should be different radio interface for each

Radio Access Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal. For an example, if we want to
have access to four different RATs, we need to have four different access - specific
interfaces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at the same time, with
aim to have this architecture to be functional. Applications and servers somewhere on the
Internet. Routing of packets should be carried out in accordance with established policies
of the user.
Fig.6 Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks

Fig.7 Protocol Layout for the Elements of the Proposed Architecture
Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the Internet via
sockets. Internet sockets are endpoints for data communication flows. Each socket of the
web is a unified and unique combination of local IP address and appropriate local
transport communications port, target IP address and target appropriate communication

port, and type of transport protocol. Considering that, the establishment of

communication from end to end between the client and server using the Internet protocol
is necessary to raise the appropriate Internet socket uniquely determined by the
application of the client and the server. This means that in case of interoperability between
heterogeneous networks and for the vertical handover between the respective radio
technologies, the local IP address and destination IP address should be fixed and
unchanged. Fixing of these two parameters should ensure handover transparency to the
Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile user at least on one end of such
connection. In order to preserve the proper layout of the packets and to reduce or prevent
packets losses, routing to the target destination and vice versa should be uniquely and
using the same path. Each radio access technology that is available to the user in achieving
connectivity with the relevant radio access is presented with appropriate IP interface.
Each IP interface in the terminal is characterized by its IP address and netmask and
parameters associated with the routing of IP packets across the network. In regular inter-
system handover the change of access technology (i.e., vertical handover) would mean
changing the local IP address. Then, change of any of the parameters of the socket means
and change of the socket, that is, closing the socket and opening a new one. This means,
ending the connection and starting e new one. This approach is not-flexible, and it is based
on today’s Internet communication. In order to solve this deficiency we propose a new
level that will take care of the abstraction levels of network access technologies to higher
layers of the protocol stack. This layer is crucial in the new architecture. To enable the

functions of the applied transparency and control or direct routing of packets through the
most appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed architecture we introduce a
control system in the functional architecture of the networks, which works in complete
coordination with the user terminal and provides a network abstraction functions and
routing of packets based on defined policies. At the same time this control system is an
essential element through which it can determine the quality of service for each
transmission technology. He is on the Internet side of the proposed architecture, and as
such represents an ideal system to test the qualitative characteristics of the access
technologies, as well as to obtain a realistic picture regarding the quality that can be
expected from applications of the user towards a given server in Internet (or peer).
Protocol setup of the new levels within the existing protocol stack, which form the
proposed architecture, is presented in Figure (Protocol Layout for the Elements of the
Proposed Architecture). The network abstraction level would be provided by creating IP
tunnels over IP interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access
technologies available to the terminal (i.e., mobile user). In fact, the tunnels would be
established between the user terminal and control system named here as Policy Router,
which performs routing based on given policies. In this way the client side will create an
appropriate number of tunnels connected to the number of radio access technologies, and
the client will only set a local IP address which will be formed with sockets Internet
communication of client applications with Internet servers. The way IP packets are routed
through tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel, would be served by policies whose rules

will be exchanged via the virtual network layer protocol. This way we achieve the
required abstraction of the network to the client applications at the mobile terminal. The
process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing based on the policies,
are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP connectivity across the radio
access technology, and it is initiated from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level
Protocol. Establishing tunnel connections as well as maintaining them represents basic
functionality of the virtual network level (or network level of abstraction).

Chapter-6
APPLICATIONS
The rollout of 5G will provide benefits in three major areas, also known as the “5G
triangle”:
Fig.8 5G Triangle
❖ uRLLC: Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication use cases.

❖ mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communication (IoT) use cases.
❖ eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband – high speed use cases.
1. Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous vehicles are one of the most anticipated 5G applications. Vehicle technology
is advancing rapidly to support the autonomous vehicle future. Onboard computer
systems are evolving with levels of compute power previously only seen in data centers.

We hear about autonomous vehicles today, and many people wonder what the barriers
are to making this future technology a reality. Many different developments in vehicle
technology, network speed, data throughput and machine learning must come together
for the fully autonomous vehicle future to materialize.
5G networks will be an enormous enabler for autonomous vehicles, due to the

dramatically reduced latency, as vehicles will be able to respond 10-100 times faster than
over current cellular networks.
The ultimate goal is a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication network. This will

enable vehicles to automatically respond to objects and changes around them almost
instantaneously. A vehicle must be able to send and receive messages in milliseconds in
order to brake or shift directions in response to road signs, hazards and people crossing
the street.
Let’s compare 4G and 5G latency: Presume a car traveling down the road at 30 miles per
hour needs to receive a signal to avoid hitting an object. With current 4G latency at around
100 milliseconds, a car would travel about 4 feet or 1.2 meters. With 5G latency around
10 milliseconds, the vehicle would only have traveled 5 inches or 12 centimeters. The
difference is significant and could mean life or death.

2. 5G IoT in Smart City Infrastructure and Traffic Management

Many cities around the world today are deploying intelligent transportation systems
(ITS), and are planning to support connected vehicle technology. Aspects of these
systems are relatively easy to install using current communications systems that support
smart traffic management to handle vehicle congestion and route emergency vehicles.
Connected vehicle technology will enable bidirectional communications from vehicle to

vehicle (V2V), and vehicle to infrastructure, (V2X) to promote safety across
transportation systems. Smart cities are now installing sensors in every intersection to
detect movement and cause connected and autonomous vehicles to react as needed.
The communications backbone to support connected vehicle technology can be phased in

today, well before 5G is fully deployed, dramatically improving pedestrian and vehicle
safety.
Note: Digi offers these communications systems, and is now partnering with major U.S.
cities to deploy them as part of strategic planning for congestion and disaster
management. The Digi WR54, with FirstNet™ Ready options, is designed to support
traffic management and emergency response use cases, while pre-certified Digi XBee 3
Cellular modules are deployed in traffic and parking sensors, metering applications, city
lighting and more.

3. 5G IoT Applications in Industrial Automation

The key benefits of 5G in the industrial automation space are wireless flexibility, reduced
costs and the viability of applications that are not possible with current wireless
technology.
Industrial automation is in use today, and most likely you have seen videos showing
synchronized robotics at work in factories and supply chain applications. Today these
applications require cables, as Wi-Fi does not provide the range, mobility and quality of
service required for industrial control, and the latency of today’s cellular technology is
too high. With 5G, industrial automation applications can cut the cord and go fully
wireless, enabling more efficient smart factories.
As stated by the 5G ACIA, “Industry 4.0 integrates the IoT and related services in
industrial manufacturing, and delivers seamless vertical and horizontal integration down
the entire value chain and across all layers of the automation pyramid. Connectivity is a
key component of Industry 4.0 and will support the ongoing developments by providing
powerful and pervasive connectivity between machines, people and objects.”
For example, with Industry 4.0, humans and robots will be able to interact and work
together; a machine can lift heavy parts and the worker can attach them. For this to work,
the robot needs to be in constant communication with the factory and its surroundings. It
has to be mobile, have complete physical range of motion, and environmental
sensors. These advances will enable symbiotic human-machine partnerships where each
plays the role it does best.

4. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)

The low latency of 5G will make AR and VR applications both immersive and far more
interactive. In industrial applications, for example, a technician wearing 5G AR goggles
could see an overlay of a machine that would identify parts, provide repair instructions,
or show parts that are not safe to touch. The opportunities for highly responsive industrial
applications that support complex tasks will be extensive.
In business environments, you can have AR meetings where it appears two people are
sitting together in the same room, turning boring phone or 2D video conferences into
more interactive 3D gatherings.
Sporting events and experiences will likely be some of the top applications for 5G in the
consumer space. Anytime you need to react quickly to a stimulus, such as in a sports
training application, it must happen with minimal latency. For example, if two people
wearing 4G LTE goggles were trying to kick a soccer ball back and forth, it would be
very difficult to correctly time their response, because by the time their brain has received
the input that the ball has come to them, it’s too late. But with 5G goggles, the lower
latency enables the receiver to see the ball and kick it back before it passes.
We will also see more immersive experiences with AR in sports arenas. If you have a 5G
phone and AR, virtual players will welcome you and cheer you up as you walk in. And
during the game, you will be able to see larger-than-life replays and player stats.

In entertainment, expect to see more hologram entertainers and greeters. For example, we
will be able to bring Elvis Presley or Patsy Cline back to life via holograms. Or you can
create your personal AR dance partner.
5. 5G IoT Applications for Drones

Drones have a vast and growing set of use cases today beyond the consumer use for
filming and photography. For example, utilities are using drones today for equipment
inspection. Logistics and retail companies are looking at drone delivery of goods. The
trend will continue, and together with 5G we will be able to push limits of drones that
exist today, especially in range and interactivity.
Today drones are limited to line of site and distance of the controller. If you can’t see the
drone or it is out of range, you cannot see where it’s going and maintain control. With
5G, however, you will be able to put on goggles to “see” beyond current limits with low
latency and high resolution video. 5G will also extend the reach of controllers beyond a
few kilometers or miles. These advances will have implications for uses cases in search
and rescue, border security, surveillance, drone delivery services and more.
6. High Speed Use Cases for 5G

In the high speed uses cases, we will see a range of applications that currently are
hampered by slow speeds. Fixed wireless access (FWA) will provide ultra-fast Internet
for consumers and businesses.

Higher bandwidth applications like 4K and in the future 8K streaming, or 360 degree
video will enable high-quality, immersive experiences at real-time speeds for consumers.
As the viewer you will be able to control the angle you want to take. For example in a
video car race, you can look around and see who is next to or behind you.
Businesses will be able to store more information in the cloud and access it over fast, low-
latency 5G as if it were stored locally. This reduces the need for expensive on-premise
servers. And instead of needing a fast laptop for rendering information locally, you render
in the cloud and have it streamed to you. It will be just like local but you can use your
phone for these high-end apps.
5G will also change how companies think about business connectivity. Today you might
have a fiber, DSL or cable modem line to connect your business for primary connectivity,
and cellular backup in case your primary connection goes down. But with 5G, cellular
can become your primary connection, with its high bandwidth, reliability and low latency.
You won’t have to worry about building wiring and the related installation costs. With
cellular, you receive the equipment, you plug it in and it works.

Chapter-7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Of 5G Wireless Technology:
1.Speed Upgrades:
Each wireless network generation has reflected a significant increase in speed, and the
benefits of 5G-the fifth generation of cellular network technology—will push far beyond
4G LTE.
Predicted speeds of up to 10 Gbps represent up to a 100x increase compared to 4G.1 In

practical terms, 4G vs. 5G speed enhancements will mean exciting possibilities for
consumers. Transferring a high-resolution movie at peak download speeds will go from
taking seven minutes to just six seconds.2 That time savings could mean being able to
grab that new hit film before the flight attendant asks you to put your phone in airplane
mode.
After carriers roll out full 5G features, consumers and businesses may begin to
consider 5G networks a strong alternative for fast broadband connections.

2.Low Latency:
Latency measures how long a signal takes to go from its source to its receiver, and then
back again. One of the goals for each wireless generation has been to reduce latency. New
5G networks will have even lower latency than 4G LTE, with the round-trip transmission
of data taking less than five milliseconds.
5G latency will be faster than human visual processing, making it possible to control
devices remotely in near-real time. Human reaction speed will become the limiting factor
for remote applications that use 5G and IoT—and many new applications will involve
machine-to-machine communication that isn’t limited by how quickly humans can
respond.
While agriculture, manufacturing, and logistics will all benefit from lower latency,
gamers also eagerly anticipate the 5G rollout. The combination of high speed and minimal
lag is perfect for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications, which are
likely to explode in popularity as connectivity improvements create a more seamless,
immersive experience.
3. Capacity:
Speed is exciting, but one of the questions on the minds of analysts and industry leaders
is this: How will 5G help businesses scale their technology initiatives?
5G will deliver up to 1,000x more capacity than 4G,3 creating fertile ground for IoT
development. 5G and IoT are a perfect match, set to redefine how wireless networks—

and the internet as a whole—are used. With capacity for hundreds or thousands of devices
seamlessly communicating, new applications and use cases for cities, factories, farms,
schools, and homes will flourish.
Imagine 5G use cases involving thousands of sensors on hundreds of different machines

automating supply chain management processes, ensuring just-in-time delivery of
materials while using predictive maintenance to minimize work stoppages.
Smart homes and cities will also take a giant leap forward in the future of 5G. Using more
connected devices than ever, AI will be taken to places it has never been before with edge
computing. From houses that give personalized energy-saving suggestions that maximize
environmental impact to traffic lights that change their patterns based on traffic flow, 5G
applications relying on added network capacity will impact nearly everyone.
4.Increased Bandwidth:
The combination of increased speed and network capacity on 5G networks will create the
potential for larger amounts of data to be transmitted than was possible with 4G LTE
networks.
5G5G networks are architected differently from traditional 4G networks, allowing greater
optimization of network traffic and smooth handling of usage spikes. Crowded stadiums
and other venues have struggled to provide seamless connectivity to large audiences, but
5G could make it possible for sports fans to live stream their experience from any seat in
the arena.

For businesses, the impact of increased bandwidth will echo across many departments
and divisions in the form of big data. Today, companies receive far more information
from customers, suppliers, and teams than they can process and analyze for insights. With
5G connectivity and big data analytics, these businesses can turn large volumes of data
into actionable knowledge.
5.Availability and Coverage:
While consumers and businesses are eager to experience the benefits of 5G for
themselves, availability of 5G coverage is still limited. Today, all major US cellular
carriers are deploying 5G networks in major cities as they prepare for wider rollouts.
Disadvantages Of 5G Wireless Technology:
1.Broadcast Distance/Building Penetration:
One catch is that these frequency waves can only travel a short distance. Just like 5 GHz,
Wi-Fi doesn't travel as far as 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, and 5G cellular will not travel as far from
the tower as 4G. Also, the millimeter 5G waves will only travel well in the line of sight
(a straight line with the ability to see the tower). Meaning trees, buildings, walls or other
obstacles will block, disrupt or absorb the high-frequency signal. Some have predicted
that even rain could potentially be a problem for 5G connections.

2.Battery Drain/Heat:
Phones running on 5G will experience a huge battery drain. Better battery technology will
be needed if the object is to run your phone a full day on a single charge running a 5G
connection. Users are also reporting that phones are almost hot to the touch while running
5G.
3.Upload Speeds:
With the current technology, users see download speeds as high as 1.9 Gbps; however,
rarely are the upload speeds seen over 100 Mbps. Granted, this is far superior to 4G LTE.
However, the current upload speeds seen by actual 5G users are not as groundbreaking as
the download speeds. Also, the ping speeds seen by users on 5G phones are currently not
in the anticipated low latency of 1ms or less; the actual speeds are being seen in the 15
ms range.
4.Lack Of Widespread Coverage:
Currently, 5G coverage is limited to narrowly defined areas in specific cities. As a rule,

the carriers will be expanding their network in areas with the greatest population. If you
live or work in certain areas of big cities, you will most likely be the first to benefit from
the 5G technology. For everyone else, especially in remote areas, it will be some time
before it arrives. Carriers are more likely to spend their network upgrade dollars where
the greatest number of their users reside or work.

Chapter-8
FUTURE SCOPE OF 5G
Several researches and discussions are going on across the world among technologists,
researchers, academicians, vendors, operators, and governments about the innovations,
implementation, viability, and security concerns of 5G.As proposed, loaded with
multiple advance features starting from the super high speed internet service to smooth
ubiquitous service, 5G will unlock many of the problems.
1.Wearable Devices With 5G
With the rapid evolution of consumer lifestyles, wearable devices, such as smart watches
and fitness bands , have increasingly become part of the everyday life. Wearable devices
incorporate electronics, software,sensors and connectivity, often using a wireless
technology. From a relatively low base, the wearables market is growing rapidly,
presenting opportunities in a number of sectors, such as health, household, textiles and
construction.
In a few years, 5G optimists say, wearables will be sleeker and smaller than today’s
versions because they’ll need less data crunching power internally. Instead, huge volumes
of information will be sent through 5G networks to be processed. Further out, the future
gets still weirder. Researchers are working on ultrathin electric mesh for human skin,

“tattooable”-or temporary skin that can store data and deliver drugs—and electronic
second skins made of microscopic semiconductors. Billionaire Elon Musk is even
pushing the concept of a brain-computer interface with his startup, Neuralink. This year,
it hopes to implant flexible computer “threads” inside the brains of paralyzed people.5G
would play an important role in all of these far-out technologies. In essence, 5G turns
people and the sensors they wear into an embodiment of the Internet of things, the tech
industry’s term for Internet-connected appliances and machinery.
2. Artificial Intelligence and 5G:

Telecom networks so far have been for people. Now they will be for machines as well
and on a mega scale -connecting everything that needs to be connected. In fact, there will
be more connected machines than humans. That is the promise of 5G and other such
nextgen mobile networks.
Machines will be able to talk to each other on 5G networks, launching a large-
scale Internet of Things communications era — sensors embedded in everything. At
home, appliances like toasters, microwaves, refrigerators and ACs will communicate with
you or other devices, bringing it closer to being a Smart Home. In the outside world,
high-speed 5G networks will help machines communicate with almost zilch latency,
improving transportation, traffic monitoring, factories, healthcare delivery, smart cities
and farms and entertainment. Also expect more powerful Virtual Reality (VR) and
Augmented Reality (AR) systems.

3. Edge Computing:
Edge computing, in some cases referred to as fog computing, allows data to be

processed as close to the source as possible. Because it doesn’t travel as far, it can be
processed much faster, making things like autonomous vehicles safer to drive. Long story
short, if you’re in a self-driving car and you see an accident about to happen, you don’t
want to wait for your car to send that data up to a cloud to process it. You just want it to
automatically hit the breaks. The cloud, for all of its benefits, simply isn’t reliable enough
to “hold” all of the information the IoT will generate. It comes with security issues,
latency issues, even vendor issues, especially in multi-cloud environments. With the high
speed, low latency data transmission of 5G, the potential of edge computing will be full
realized in a wide variety of applications from the aforementioned Smart Cities and
Factories, to retail environments for real-time offers and analytics.
4. Smart Cities:
That is going to change with 5G. Finally, cities will be able to connect via the IoT to do
everything from improve trash pickup and keep public restrooms clean to prevent electric
power outages and improve traffic conditions. Again, 5G is the only technology fast
enough to allow so many devices to connect at such high speeds that the development of
these technologies will be worthwhile.

Chapter-9
CONCLUSION
While the future is becoming more difficult to predict with each passing year, an
accelerating pace of technological change can be expected. This paper presents 5G
technology which depends on nanotechnology, Cloud computing and All IP technologies
which are the next great technology wave. This paper also proposes a multi bandwidth
data path scheme for 5G real wireless operations and WWWW. This Paper may help to
promote stronger links between people working in different fields creating future
concepts of mobile communication, Internet services, Cloud computing, All IP network,
and Nanotechnologies. The 5G technologies include all kinds of advanced features which
makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. 5G may
be more intelligent technology that interconnects the entire world without limits. The
future scope can be beyond 5G technology, with the future enhancement of Nano-core, it
will be incredible as Nanocore is integrated with artificial intelligent (AI), for example,
with the help of mobile phone, intelligent Robot can be controlled. Mobile phone can
automatically type the message what the brain thinks. Still further 6G technology, 6G
wiki, 6G network, 6G mobile are getting familiar with new mobile technology getting
evolved.

Chapter-10
REFERENCES
❖What is 5G Wireless Technology and How it Works?
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org
❖5G Explained - How 5G Works
http://www.emfexplained.info
❖The Next-Generation Network Explained
https://www.digitaltrends.com
❖5G Architecture
https://www.viavisolutions.com
❖Understanding the Advantages of 5G
https://www.intel.com
❖Everything you need to know about 5G.
https://www.qualcomm.com

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SEMINAR REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

Place: Kalamassery Register no:18200123

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

2.1 0G WIRELESS SYSTEM

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

2.2 1G WIRELESS SYSYSTE

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

2.3 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

2.4 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

1. Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps.

2.5 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM

4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Fig.1 Comparison of 1G-5G

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Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

5.1 HOW DOES 5G WORK ?

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Fig.2 Radio Access Network and Core Network

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Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

5.3 SMALL CELLS

Fig.4 Small cell implementation

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5.4 MASSIVE MIMO AND BEAMFORMING

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Fig.5 Beamforming with Massive MIMO

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Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Fig.6 Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Fig.7 Protocol Layout for the Elements of the Proposed Architecture

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

port, and type of transport protocol. Considering that, the establishment of

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

❖ uRLLC: Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication use cases.

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

5G networks will be an enormous enabler for autonomous vehicles, due to the

The ultimate goal is a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication network. This will

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

2. 5G IoT in Smart City Infrastructure and Traffic Management

Connected vehicle technology will enable bidirectional communications from vehicle to

The communications backbone to support connected vehicle technology can be phased in

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

3. 5G IoT Applications in Industrial Automation

Department of Electronics and Communication, Govt Polytechnic College Kalamassery

4. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)