REVIEW: TOPIC 3, 4, 5

TOPIC 3: THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF

TIME (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)
* Sự phối hợp giữa động từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời
gian.
1. Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ở thì hiện tại đơn.
- Tương lai đơn + until / when / as soon as + Hiện tại đơn
Eg: She won't come until it is 9 o'clock. (Cô ấy sẽ không đến cho tới 9 giờ.)

- Tương lai hoàn thành + by / by the time + Hiện tại đơn

Eg: I will have waited at the airport by the time she arrives. (Lúc cô ấy tới thì
tôi sẽ chờ ở sân bay rồi.)

2. Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành.
- Tương lai đơn + after + Hiện tại hoàn thành
Eg: Linh will work for her father's company after she has graduated from
university. (Linh sẽ làm việc cho công ty của bố cô ấy sau khi cô ấy tốt nghiệp
đại học.)

3. Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ở thì quá khứ đơn.
- Quá khứ đơn + when/ until/ before/ after/ as soon as + Quá khứ đơn
Eg: She cried as soon as she heard the news. (Cô ấy khóc ngay khi cô ấy nghe
thấy tin đó.)

- Quá khứ tiếp diễn + when + Quá khứ đơn

Eg: We were having dinner when she came. (Khi cô ấy tới, chúng tôi đang ăn
tối.)

- Hiện tại hoàn thành + since + Quá khứ đơn

Eg: I have played football since I was 7 years old. (Tôi đã chơi bóng đá kể từ
khi tôi 7 tuổi.)

- Quá khứ hoàn thành + by the time/ before + Quá khứ đơn
Eg: She had explained everything clearly before we started our work. (Cô ấy đã
giải thích mọi thứ rõ ràng trước khi chúng tôi bắt đầu công việc.)

4. Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ở thì quá khứ tiếp diễn.
- Quá khứ tiếp diễn + while + Quá khứ tiếp diễn
Eg: He was chatting with his friends while his teacher was teaching the lesson.
(Cậu ấy nói chuyện với bạn trong khi cô giáo đang giảng bài.)

- Quá khứ đơn + while + Quá khứ tiếp diễn

Eg: The doorbell rang while I was having a shower. (Chuông cửa reo khi tôi
đang tắm.)

5. Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành.
- Quá khứ đơn + after + Quá khứ hoàn thành
Eg: The thief left after he had stolen her diamond ring. (Tên trộm rời đi sau khi
hắn đã lấy trộm chiếc nhẫn kim cương của cô ấy.)

Exercise 1:
1. Whenever I ________ her, I say hello.
A. see B. will see C. will have seen D. saw
2. The next time I go to New York, I am going ________ a ballet.
A. seeing B. see C. saw D. to see
3. I will never speak to him again so long as I _______.
A. lives B. will live C. am living D. live
4. By the time Bill ____ to bed tomorrow, he will have had a full day and will be
ready for sleep.
A. had gone B. will go C. goes D. went
5. As soon as I finish my report, I will call you and we ________ out for dinner.
A. went B. will go C. will have gone D. go

TOPIC 4: PREPOSITIONS

Giới từ chỉ thời gian

Giới từ Cách sử dụng Ví dụ

 on  ngày trong tuần  on Thursday

 tháng / mùa  in August / in winter

 thời gian trong ngày  in the morning
 in
 năm  in 2006
 sau một khoảng thời gian nhất định  in an hour

 cho night  at night
 at  cho weekend  at the weekend
 một mốc thời gian nhất định  at half past nine

 từ khoảng thời gian nhất định trong quá khứ

 since  since 1980
đến hiện tại

 một khoảng thời gian nhất định tính từ quá

 for  for 2 years
khứ đến hiện tại

 ago  khoảng thời gian trong quá khứ  2 years ago

 before  trước khoảng thời gian  before 2004

 Giới từ Cách sử dụng Ví dụ

 to  nói về thời gian  ten to six (5:50)

 past  nói về thời gian  ten past six (6:10)

 đánh dấu bắt đầu và kết thúc của khoảng

 to / till / until  from Monday to/till Friday
thời gian

 till / until  cho đến khi  He is on holiday until Friday.

 I will be back by 6 o’clock.

 in the sense of at the latest
 by  By 11 o’clock, I had read five
 up to a certain time
pages.

Giới từ chỉ vị trí

Giới từ Cách dùng Ví dụ

 room, building, street, town, country  in the kitchen, in London

 book, paper etc.  in the book
 in
 car, taxi  in the car, in a taxi
 picture, world  in the picture, in the world

 meaning next to, by an object  at the door, at the station

 for table  at the table
 at  for events  at a concert, at the party
 vị trí mà bạn làm gì đó (watch a film,  at the cinema, at school, at
study, work) work

 attached  the picture on the wall

 for a place with a river  London lies on the Thames.
 being on a surface  on the table
 on  for a certain side (left, right)  on the left
 for a floor in a house  on the first floor
 for public transport  on the bus, on a plane
 for television, radio  on TV, on the radio

 Jane is standing by / next to /

 by, next to, beside  bên phải của ai đó hoặc cái gì đó
beside the car.

 trên bề mặt thấp hơn (hoặc bị bao phủ

 under  the bag is under the table
bởi) cái khác
 Giới từ Cách dùng Ví dụ

 thấp hơn cái khác nhưng cao hơn mặt

 below  the fish are below the surface
đất

 put a jacket over your shirt

 bị bao phủ bởi cái khác
 over 16 years of age
 over  nhiều hơn
 walk over the bridge
 vượt qua một cái gì đó
 climb over the wall

 above  vị trí cao hơn một cái gì đó  a path above the lake

 vượt qua  walk across the bridge

 across
 băng qua về phía bên kia  swim across the lake

 something with limits on top, bottom and

 through  drive through the tunnel
the sides

 movement to person or building  go to the cinema

 to  movement to a place or country  go to London / Ireland
 for bed  go to bed

 into  enter a room / a building  go into the kitchen / the house

 movement in the direction of something

 towards  go 5 steps towards the house
(but not directly to it)

 onto  movement to the top of something  jump onto the table

 from  in the sense of where from  a flower from the garden

Một số giới từ quan trọng khác:

Giới từ cách sử dụng ví dụ

 from  who gave it  a present from Jane

 who/what does it belong to  a page of the book

 of
 what does it show  the picture of a palace

 by  who made it  a book by Mark Twain

 on  walking or riding on horseback  on foot, on horseback

Giới từ cách sử dụng ví dụ

 entering a public transport vehicle  get on the bus

 in  entering a car  / Taxi  get in the car

 off  leaving a public transport vehicle  get off the train

 out of  leaving a car  / Taxi  get out of the taxi

 rise or fall of something  prices have risen by 10 percent

 by
 travelling (other than walking or horseriding)  by car, by bus

 at  for age  she learned Russian at 45

 about  for topics, meaning what about  we were talking about you

Exercise: Find the mistakes and correct

1. Lan wants to live and work on Japan.

2. Hung’s birthday is in 2nd of July.

3. We will arrive in Saigon on 9 a.m.

4. This cat jumped in his face and scared me.

5. It is his birthday in the 22nd.

TOPIC 5: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND CONNECTORS

1. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân ( Clause of reason)

Clause of reason

Diễn tả mối quan hệ nguyên nhân – kết quả giữa hai vế mệnh đề.

Clause of Meaning Example

reason

Because = As Bởi vì Because he injured, our football match must be

= Since delayed.( Bởi vì anh ấy bị thương nên trận đá
bóng của chúng tôi phải bị hoãn lại.)
Now that = Vì rằng Seeing that she is sick, she has a day – off at
In that = home.( Bởi vì cô ấy bị ốm, cô ấy đã có một ngày
Seeing that ở nhà.)

Because of = Vì sự On account of the fact that we don’t have

on account of thật là, enough members, we can’t compete.( Sự thật là
= due to + thực tế là chúng tôi không có đủ thành viên, chúng tôi
the fact không thể cạnh tranh.)

2. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích ( Clause of purpose)

Clause of purpose
Diễn tả mục đích hướng đến của mệnh đề chính, và thường được dịch là “để”.

Clause Meaning Example

of
purpos
e

So that để mà We are all silent so that he concentrates on his

= In speaking.( Chúng tôi đều im lặng để mà anh ấy tập
order chung vào bài nói của anh ấy.)
that I study hard in order to get a scholarship
In
order
to = So
as to

In case phòng You should go early in case/ for fear that you are late
= for khi, trong for the final train.( Bạn nên đi sớm phòng khi bạn trễ
fear trường chuyến tàu cuối cùng.)
that hợp

3. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ ( Clause of concession)

Diễn tả sự tương phản giữa điều kiện và hành động ở hai mệnh đề chính phụ, và
thường được dịch là “dù… vẫn…”.

Clause of concession Meaning Example

Although = Even Mặc dù Although we don’t tell her, she know

though = Though = about our secret.( Mặc dù chúng tôi
In spite of the fact không nói với cô ấy, cô ấy vẫn biết về bí
that mật của chúng ta.)

In spite of = Despite Mặc dù In spite of his broken leg, he still goes

+ N- phrase to school.( Mặc dù chân anh ấy bị gẫy,
anh ấy vẫn đến trường.)

No matter how + Mặc dù, No matter how inteligent he is, he is not

tính từ + chủ ngữ + cho dù hard.
tobe (Mặc dù cậu ấy thông minh nhưng mà
cậu ấy không chăm chỉ.)
No matter what / No matter who he is, he is not allowed
when / who / where to enter the area.
+ clause (Cho dù cậu ta là ai thì cậu ta không
được phép vào khu vực này.)
Whatever you do, I will support you.
(Bất cứ việc gì mà con làm, thì mej cũng
sẽ ủng hộ con.)

4. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả ( Clause of result)

Clause of result

Dùng để chỉ kết quả do hành động chính gây ra.

Clause of result Mean Example

ing

So + ( much/ many/ quá The road is so stuck that we can’t move.

…) adj/adv that …. ( Đường xá tắc nghẽn đến nỗi chúng tôi
clause… đến không thể di chuyển.)
nỗi…

Such + (a/ an) adj + quá It’s such a tasty disk that I still remember
N + that clause… …. its taste.( Nó ngon đến nỗi tôi vẫn nhớ
đến hương vị của nó.)
nỗi…

S + V + adv + Đủ để She is old enough to understand the story.

enough + (for làm gì (Cô ấy đủ lớn để hiểu chuyện đó.)
somebody) + to + V The boy is strong enough to lift the vase.
 (Cậu bé đủ khỏe để nâng cái bình lên)
S + to be + adj +
enough + (for
somebody) + to + V

S + to be + too + adj Quá The food is too hot for us to eat.

+ (for somebody) + đến (Thức ăn quá nóng đến nỗi chúng tôi không
to + V nỗi thể ăn được)
S + V + too + adv + không He drove too quickly for anyone to catch
(for somebody) + to thể him up.
+V làm gì
(Anh ta lái xe nhanh đến nỗi không ai đuổi
kịp anh ta.)

Exercise: Rewrite the sentences

1. John couldn’t get to sleep last night. He was worried about exam.
-> John was so ….
2. We shouldn’t swim in this river. The water isn’t clean.
-> This river isn’t …
3. No one could move the piano. It was very heavy.
-> The piano was too …
4. It was a good book. I couldn’t put it down.
-> It was such…
5. They were beautiful flowers. We took a photograph of them.
-> They were…

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
Exercise 1:
1. After she graduates, she ________ a job.
A. got B. will get C. had got D. get
2. When I _________ him tomorrow, I will ask him.
A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. see
3. As soon as it _________ raining, we will leave.
A. stops B. stop C. had stopped D. stopped
4. By the time he comes, we will have already __________.
A. leave B. leaving C. left D. leaves
5. Whenever I ________ her, I say hello.
A. see B. will see C. will have seen D. saw
6. The next time I go to New York, I am going ________ a ballet.
A. seeing B. see C. saw D. to see
7. I will never speak to him again so long as I _______.
A. lives B. will live C. am living D. live
8. By the time Bill ____ to bed tomorrow, he will have had a full day and will be
ready for sleep.
A. had gone B. will go C. goes D. went
9. As soon as I finish my report, I will call you and we ________ out for dinner.
A. went B. will go C. will have gone D. go
10. By the time I return to my country, I _________ away from home for more
than three years.
A. would be B. will have been C. will be D. am
11. After he _______ breakfast tomorrow, he will get ready to go to work.
A. will have had B. has C. will be having D. have
12. As soon as he finishes dinner, he _______ the children for a work to a
nearby playground.
A. will take B. takes C. will be taking D. took
13. When Bill gets home, his children ___________ in the yard.
A. played B. will play C. will be playing D. play
14. He will work at his desk until he ______ to another meeting in the middle of
the afternoon.
A. went B. go C. will go D. goes
15. She ________ lunch by the time we arrived.
A. finished B. has finished C. had finished D. finishing
16. Bob will come soon. When Bob _______, we will see him.
A. come B. will come C. will be coming D. comes

Exercise 2:
1. We met at the restaurant ______ 8 pm. at
2. The class is ____ 9am ______ Monday mornings. At/on
3. I like to drink coffee ______ the morning and tea ______ the afternoon.
In/in
4. We went out for dinner _____ last Wednesday.
5. She left London _____ the 4th of March. on
6. I had a party _____ my birthday. on
7. Lucy went to New York ______ New Year. at
8. We’re meeting _____ lunchtime _____ next Tuesday. At/o
9. The wine is ______ the bottle. in
10. Pass me the dictionary, it's ______ the bookshelf. on
11. Jennifer is ______ work. at
12. Berlin is ______ Germany. in
13. I like hiking………the mountain.
A. across B. along C.up D. around
14. Richard, watch out! Go…….the stair slowly.
A. up B. to C. through D. down
15. When you walk…….the street, you must pay attention to the car.
A. across B. through C. into D. onto
16. She has just jumped……..the pool.
A. down B. into C. along D. around
17. You must wear helmet whenever you ride a motorbike in case you fall……
A. out of B. across C.into D.off
18. Jf I had a lot of money, I would go travel…….the world.
A. to B. from C. up D. around
19. They are sailing……the river.
A. along B. down C. up D. to
20. They were skiing……..the hill when they heard an explosion.
A. into B. onto C. down D. to
21. The cat is running…….my legs.
A. through B. around C. from D. along
22. Where are you…..? Japan or Korea?
A. to B. off C. round D. from

Exercise 3.
1. I shouted in order that I could warn everybody of danger
a. I shouted to warn everybody of danger
b. I shouted so as to warn everybody of danger
c. I shouted so that to warn everybody of danger
d. a and b are correct
2. “I spoke slowly. The foreigner could understand me”. Means
a. I spoke slowly so that the foreigner could understand me
b. I spoke slowly in order to the foreigner could understand me.
c. I spoke slowly that the foreigner could understand me
d. I spoke slowly to make the foreigner could understand me
3. He had to explain the lesson very clearly…………………….
a. in order that his student to understand it
b. so that his students could understand it
c. so as his students to understand it
d. so that his students to understand it
4 He studies very hard ……………………………………
a. in order to fail the examination b. so that to get knowledge
c. so as not to pass examination d. in order that he could be illiterate
5 We have to start early…………………………we won’t be late
a. so that b. so as to c. because d. although
6. They were talking in whispers…………..nobody could hear them.
a. in order to b. so that c. in order that d. b and c are correct
7. He hurried to the station . He didn’t want to miss the train
a. he hurried to the station so that he couldn’t miss the train
b. he hurried to the station in order that he couldn’t miss the train
c. he hurried to the station not to miss the train
d. all are correct
8. She went to the library in order that she could borrow some books
a.she went to the library so as to borrow some books
b.she went to the library that she could borrow some books
c.she went to the library so that she could borrow some books
d. all are correct
9. The schoolboys are in hurry………………….they will not be late for school
a. so as to b. to c. in order that d. for

Exercise 4
1. It is ___________ that I would like to go to the beach.
a. such a nice weather b. too nice weather c. such nice weather d. such
weather nice
2. These are ____________ that I can’t finish them.
a. a such long assignments b. such long assignments
c. such a long assignments d. too long assignments
3. It is _________ that I have read it twice.
a. such an interesting book b. so interesting a book c. too interesting a book
d. a & b
4. He __________ I was scared.
a. drove too fast that b. drove so fastly that c. drove so fast that d.
drove such fast that
5. She dances ___________everybody adores her.
a. such beautifully that b. so beautiful that c. so beautifully that d.
too beautifully that
6. It is ___________to go swimming
a. too cold b. so cold c. such a cold d. enough cold that
7. Jane is __________ to do this exercise.
a. no intelligence enough b. not intelligent enough
c. not enough intelligent d. so intelligent enough
8. I am __________ a car.
a. not rich enough to buy b. too rich enough to buy c. too poor to buy d.a & c
9. It’s __________ home from here.
a. too far walking b. too far for walking c. far to walk, too d. too
far to walk
10. The bed isn’t clean enough __________
a. to lie in it b. to lie in c. for lying in d. in which to lie

Exercise 5:
1. ______ the internet is very popular, many older people do not know how to
use it.
A. However B. Nevertheless C. Even though D. Despite
2. ______ he wasn’t feeling very well, David was determined to take part in the
inter-university athletics meet.
A. Although B. While C. Where as D. yet
3. _______ what Megan prepared for the job interview, she didn’t pass it.
A. Despite of B. In spite of C. Though D. However
4. Bruce was not praised _______ he was a hard worker.
A. despite B. in spite of C. although D. no matter how
5. It looks like they are going to succeed _______ their present difficulties.
A. despite B. although C. in spite D. even though
6. Mary usually goes to parties. She likes meeting people and crowded places
___she is rather shy.
A. In spite of B. Even though C. On the contrary D. In other words
7. Ann: Have you decided to get the job? Terry: Yes, I’ve just decided. I’ll
accept that job______ it is not suitable with my major. It is not an interesting
job, _______ the salary is very good.
A. although / but B. despite / and C. but / though D. yet / however
8. _______, he has continued to work on his thesis.
A. Although all these problems B. Even though there are problems
C. Despite of all these problems D. In spite of there are problems
9. In spite of _________, he was determined to finish his work.
A. was seriously ill. B. be seriously ill C. his serious illness D. he was
seriously ill
10. _______ some German and British management styles are similar, there are
many differences between them.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. although D. Despite
11. I could not eat _______ I was very hungry.
A. even though B. in spite C. despite D. despite of
12. In spite _______, the baseball game was not cancelled.
A. the rain B. of the rain C. it was raining D. there was a rain
13. _______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite D. Although
14. My sister will take the plane .... she dislikes flying.
A. because B. so that C. although D. before
15. We decided to leave the party early .... it was boring.
A. due to B. because C. but D. and
16. The students arrived late ... the traffic jam.
A. because B. owing to C. despite D. so
17. ... he missed the first bus, he came ten minutes late.
A. Since B. Although C. However D. Therefore
18. .... his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
A. In spite of B. Because of C. If D. Although
19. It was difficult to deliver the letter .... the sender had written the wrong
address on the envelope.
A. though B. but C. so D. because
20.... it rained heavily, I went to school on time.
A. However B. But C. Although D. Because
21. He didn’t answer the questions correctly _______.
A. although he isn’t intelligent B. because he is intelligent
C. in spite of his intelligence D. despite his intelligent
22. ______, I can’t hear what he is saying.
A. Because of the noise B. Because of the soft music
C. Though the music is noise D. In spite of the noise music
23. _____, I feel very refresh.
A. Because I work very hard B. Although I get up early
C. Because of getting up early D. Despite getting up late