Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 4 (1) 7: ISSN 1816-4927 © 2009 Academie Journal Ine. Influence of 17-Alpha Methyl Testosterone on Mascul Growth in Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) ization and °M, Marjan, *S. Jamil, P.G. Mostafavi °'M Ramin and A, Mashinehian "Department of Marian Biology’, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, tran “Tranian Fisheries Research Organization, P.O. Box 1413546116, Tehran Iran Abstract: Inthe present study, eee of different dose rates of synte andogen 17-alpha Methyl Testosterone (MT) ie., 50, 75 and 100 mg of hormone in per kg of feed, on sex reversal and growth performance of Mozambique tilapia was evaluated MT was administrated orally by using pellet dry starter and Ethanol Aleoho, diet to api fy for 21 days in glass aquaria. The fry were also kept for 2 weeks afler feeding to monitor its srowth performance, Atte end of the experiment the sex ratio was determined by examining, the gonads aller dissecting the fish, Growth performance was monitored by recording the mocphomettic characterises. Wet body weight and total length of fish on start of fseding end of feeding and to weeks afer feeding were measured. The results ofthe present stady showed that ll MT receiving treatment showed. signficamlly higher male proportion than the control experiment. Dose rate of 75 mg kg! MT cof feed resulted in maximum male population (98.098) with 1.9126 sterilized fish. The dese rato of 75 mg kg MT gave the ‘maximum gainin body weight ie, 11.8 g, whichis 1.2 times greater than the control Key words: Feoding method. ula sex reversal, growth performance INTRODUCTION An objective of this study was to find cut the minimum dose and time of 17-alpha methyl {testosterone to obtain all male population of Mozarnbique ilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), Aquaculture now aecounts for over 20% ofthe world fish prodution for human consumption. ‘The consultative group on Iterations! Agricultural Research has recently predicted that within 15 years fish farming and sea ranching could provide more than 40% of fish forthe human diet ard ‘more than half ofthe value of the global fish catch, The world is in a slats of transition from the hunting ad gathering of fish tothe production of fish by aquacultwe. In these days one ofthe most popular chotees for aquaculture is tilapia fishes. Barly sexual muturity i tilapia eultureis a well recognized problem which resulted, inbreeding ‘in overstocked ponds, reduced production and farmed stocks of « generally lvr quality. To overcome these problems and to develop improved treeding stock of tilapia, fish scientists, economists and ‘commercial fish producers joined together and decided to produce mono-sex andl preferably all male population of tilapia because the male of tilapia grows faster than Females (Barras arel Melard, 1997) “There are diferent ways such as hormonal sox reversal, mara sexing, hybridization and super ‘male progttion to allan, mono sx population. Sex reversal metho hus been used as valuable took ‘Carresponing Author: Moloen Nagin Depart of avian Blog, Sdwe and Reseweh Bem, Isc Azad University, Tea, Ian iJ Fish, Aquat Sei, 4 (D: 4, 2009 inthe elucidation of sex determining mechanisms ination to its value in production of mono sex population for aquaculture, Sex reversal by oral administration of feed incorporated with Methyl Testosterone (MT) is the most effective and practical method forthe production ofa male tilapia. Dosage of 17-alpha Methyl Testosterone (MT) used to produce all male tlapia, vary wildly, The dosage rates vary fom 10-100 mg kg~ MT of dict fr flapia (Abucay and Mair, 1997), Sex reversed tilapia showed a better gromth rates than normal because administration of androgen have both an androgenic and anabolic effect. Thete ate several studies comparing the growth of sex reversed, near all male populations to that of @ mixed sex population afer hormone treatment showed the improved ‘growth of sex reversed fish than non-eated because the presence of females reduce the grow rate duoto their dower growth rate or reproduction (Mocintosh et af, 1985) Sex reversal may also affect ‘the meat quality of lpia (Bhandari Nakamura eral, 2006). Thereare several stassin regard of effect of different foe ingtedients on meat quality of Slapia but a seutity of work is persisted bout the cflet of sex reversal on meat quality (proximate body composition) of tilapia. The aim of tis study was, therefore, fo find out optimum dose rate of MTP treatment for sex reversal along withits afTexts ‘on growth performance of lapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in hydochemistry factors of Iranian waters MATERIALS AND METHODS. “The experiment was conducted by Marine Biology Group, Department of Marine Science and ‘Oceanography, Sciences and Researches Branch, Azad Islamic University, Tea, Ian, “The sex reversal of tilapia fy was achieved by oral administration of 17 alpha methyl testosterone through feed, MIT was obtained from Aborihan drug cormpany. At frst 400 fertilized eggs were ‘obtained fom the moth of several parent fede and shifted to circular tank in order fo get the tilapia fiy after three days (7 day post fertilization (1 dp) of hatching, the fies were placed into 12 glass tan each having 65 L water each experimental tial consisted 2 control group and a group fed with ethanol treated diet (lsh were fed with a diet weated with ethanol) For sex reversal treatment dee different dosage groups (0, 75,100 mg kg MY of food (each in? replicates) were set out, MT was added to diet with Alectol (Ethanol 96°) dry method, And each trial was stocked with 35 fish ‘The fy ware fed daily with a commercial diet (dry pellet food, copens Brand) for 21 days (28 dp). The important water quality paramcters was fixed and rovorded, for ©. temperature (2841, dissolved oxygen (7.240.2 ms L“) and pH (7.740.3). Fry were maintained by increase in 20% Body Weight (BW) per day and the important growth parameters such es body weight and total Tength were recorded at 7 df (start of feeding), 28 dp (end of Feeding) and 42 dpt(2 weeks after the ‘end of feeding). ‘The experimental design was tested by RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design). At the end of the experiment, the Neal and til ofthe fly were cut ofT and the body was fixed in 10% neutral ‘ufered formalin, detydrated, embeded in paral sectioned at (5 jm thicknesses) and stained with Ingematoxslin and eosin for histological examination, The tissues were observed under microscope 40x powers. Tissues Wete recorded as testes (male), varies (emale), ovotestes or intersex (gonads containing both ovarian and testicular tisstes) and sterilized gonads Logistic model regression was use to analyze the data of sex reversal These models were used to study such type of experiment where there is a binary response, Y = | (male in this ease), Y = 0 (notmale), which may be inluneed by explanatory variables. Fo the statistical analysis ofthe means ‘of growth performance parameters Analysis of Vatiance (ANOVA) and Tukey test, were eutied out SPSS software was used for statistical analysis and chi square analysis was done to analyze the sex tatio. The present research was conducted from 4 May 2007 to 20 August 2008,J Fish, Aquat Sei, 4 (D: 4, 2009 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Result of the present study showed that each hormone treated group gave @ mean male/female sation that deviate significantly fom the noemal 1:1 ratio (Chisquare analysis) (Table 1), with significantly higher growth rate in males than females, while the control group showed normal 11 ration. Non of the experimental trial (For dose rate of MT) gave 100% male population of (0. mossambicus. The reslts ofthe present study showed that all MT receiving treatment showed a significantly higher male proportion than control. When. considering morality, no significant itferent vas observed betwesn contol group, dose 50 and dose 75 but mortality in dose 100 mg ke MT was significantly higher than the other groups. Control group exhibited 51.96% male population and 0.95% ‘morality. Application of dose rate of 50 mg kg of MT showed 74.29% male population and 0% ‘motality. Application of dose rte of 75 mg kg™* MT of fed reslted in maximum male population (08.09%) with 191% sterilized fish, Mortality inthis trial was 0% Application of dose rate of 100 mg kg hormone showed 79.38% male population, 20.51% sterilized fish with 7.62% mostly (Table 1). Mortality and sterilized fish when applying 100 mg ke! MT vias significantly higher than other treatment Greater than 90% of male population were obtained at a variety of dose rates, for eg. Jao-Yoon eral (1988) obtained 97% of O. noticns males when applying dose rate of 10mg ke? MT ‘of diet, Other researchers have use the higher dose rate to achieve sex reversal Oreochromiss sp., Romerio ef al. (2000) obiained 98% male population at dose rate of 60 mg kg! MT of feed, The results of this study showed a significantly lower male proportion (843%) for highest dose rate of MT, 100 mg kg of feed. These results ate in line with the findings ‘of Okoko (1996), who obtained 71.9% males atthe dose rate of 120 mg ka"? MT of feed. Also other sess showed the over dose such as 100 mg ka" MTT give the sterilized population Different dose rates of MT, signitcanty eifeted the growth of Oreochromiss mossambicus, ll ‘the teatments which reosived MT, showed more average (Av) Body Weight (WE) and gain in body Weight of Orcochromise mossambicus, than the conttol (Table 2). Dose 7.5 mg MT for 21 days showed 17.4 g gain in weight followed by dose of 100 mg kg~! MT and 10.9g, by dose 50, 10.1 gat the end ofthe experiment ‘Tobe: Percatage of Orcevonis moseantcs css me fea andere une ool, tan ru ad ieee BT sexe ueatnee Tress Male 9) Female 6a ‘Selig 6) Moran anal sis “48208 00 ‘wou, Blane! soup S206 7918 0.006 oss, ose (se mga) S20 asm 200 fons, Dose 75 make) sac6c 0c 198 faona, ase (100 ms" 73.98 oe ania, 26m ‘Te Latin character sow te eu of Tukey wnljze ne carer dow have sinew lewve bt wie tracer hav agin derence “able 2: Observation on average an gin in weight body of Oncclvamis messanieus des fst wes Dore nas) coral Eta 50 3 Aw Gin” Av Gain A. Gain” Aw. Grin Aw Onin Times BW Win BW int BW ims BW im BW Sut offing Tpa 08 a aS Se Endoffeeding28pa 64 66 6273687) ‘vec aer owl of 161 14 98TH fading 12 pa AW Atti, WHO) WaarJ Fish, Aquat Sei, 4 (D: 4, 2009 Salistical analysis ongain n boy weight, showed significant iference among different reversal ‘teatments. Treatment received 75 mg kg™* MT of fd for 21 days (having the highest male percentage ‘of 98.01%), Showed the highest gan in body weight, this fish production is 1.3 times greater than ‘conte eveved no hormone), these results are in line with the Findings regarding anubelie effect of MT in fish and all male culture of lapia by different authors observed faster growth of hormone tncated 0. nilotcus. Hanson ef al. (1984) reported that 10-60 ppm MT-reatment showed the best growth than ‘contol, these ar also in line with Dan and Litle (2000), who compared the culture performance of kerent strains of 0 rioticus and found that considering all strains, MT treatment resulted ina final sizeof fish 10.7% larger dhan mixed sex fish REFERENCES ‘Abucay, JS. and G.C. Maict, 1997, Hormonal sex reversal of tilapia implications of hormone ‘ucalment application in closed water system, Aquacult Res, 28: 841-845. Paras, E and C. Melard, 1997. Individual growth pattems of juvenile Nile lapia, (Oreochromis niforcus (L.) Emergence and dynamics of sexual growth dimorphism. Agric. Eng. Serv, 106; 169-177 Phareari Nakamura, R.K.M, 7, Kobayashi and Y. Nagahama, 2006, Suppression of stsidagenic ‘enzyme expression during androgeninchced sex reversal in Nile tilapia. General Comp, Endocrinol, 145: 20-24 Dan, NC. and D.C. Litle, 2000. The calture performance of monosex and mixed_sex new season and ‘overwintered fy in thee strains of Nile tilapia in Noeth Vietnam, Aquaculture, 184: 221-231 Hanson, R., 2.0. Sinith Evmunm, H.W. Shalton and R.A. Dunham, 1984. Growth comparison of -monosex tilapia produced by separation of sexes hybridization and sex reversal. M.Se. Thesis, ‘Auburn University, pp: $70, Jue-Yoon, J, RO. Smitennan and LL. Belnennds, 1988. Effect of dietxy 17-alpha methyl testosterone on sex reversal and growth of Oreocliramds niloticus. In: The 2nd Symposium on ‘Tilapia in Aquaculnue ICLARM Conference Proceedings by Pullin, RSV. T. Bhukaswan, K, Tonguthai and J.L, Macleen (Eds), 15: 623, Departinent of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand and Intemational Center for Living and Aquatic Resources Management Manila, Philippines, pp: 203-207, Mocintosh, DJ. and GPS. Varaheso, 1985, Rao hormonal sex reversal of wild spawned ipa in India. J. Fish Bicl., 28: 87.94 ‘Okeko, M1996, Feet of 17-alplia methyl testosterone concentrations on the sex ratio and gonads development of Nile tilapia masters. M.Se. Thesis, Auburn University. Romerio, MP, CSN. Fenorieh-Verani, BE. Santo De-Coprms and AS. Paslva, 2000 Masculnization of Nile tilapia, using different dts and different doses of MT. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 29: 654-659,