𝑆𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑠 # 3

1.What is the rationale behind Value Engineering? What caused this approach to be developed in our
economic system? What realities are responsible for creating the need for it?

- Value engineering may be broadly defined as an organized approach in identifying

unnecessary costs in design and construction and in soliciting or proposing alternative design or
construction technology to reduce costs without sacrificing quality or performance
requirements. It usually involves the steps of gathering pertinent information, searching for
creative ideas, evaluating the promising alternatives, and proposing a more cost-effective
alternative. This approach is usually applied at the beginning of the construction phase of the
project life cycle.

The use of value engineering in the public sector of construction has been fostered by
legislation and government regulation, but the approach has not been widely adopted in the
private sector of construction. One explanation may lie in the difference in practice of
engineering design services in the public and private sectors. In the public sector, the fee for
design services is tightly monitored against the "market price," or may even be based on the
lowest bid for service. Such a practice in setting professional fees encourages the design
professionals to adopt known and tried designs and construction technologies without giving
much thought to alternatives that are innovative but risky. Contractors are willing to examine
such alternatives when offered incentives for sharing the savings by owners. In the private
sector, the owner has the freedom to offer such incentives to design professionals as well as the
contractors without being concerned about the appearance of favoritism in engaging
professional services.

2. Einstein said that when there is a problem to be solved, "Creativity is more important than
knowledge.” To meet real life situations, the strategy of value engineering must: 1. Provide logic. 2.
Communicate emotionally in credible terms. 3. Identify new types of knowledge needed. 4. Provide
search techniques that will find that knowledge efficiently. 5. Cause creativity that will usefully combine
the knowledge from diverse sources. State comprehensibly your conformity or non-conformity in the
afore mentioned claims.

-I believe on the afore mentioned claims by Einstein for it is really needed for a value
engineering to have all of these 1 to 5 arguments for having this knowledge can lead to success
Provide logic. 2. Communicate emotionally in credible terms. 3. Identify new types of knowledge
needed. 4. Provide search techniques that will find that knowledge efficiently. 5. Cause creativity
that will usefully combine the knowledge from diverse sources. These 5 can be uses to be a good
value engineering

3. Articulate more in the notion that one has a strong tendency to decide along lines of feeling without
intense logical exploration, which might develop an opposite logic.
 - To wonder too openly, or intensely, about the meaning of life sounds like a peculiar, ill-fated
and unintentionally comedic pastime. It is not anything an ordinary mortal should be doing or would get
very far by doing. A select few might be equipped to take on the task and discover the answer in their
own lives, but such ambition is not for most of us. Meaningful lives are for extraordinary people: great
saints, artists, scholars, scientists, doctors, activists, explorers, national leader. If ever we did discover
the meaning, it would we suspect in any case be incomprehensible, perhaps written in Latin or in
computer code. It would not be anything that could orient or illuminate our activities. Without always
acknowledging it, we are in the background operating with a remarkably ungenerous perspective on the
meaning of life.

4. When value engineering becomes a reality in a project there will inevitably be challenges. Explain the
undertakings that should be framed to maintain the outlook of delivering the endeavor completely.

-It has often been said that any Company which is not changing and developing is in fact
dying, and this is equally true in the field of technology, where lack of change and improvement
is the hallmark of a moribund technique. It must therefore be a matter of some concern to those
concerned with Value Engineering, that the ideas and methods at present being taught have
developed. It is true that a little work has been done on Theoretical Evaluation of Function
(T.E.F.) techniques, and these have added a little to the value engineer's armory. It is even more
true that all the basic problems of roadblocks, habits of thought, and all the obstacles to
implementing new ideas are still with us.

5. There has also been a huge advancement in software to support Value Engineering, which now has
access to a sophisticated new set of economics software tools. Expound the insights brought about by
these advances in technology in construction industry.

-In the recent past many construction professionals have viewed value engineering as a
way to keep projects on budget, but the full meaning of the term has been diluted. In recent
years however, the construction industry has been forced to re-evaluate its approach to value
engineering and look to bring true value back into the process. With the rising popularity of
design-build lump sum or best value contracts, contractors have an opportunity to act as project
champions for their clients. They can seek out efficiencies between building systems, instead of
squeezing each system to the detriment of the whole project. The introduction of more value
engineering workshops has had a big impact on the industry, allowing construction professionals
to examine the functionality sought for a project and identify any mismatches between
functions, project goals and the budget. Such workshops have helped to demonstrate the
opportunities to improve the project through value engineering and how to price out those
improvements while considering operational costs and any synergies between them. Clients can
now confidently discuss with their design teams where additional costs might deliver added
value and which capital cost reductions would likely cost them more money over time. While
forecasts of lifecycle costs aren’t always perfect, the analysis still produces a relative idea of
which strategies would be worth the investment over time.
6. How the changes in today's industrial workforce present hazards that are different from those
presented a decade or so ago.

-The workplace has changed in a number of ways that may be important both to the
future workplace and to the drawing of inferences about how these changes are likely to affect
the future training needs of OSH personnel. Several factors are prominent in the changing
workplace. The rapid growth of the number of jobs and the greater proportion of jobs in the
service sector are important changes. Another important change is the changing nature of the
relationship of the worker to the workplace, in that this relationship is increasingly less
permanent or long term. These changes mean that delivery of OSH training may need to be
more associated with the worker and not necessarily delivered just at the workplace. The U.S.
economy has been very dynamic over the last decade with respect to the labor market. It has,
for instance, continued its pattern of remarkable job growth by expanding by nearly 18 percent
and adding more than 20 million jobs over the period from 1988 to 1998. Although noteworthy
in itself and the envy of much of the industrial world, this dynamic growth has been
accompanied by significant job market restructuring. The industrial and occupational structures
of the U.S. economy are different in important ways from those of a decade earlier.

7. How do recent trends in mergers, acquisitions, divestitures, and globalization tend to enhance
business volatility that significantly affect the nature and intensity of hazards.

-It is reasonable to state that digital controls, in general, reduce maintenance-related

hazards of the analog systems. However, as may be anticipated, they present a different set of
safety issues. Similarly, changes in today's industrial workforce present hazards that are
different from those presented a decade or so ago. Th us, although PHA methodologies remain
essentially unchanged, their emphasis on sources and intensities of hazards changes. Proper
consideration of societal and technological changes ("soft" and "hard" issues) will help ensure
that a PHA identifies and addresses hazards effectively.

8. Conceptualize the thrust of process instrumentation, control, and developments in safety systems.

- To minimize risk, these agencies generally need extensive documentation of process

design, operation, maintenance, training, and plant renovations. Compliance with regulations
often requires formal company safety and operation review. Techniques such as a Hazard and
Operability (HAZOP) study, Hazard Analysis (HAZAN), or Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) can reveal
potential operating and safety-related design problems. A hazard study may disclose, for
example, that a plant should implement a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) to properly
minimize a potentially hazardous process condition. Instrumented systems designed to protect
the plant differ significantly from systems designed for basic process control. Safety
instrumented systems continuously monitor selected variables but remain inoperative until an
abnormal and possibly dangerous condition arises. To function successfully, a SIS requires a
higher level of performance and diagnostics than normally needed by general-purpose process
 control equipment. Additionally, plants often specifically identify safety systems, and physically
separate them from general-purpose control systems.

9. Provide your assimilated vantage views confines within the thoughts put forward through the ensuing
statement. “The use of silly and meaningless safety language matters, it creates a distraction and
delusion that safety and risk are being addressed. We may feel good about speaking such words but
they dumb down culture and distract people from taking safety seriously”.

-Hindsight bias is a wonderful thing, it makes us all experts after the event. This saying
“all injuries are preventable’ is silly because it ignores human fallibility and creates a climate for
blame. Of course mistakes are understood after the event, this is why we call it hindsight bias.
Hindsight bias creates a condition of superiority in the witness and a sense of inferiority in the
victim. Such language is called a truism, it’s like saying ‘I was born from my parents’ or ‘I have a
heart’. Then when an incident happens or an investigation is conducted, we start looking for
what the person did wrong to not ‘prevent’ the event. Of course, we would have if we were in
the same situation.

10. Albert Einstein says it best, “If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for
reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed.” What are the greater implications of the antecedent statements
relative to Value Engineering, Safety Engineering, and the entrepreneurial venture as a whole.

value engineering contributes to the process of obtaining an optimal solution to the design
problem of a building project Public for Public Use It is a communication tool. It translates the need,
want, and desire of the customers. It is called the heart of the technique. Everything has been created to
serve a certain purpose. The purpose is termed as function. In this technique, functions can be evolved
by asking certain questions like, ‘What is it?’ and ‘What does it do?’

It is a system for construction, a systematic way of identifying hazards and managing risks
relating to the construction workplace. Risk management procedures to keep risk from hazards down to
acceptable levels (which may in some cases mean a level of zero). Safety Management A safe and
healthy workplace not only protects workers from injury and illness, it can also lower injury/illness costs,
reduce absenteeism and turnover, increase productivity and quality, and raise employee morale. In
other words, safety is good for business. Plus, protecting workers is the right thing to do. Safety
management is an organizational function, which ensures that all safety risks have been identified,
assessed, and satisfactorily mitigated.