Copyright, 1945, by # wets F. RUSSELL “ty AD MA _ saree RIGHT, it Hee ae First: Edition, Made-& Printed’ by . _ SIMES~MIRROR PRESS. Loa Angelos SoMANUAL OF ELECTRO-COMBINATIONAL ENGINEERING I+ This book shows how to make eome electrical engines to dononstrate the prinoiplea of gramsic analyets & com Dinational caloulus as taught in our other vorke with which you should be familiar, Tie THE LOGIN - This 1a a elmple slectro-mechanical davice which solyes syllociams, (See “Barbara Cubsdithe Manual of Pure Logic rer a full treatment of the aclenue & art of pure reasoning.) Procure a rectanguair wooden board,about a Toot, square,atich as comes on the end of a box or crate,atout a 1/2 inch thick, On the left & top margins dritl sete of holes (1/4" in dta,)in patra diagonally,four patra on each margin & in line with these,in the middle of the boar tore eight eete or patra of aiailar holes to mako the design of 4 logical-frame, Vhrough the marginal holes juss the wires Attached to the switohes, tying them in a square imot on tho reverse side to hold thom Timely in place, @hrough the holes at the vertices of the framework pass tho wired Jn paira from the lamp-aockets & tie them algo, Practically, 1t maker no difference which wire from a lamp is taken an positive or negative,but for uniformity & stamtamd practica,we shall tuke aspoaitive the wire attached to the central point at the base & a8 negative that Joined to the screweshell, Tt will be beos to use @ little oxtra time & determine these facts after you have tied the lampé’ to the board, IIe PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE POLARITY OF WIRES AMTAGHED 70 LAMP SOCKET - Attach the two wires from a plug-sockst (euch ag comes with a string cf Christmas-Tree lighta}to the veorminala of a Now dryecell(the center one bein tha positive). How, take another plug-socket « plug 1v inte the first ore, Leaving the wires to attach to the bare emis from tue lamy~ socket, but first determine the polakkty of thoog wires by using a small Anmeter. This the + wire in contact with tha + pole of the Amuoter & the « wire touching the case(or nepative pols) causes the indicator to mova forward on the scale, Male a knot 4n the wire thus indicated as +, after trial. Now make an extra lemp,attech ite wires to another plug & insert the -.plug in the celi-scoket,ao that the extra laup is lighted. Now, attach your free wires,one gach to the wires from tne Lampesocket on the board, Insert a bulb to see that It lights, then take it out, Now detach the knotted(«) wire Trem ron end, ’ & put this same wire's emi in the socket on the board so that Lt touches the central spot at the bottom of the scoket, if your extra cell light now goes owt,you have atiached the 1“TOOLS, Etc, wires in the Bulb & In Socket WEONE WOYs TYAt— fh, pose them & then the + free wire cen wake contact Symbol with the + point of Lamp “Qutiting pliers of the lamp Mintature pocket without Mazda Nowl4 2.5V,.508 making the short cdreuit which i puts out the extra cell lsmp; Snell Screwedriver but 1f you touch Symbol of! the perev-snell Leviton Pusf Lich the cell-lemp will new go out, Thie ia now the ©. ay you want it, Conascted Unconnested C) “Shears go tie a knot in Wires the frea wire from the Lamp socket & you will have the Q ii) polarity propem iy marked for SyuB61 of further vee as Plug Socket to be prescribed, Receptacle If you coulé fol. ow the wires (Qe ESP PE through from The terminala Socket=Plug JackeEnife through the sockets ets,you would not need the annoter, wut dt will be +] = » a handy instrustef jo = Breee ment to have for other & Single eto, similar purposes Dry-Cell fwrrao lt le beet IWl/2 volte Bat to have it among Bottle of your equipment, es DisodiumPtk 2.7-Dibram= It will deny: xymercuri- also serve foe fluores oscein, to measure the amount of symbol of 6-volt current, etc, battery in series, it ie not noo essary to deters ‘ “Ss Frict? Tape mine the polarity of the switches, cf for this you Enife -Switchos Cake Boaprili fix Tor Single,Double, Triple, 2fourself,ueing the wire nearer the center of the board as that to which to attach the end trom the laupas vwEVe SCHEME OF THE CIRCULT OF THE LOGIN ~ This 9 shown in the chart below, The lamps represent cubic pointe & are Tunberes in the regular way for 4 Male Quicksilver Frame. They are connected tn patre vertically on ns positive side to make the salt (major) cryetale & to the proper switen | on the top margin; similarly the sulphur crystals are made by connecting the negative wires from tg Lawpe in pairs together & to the proper minor e¥itches, The four major ewltehes are connected together with thair other Wires & to the + pole of the plig socket in Lhe upper |} Left hand corner,while the minor aitches are connected together & to the » terminal, of the pocket, Now,put bulbs on the board, plug the battery oord dn,have all tne awitches OBon With all the eight lights liteup & you are ready to solve any of the 49 possible ayllogiams, Thud,e.g. to | eliminate the pointe of the R eryatal you push the R . 3switchs to eliminate the N crystal you push the N awitehy Our design shows outsida of the margins the proper prene daes attributed to each switch, Note that when both terms of any premlae are universal,it 18 necessary to crose~off two cryatals in the same principal,henoe,o.g. if the major premice be MP,you Will push both the R& the © awitch; then Af the minor were SM you would puah both the 5 & the W, leaving the #s 14 B,only, lighted,which 18 the conclus- Aon, Here wo must make note of an enginsering deficiency in our design in its present simplicity; for while the #1 & #8 will be very bright & we enall have no trouble deter mining the right anawar to the given eyzysey,yet wo shall find that,due to an indirect leakage of ourrent,all the other lights ahali ne faintly illuminated, For practical purposea this wlll not matter & happens in only some canes. The student should endeavor to understand why ‘this neppene, since apparently 1% should net happen, There 1s a way to avoid thig defect which we gay describe later, In the mean~ tine let us proceed next to nake another simple machine, which Will give you Turther practice especially in cone necting switches, = Vi = THE TRIGRAMMATRON = The top,or obverse side of this voard ie iilustrat- ed hore, For this we uae toggle switches 60 that At WAIL bo evident when they are off or on. Two sete of six ewitchon each ere arranged to re- g present, cradles of tri~ we Grama ,one cradle at the Teft & the other on tho £ @® g a, Pight of the board with ons socket=receptacle Q che (a) at the lower center & one lamp in the upper center, Thus, to work lt,we erect any one of the elgnt trigrams by pushing on the switeh for yang or for yin in each of the three prine cipals of the left cradle;then,if we push the correspont- ing evitches on of the right cradle, the Lemp goes on. K.5., Af We ewitch on 236, which stands for Yin-¥ eine or trigram #6, then to light the lamp we ewiten on (2. (3) (6) of the right hemi cradle & no other trigrammic combin= ution will light the lamp,provided,af course,we push on put one sviteh from each pair. If we used the ordinary switch as in the LoaGin, the engine would work but unless wo kopt careful track of our manipulations at all times we might forget the precise pattern of cffa & ons & honee ve cbliged to go through # part of the 64 x 64 possible combinations to put the machine back in working ordery That would be rather inconvenient to do oftent 4ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF THE TRIGRAMMATRON The negative wire from the plug~sccket ie attached to one wire of switches 1 & 2;then the other wires from 1 & 2 go to ones ot (1) & (2) roppoctively: the remaining wires from these latter are connected together & with beth the first wires of (3) & (4), whose other wires go to 3 & 4, respectively & so on, as, shown above,until we connect the pair from (5) & (6) together & to the minus of the lamp, Then cemect the plus of the lasp directly to the + of the socket, Plug in your cell hers, shut off all tho lights & practice erecting & comparing wigrama syetemsticalay, Here,we pauas to explain that where extra wire 16 needed you should use rubber covered stranded, To make necessary jointa whittle off the covering as much as needw ed without nigking tho wires;twist tho two ends together tightly & wrap with friction tape, Caution: always ewiteh completely off or dtsnonnest the battery when not in use & Use common sense precautions to avoid accidents. Ex= perience will give you confidence ¢ skill but never allow Yoursel! to gst carsless, Finish up each Job noutly. Ob- tain the satiafaction which comes from working by the eight & ninety rules of arte Vii = (HZ CUBATRON = This engine lights eight lamps which correspond to the eight #8 of the cube, dy Using two seto of three switches each,one for the male metals & one 5pet for the female metals, Here we use knife-syitohes, a. aingle pole for A& for E, & double palew ror I & 0, ¥ & U, Phe clroult 46 as tilustrated below. For eight lamps, ae here, 1t wil be better to use two colle in aoriss for the EMF, The ¥ & U aWitenes are connected to the negative wires of the lamps & the mims end of the socket & battery. The 1 & 0 awitohas are connected to the + wires of the lampe & alac to the A & E svitches,which latter are cone nacted also to the + of the socket & battery, Just as with the Lo-Gin & wherever elsa + - leads are allowed to work against each other, there will de some current leakage here, put thie will not detract from the obvious purpose of the machine,whieh works aa follows, begin with all switches off; shon when you throw ¥ I A, #1 wi21 light ups UIA will light #2; YOA will Light #3; UOA will Aight #4; similarly- XIE puta on #5;ULE = #6;X0E= #7 & UOK = #8, = ELECTRICAL DESIGN of the SUB A TRONVIL - THE ZO-TRON ~ This ongine has twelve fixed lasps,as ¢ = 7 lettered midway betwean tho quabere for noints & plugssockets in the design = here, Siall lamps for the #8 them, selves | gan be made to plug in the eight socketer The central,fixed lamp whose positive leads to the * of the #8 sockei,with the nagative to tno = of the #1 socket i6 called K & 1a the 13th fixed lamp of thie circuit, On this chart we have not draim the connections from ali the switches to the sockets for #a,but simply note here that the leftehand,= + switches connect with the + wires of the acckete while the rightehand = = switches G ge to ho the ~ wires of their corresponding #'A sockets, The + of the zodiacal op oryetel lamps all connect with the ~ + of the socitet which 19 the lesser of the two #5 between Which 1a the oryotal Lamp,the = [wire going to the greater # of the two, Thus, to work 1.6, to light a orystal lamp, push two switches, one 7from the + & the other from the = row. Thus, Of to Light the M lemp,which stands for Aquarius, we push the + 1 & the ~ #2 awiteheg; to light the T lamp for Leo, we close the + #6 & tho -#8 awitches, etc, Make Functual Lampe for the eight # sockets by cutting the wires short & attaching thon oirectly to the leminsie of a secket-plug. Tala eiyes & very neat & attractive,little lamp, Note that At 4s possible to Light the oryeted without lighting the mumber, but thet if two adjacent #s are lit-up, then the crystal between them must slag be illuminated, Why? Nawupally, there will be some of the hitherto nontionad leakage in this circult; nevertho- ese you will find thet thia engine 10 one that le very interesting to make & operate, A word here may not bo inapproprlate concorn= ing the adopted nomenclature which in moat cases should be of obvious derivation, Thus, e.g, We would have called thio machins, « Orystonat, or a Zlongin, or someting 9156; similarly, our first engine aight.be termed a Logatron, or an Electrolog; etc. We have in each instance, merely,chos~ en what sounds beat to ue at the timesas this science & art ia perfected, the terminology will doubtless Se im proved, Suggestions from the student will be walconed, Ag @ variation of the Zd~tron, the board oan be designed. #0 that the 12 crystals form a circle with the 13th also in the center & the # sockets either as here in a logical frame within the circle,or in a straight line,witiin or without the oircle,in which case tho switches can be put next to thelr respective scckets; similarly we can put the 22 & the 8 both in parallel straight lines. In any event the Job of wiring must be done carefully & it will give you great eatisfaction to have all lights work properly the first time the job is completed, Here we mark the + & ~ lJeads; note that the punctual trigrama apply,e.g. with #6 which te — — has two = & one + dead, the + tof & ono~ to "TT B& the other te C. Note also that you can make + & = plugs to be attached to the battory, which here should be three or more cella, & put directly in the proper pair of # aocketa, to Light a crystal lamp; 6.8, to light L put the + plug from the cell in the 4 half of the #2 sccket & the - plug in the «, Viz, right helf, of the #4 socket; then lamp L will shine & nothing else but, Thers are other varlationsa of this dea which the atudent should think about & work out, Ege, At may be made in three dimensions on & ouble framework; colored lamps can be used & so on. VIII ~ THE SEXTRON ~ Here we have an interesting, little engine nade With a row of six lamps controlled by thres push switches for a, J & xX (or 1, 2 & 3) with two trinlo-yole lnfe-switcheo respectively attributed to male @ Temple, See design & ceseription waich follow, 8DESIGN OF ,THE SEXTRON ~ Thig machine anove a trigran | mic analyais of the cube, Thus, to put on any of the oix () MF vowol or astral ne lights,repre- 9 De STS 2) Q Xsl Us? senting,re- aI- O- ft UF Mp 2) 7 Is3 O>4 spectively w2e Oe 3) % AsS Haé the wix sides wi- J~ wrerens= of the cubs, -4~ Qi it 10 necessary to close at = =5= X~ least two switchea,one trom =6~ OK mB 26 1256 gach set,vine QIX & MR. Tabus wf TX~ 5 46 3456 late these two aste as para~ @5~ QIX- 135 245 223156 moters of the above cradie(*) eanemne cence: then,wa see that the total of possible combinatior be thirty-two, the product of the possible combinutions of the Binoy tines that of the major parameter, Thus, there are three switches on the mipor & two on the malog yielding 8 combs, of the minor (= g= 2 y% 2% g) with lo"s ux 2a) & combs on the major. (2 X% 4 = 525, how, the zero combination, Viz~ with no switeh closed on elther parameter ta the parte tere “O" = 1x 1 of the above cambinabional table (#*), hen, the whole first rank | O MF MP} consists of tho four part jeles which are local products of the firat(omtinglly )agiibe ination of the minor parameter of (*#) with, respoctively, the 9 3A 2 24 LBS 6 wptour combe of the major margin of the same cradle. as al- ready suggeeted the 0 particle maans that no switeh at all ig closed &, of course, no lamp lit. The M particle = 1x2, nuane that the M switch 1a on,but nothing closed on the ain» or parameter of (*); F means the F switen closed & MF meang both M& F olosad;thus the whole firat rank moans no lamp lit. The 2nd rank (#2) of (**) 16 the produet of the 2nd, comb o7 the minor parameter of (*) by the four combs, ra~ avectively of the major ditto, Here Q indicates that orly the Q ewiteh 1s clased,whereas =2-Ze= 1 shows the result 1n the #1 light lit by closing just both the Q & M awitenas, Q& P light lamp #2a U8 Q-MP Lights both 1 & 2, Purther etudy ploula make the rest clear é show that this ongine properly worked enables us ta produce 7 x 3, +1 = 22 difu Terent combinations lighte or Patterns of illumination; the vl being the legitimate double=zero combe viz» total danke Rape,Whloh must not be negieoted in the analysis, Cubically, the particles whichamonads op single digita atand for the Bix metals or aides of the cube,respectively, The nine dyads symbolise crystals where adjacent sidea are joined & complete principale where two motais or poles of the same principal are combined, The triada(two)may indi- cate fal & 8,or cise the male & female metalic componenta; the three tetrada may aymboligse 1234 = comb, of QUMF, ete & the sextrad, of course, the whole cube, Here,aiso, we can apply decoration by painting the upper half of the bulbs 4n the appropriate astral colora- vine Yaellver-white; jet black, or dank Srown; I = opange; 0 = bright blue; A = emerald green & E = bloodered, IX = G3, THE TERTRON ~ See illustration at top of next Pago. Hore we have a representation of the third dege ree cube, (=3), with ite 27 #s symbolised by 27 lampa, tha whole on a flet board, with the crray of lights nuabere ed ag shown in the diagram, in rows, vertically & horizonte ally, of three each, standing for crystale with trichoto- sous polarity, Lamps are syabolised by a aingle loop with their #s inside the loop, Fouitive leada are connected to the 9 awitches of the major margin,each of which ie attribe uted to a salt oryatal, Negative wires go te the 9 minor parametric switches for the sulphur crystals, Other lesds trom ewitehea are linked to the reapoctive poles of the plug socket. A 6 volt battery will work thta machine,whose functions & characteristics should be plotted & tabulated dy the tecimician, For variety, instead of drilling two holee disgonaiiy in pairs for aach # lamp, you may, 1f you Tint a bit of the right diameter,matte a single hole for each in which the socket van be vet dowmsthis will econo- mise on wire,as wall an yielding e delightfully different efect, love uleo the thres-dimensional perspective which may be obtained, since the lights are dpectfloally ordered for this, 12 you cock your eyes toward that ond. This scheme eo can be applied to an actual 3«dlmensional configuration, a0Ge3 THE TERSRON X- Dea, THE TERRON ~ See its design at top of next pace, Thie engine makes an electrical incorporation of the Ssconi-degree Tetrak= 16 lamps for the 16 #8 of thie fourth Simansionsl configuration, arransed with + & © oryatel motivation, in the standard manner with which you are now quite familiar, There 1a noe osll to comment further upon thia jody (XI '« Yo, THE SEXTRATAON = We omit. the design of this whioh the student can eastiy make up without our aid, It cone eiste of 64 punotusl lamps ono staggered frauework, Thos may be.workec with 32 gwitehes on each paraneter,for pairn; or you may use 8 inatosd, on each, for eocnomy,in whieh unio it would be equivalent to the regular logical square, 8 mine ors by § majors, 8 #e in each row, For this you will need the houge-current & a step down transformer, 1iko a toy— transformer,not one for a bell,an tho latter hwuataeup too. sauily, Do not neglect the proper precautions, a| iv De THE TETRON XI (Gont}= The 64 #e can also be arranged either as a subde of hexagrams, in which case you have HEXAGRAMMAS TRON, or as the regular sixth-dimensional figure with which you are familiar from Bool PIH & The GRAMMAR OW CHANBES, qeVe XII = THE COMPTRON » The cesign of this tops the next page & should be clear to the zealous adept; we have put the switches in two ranks, the - above the +. . Fhig device counts the switches as pointe with the laups as thelr combined products, including the identity of each # with itcelf, making 8 x 7/ 2,+ B = 26 +A = 36 Combinations ae lampa, There will be 86 pousible comb- nations of ewitches,two at a time making valid parte icles; however the arrays of meny particles at a tine will be very mumerous; the wathematiclan can caleulate the exact mumber by tabulation & comparison of the electricul validity of the products, Solve & answer! 12een nearer ant ELECTRICAL DESIGN THE COMPTRON XIII «THE TETRAPERMUTRON (Pad) » Illustrated on the next page. This engine automatically counte the ordtnel number of a fourth degree permutation, Consiete of 24 laupa whose + leads go to four push ewitches on the major marin; their = Leads connect with 6 switches on the minor paraiotor, Tho major ewitches are numbered conaecutively from}. to 4; the minors are numbered with the cradle seleations which follow, The digit cradle te 123 4. To make a perm,solect either the first,second,third or fourth digit for the riret term of the perm & close the corresponding major switoh, The second tert of the perm will be either the let, 2nd or Brad remaining cradle digit in sequence from the beginning; the third term will be either the lst or 2nd remaining, 134, THE TETRAPERMUTRON The fourth term ta the last remaining digit, so naeds no switch, H.g,; take perm, Bae push major 33then for the minor, the 1 te the first, followed by the 4 Which is the 2nd lett after that, so push the minor awithh marked 22 & the perm # 14 will be lighted. Apply the Plus-One ~ rithm,as explained,our other books & you will see that thie 1s the correct answer,The machine cen aleo be used to determine the perm when ite # le givon,by reversing the above process. Please work this out carefully, 2AXIV « THE Ceh, COMBATRON (Also may be called 4 Tetragramatron, Polytron, etc.} Thie engine 1s designed to count,or tell the ordinal number of any combination,which oan be made from four things. (See ourGombinstional arithmetic’ for elementary explanate= fon.) It consiets of 16 lamps for the 16 different. combs, & 30 ewitches, The + wires from the lampa al) go directly to the + of the socket & the = leads go through the switches which are connected together in the fashion illuatrated above, The switched are marked here with the metalic nuubere of the corresponding grams of the pertinent polygrams, Odd numbere(1,3,5,7) refer to yangs & the evens(2,4,6,8),t0 yins, Erect thu polygram,or combination, from the bottom up,the first place for the first prinmipal,waich will olther be counted o not in the combinaiion,When counted push the awiteh in that principal which 4s on the right ;4¢ 35hot, then use the evitch on the leftehand side,of the boamt, following. Thus, Gs, given the combination 23; the Pirst principal 1a not enumerated,which asans there is a yang in the corresponding polygram, so Cloaé the switch in the @ Yow, tanBed L (on the left); the end or J gram is oounted, so is @ yin, ac continua by pushing the following switch at the right {4 above 1); the 3rd or X principal is counted sso continue to the right by push: the 6(above the preceding 4), Now, the 4th or last principal (0) is not counted,hense is a yang,ao ga on to the Lert & push the 7 above the preceding 6, This makes the sequence 1467,whioh = the tetragran . which ls #7. Zry another combination, say,l34. — = 3 The frat principal is numbered,so push the 2 in > 2 the @ row; the 2nd is missing, ac go to the left . above tho 2 & push the 3; the third & fourth are both there, fo continue to the right for the leet two ewitehes, usking the tetragram, 2368, which lights lamp #14, The student, will note that if instead of reading the polygrams up, ve read then Gown, than the switches would be connected to them by a simple dichotomous procedure,wnich would involve morely @ reveraal of the usual procedure of enumerating a combinate ton, Thera should be no leaks in this machine since all the lamps are controlled by but one polarity, Thie method muiti~ pliee the number of ewitohes; you can design thie engine so that the D principal ewitones lead to the + socket, if you like, & then note whether or nob thero is any leakage, Iv can &lso be axtended further into ae many principale a8 you want to count combinations; a fifth principal row of switches Would enadle you to court all combinationa from #1 to #52;1.6y thet oan be made from five things; eix principals would count the combinations from six things, vig« #1 to #64, & Bo on, To reverse the calculation & find what combination 1s numbered, say (11),simply etart at the #11 lamp & close the switches pack down to the « lead, vise 6 jerect the corre~ sponding tetragram,with a 5 yin for the even 1 F mene A numbers & a yang for the odds _ — 2 & enumerate the yina-leverié}- counting ordin- a alay from the bottom up, giving lene the shove piotured polygram witch ta the gramlc symbol of the #11 combination =2 4. XVe TEST PROJECT ~ THR HEXAGIN ~ Meke @ sixelight machine c iG & With +& = polar controlas sugcested 7 in the design here, Note that the aaj~ i or gewitches control 8 combinationa, which mltipiied by tha 8 minor comba, yield 64 possible patterns, of which a umber will be void, There wil1 be 27 valid patterns of illumination, plus one complete nul (total darkness}, Make a practical eiroult to ‘ilustrate THLE Bchemeg me want: Thanks to avery thing! * 17 April 1945 C.F, RUSSELL 26