BUP ICT 3206 (TS LAB) https://sites.google.

com/site/mzislamraju

Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)

Department of Information & Communication Technology
Course: Telecommunication System Lab (ICT 3206)

Experiment No: 04

Name of the experiment: Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Demodulation.

4.1 Objective
• To describe the FSK modulation and demodulation (Frequency Shift Keying)
• To carry out a FSK connection
• To examine the noise effect on the connection

4.2 Instruments
• Power unit PSU
• Experiment module MCM31
• Oscilloscope

4.3 Theory

4.3.1 Frequency Shift Keying – FSK

In this modulation the sine carrier takes 2 frequency values, determined by the binary data signal
(fig.4.1). The modulator can be carried out in different ways; among the most used we can mention:

• a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)

• a system transmitting one of the 2 frequencies, as function of the data signal
• a frequency divider controlled by the data signal.

The most used demodulation technique is the one using a PLL circuit (fig.4.2). The FSK signal
across the PLL input takes two frequency values. The error voltage supplied by the phase
comparator follows such variations, and so, it constitutes the NRZ binary representation (high and
low level) of the FSK input signal. The PLL demodulator is followed by a low pass filter, which
removes the residual carrier components, and a squarer circuit which forms the proper data signal.
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Figure 4.1: FSK Modulation

Figure 4.2: FSK Demodulation with PLL

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4.3.2 FSK Modulator

The block diagram of the FSK modulator is shown in fig.3. The FSK signal is generated by means
of 2 ASK modulators, which outputs are combined together with an adder.

The two sine carriers at 1200 and 1800 Hz are applied separately to the 2 modulators. The data
reach one of the two modulators in direct form, the other in negated form.

In this way a modulator supplies a sine wave when the datum is "1", the second when the datum
is "0". The FSK signal is obtained by adding the two outputs (fig. 4.3). The 6dB-attenuator makes
the signal amplitude half, and is activated.

Figure 4.3: FSK Modulator

4.3.3 FSK Demodulator

The FSK demodulator consists in the sections shown in fig.4.4:

• an FM detector made with PLL circuit

• a low pass filter
• a squarer circuit (with output in TP29) in case of asynchronous data, which are not retimed)
• a circuit for clock extraction and data re-timing, in case of synchronous data (data output
on TP31, clock on TP32).
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The filter, the clock extraction circuit and the data re-timing circuit are used to demodulate also
other kinds of signals.

Figure 4: FSK Demodulator

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4.4 Experimental Procedure

Wave-forms of the FSK Modulator

• MCM 31 – Disconnect all jumpers

• SIS1 – Turn all switches OFF
• Power the module
• set the circuit in FSK mode, with 24-bit data source and without data coding (connect J1c-J3a-
0
J4-J5-J6b, set SW2=Normal, Sw3=24 bit, SW4=1800, SW5=1200/0 , SW6=FSK,
SW8=BIT, ATT=min, NOISE=min)
• set an alternated data sequence 00/11 and push START
• connect the oscilloscope to TP6 and TP16 and examine the data signal and the FSK signal.
Adjust the phase (PHASE) of the 1200Hz carrier to get continuity of FSK signal in the passage
between the two frequencies (this kind of modulation is known as Minimum Frequency Shift
Keying). Note the two different frequencies are generated at bits “1” and “0”, 1800Hz and
1200Hz in this case.
Experimental output waveforms has shown in figure 4.5.

SQ1 What can you detect across TP 16?

SQ2 How is the FSK signal obtained?

Waveforms of the FSK demodulator

• Keep the last conditions (connect J1c-J3a-J4-J5-J6b, set SW2=Normal, Sw3=24 bit,
0
SW4=1800, SW5=1200/0 , SW6=FSK, SW8=BIT, ATT=min, NOISE=min)
• set an alternated data sequence 00/11 and push START
• connect the oscilloscope to TP16 and TP20, to examine the FSK signal before and after the
communication Channel (Fig. 5)
• note the effect of the communication channel on the FSK signal. As the communication
channel is limited band (the frequency response is low pass), the output FSK signal is slightly
attenuated by the component with higher frequency (1800 Hz).

Experimental output waveforms has shown in figure 4.5.

SQ3 What kind of signal can you detect across TP 23?
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Figure 4.5: FSK Waveforms (Modulator and Demodulator)

• The signal supplied by the FSK demodulator is filtered by low pass filter, which removes the
residuals of the FSK frequencies. The detected data signal is obtained across the filter output
(TP24, fig. 5)
• in asynchronous data transmission, i.e. when in reception the clock regeneration and the data
re-timing are not required, it is sufficient to square the signal supplied by the filter. The
square output (threshold circuit) is detectable across TP29. On the oscilloscope note the
correspondence between the transmitted data (TP6) and the received data (TP29).
• Introduce line attenuation (ATT), and note that the received data are not affected by the
amplitude variations of the FSK signal. By inserting the noise (NOISE), too, you cause all
alteration on the received data.
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SQ4 Why is the FSK less sensitive than the ASK to the signal amplitude
variations?

• Take the line attenuation and line noise minimum

Turn ON switch S15

SQ5 The data in TP29 are not correct. Why?

4.5 Result

Thus the FSK modulation and demodulation is performed successfully.

4.6 Discussion