Section-14 DURABILITY R1 PDF

IRC:112-2011
BSEC SECTION 14 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS BSEC
CONTENT OF PRESENTATION
NEW UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE
Limit State Version (IRC:112-2011) 1. Historical Perspective, Definitions
SECTION 14 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS
2 Deterioration
2. D t i ti Mechanism
M h i
ALOK BHOWMICK
MANAGING DIRECTOR,
B & S ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.
315-316, VISHAL CHAMBERS, SECTOR 18, NOIDA U.P 3. Design for Durability
4. Good Detailing practice from Durability

Considerations
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
SECTION 14 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS BSEC HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BSEC
CONTENT OF PRESENTATION • Untill about 30 years ago, durability was

not seen as a serious issue for concrete.
1. Historical Perspective, Definitions
2 Deterioration
M h i • Durability became an issue only when
following problems were noted all over
3. Design for Durability the world :
4. Good Detailing practice from Durability 1. Very serious deterioration of bridge decks in
Considerations USA, UK and all other countries due to corrosion
of reinforcement, due to use of de-icing salt in
bridge decks in winter.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
SECTION 14 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS SECTION 14 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BSEC HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BSEC
2. Major deterioration in problems in the Middle

East due to chloride induced corrosion in a
particularly aggressive environment.
3. Severe cracking in structures in many countries

resulting from alkali-silica reaction Deterioration
in Bridges
from
durability
reasons
1
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
WHAT IS DURABILITY ?
Durability of concrete is its ability to
resist weathering action, chemical
attack, abrasion or any process of
deterioration. The cause may reside
inside the concrete itself, or be
present in the service environment
to which the concrete structure is
exposed’.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Durability Requirements : WHY DURABILITY CONSIDERATIONS ARE

IMPORTANT FOR CONCRETE ?
‘Fulfilment of the requirements of • Concrete property changes with time.

structural
t t l safety
f t and
d serviceability,
i bilit • It is no longer sufficient for the structure to have only
within the planned use and the “Strength”. The structure shall last also.
foreseeable actions, without • So far the practice had been to provide a few deemed
unforeseen expenditure on to satisfy clauses in the code to ensure durability (e,g.
maintenance and repair’. On minimum cover, crack width control, maximum spacing
of rebars, minimum concrete grade, minimum cement
content, maximum w/c ratio …etc.)
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
1. DEEMED TO SATISFY CLAUSE SUFFERS FROM • The LS code has given more importance to durability, in
FOLLOWING : line with the present international practices. The
structure has to be designed for durability. Durability is
• Fails to acknowledge that structures deteriorate covered exclusively in a separate chapter now (section
progressively.
p g y 14).
• Takes limited account of impact of conceptual & • Classification of Service Environment – Four classes
detailed design, construction quality and methods. defined now as against Two earlier.
• Has limited flexibility. • Design Service life has been accounted for in the
provisions of durability.
2. The new code has defined the end of service life,
which demands that structure must be designed for • Additional provisions for specific mechanism of
durability. deterioration added.
2
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BSEC SECTION 14 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS BSEC
Factors affecting Durability CONTENT OF PRESENTATION
• Service Environment 1. Historical Perspective, Definitions
• Detailing (Cover,
(Cover Shape & Size) 2 Deterioration
M h i
• Construction Method (Workmanship) 3. Design for Durability
• Type & Quality of Materials used
• Cement Content & W/C ratio Considerations
• Repair & Maintenance
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
DETERIORATION MECHANISM BSEC DETERIORATION MECHANISM BSEC
Concrete Deterioration
Most serious form of
degradation of Concrete
1. Since the maximum damage caused in
Mechanism
RCC structures worldwide is primarily
due to corrosion of reinforcement, the
Mechanical &
Physical
Chemical / Reinforcement / environmental classification in IRC code
Biological Prestressing Steel
Deterioration Deterioration Corrosion is based on specific mechanism of
duration (i,e. corrosion only).
Alkali - Aggregate
Frost
Abrasion Reaction Carbonation Chlorides
Attack
Erosion Impact
Acid Sulphate
2. However, relative importance of the
Plastic
Shrinkage
Thermal Attack Attack
Depassivation
various mechanism of deterioration will
Effects
Chloride CO2 vary from region to region.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
3. Most of the reactions in concrete, which The deterioration process can be divided
causes deterioration are expansion - into two phases :
producing and presence of water or
moisture is required
required. • During the initiation phase no weakening
of the concrete or of the function of the
4. For ensuring durability, It is therefore structure occurs.
important that ingress of moisture in
concrete is restricted to the extent • During the propagation phase active
possible. deteriorations proceeds rapidly and in
many cases with acceleration.
3
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
1. A durable Limitt of acceptable damage WHAT IS DESIGN SERVICE LIFE OF A STRUCTURE ?

concrete
structure has a The assumed period for which a structure is to be used for
long initiation
its intended purposes with anticipatory maintenance, but
phase and a slow DESIGN SERVICE LIFE
propagation
p p g without major repair being necessary.
phase.
What is the end of Service Life ?
2. The ideal (Not defined properly in IRC:112-2011)
situation by
design of new
structure is if the
initiation phase
goes upto say 50
years !
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Mechanism
Mechanical & Chemical Reinforcement /

Physical Prestressing Steel
Deterioration Deterioration
Corrosion
Alkali - Aggregate
There is need to precisely define Frost
the condition which can be treated Attack
as “end of service life”. Erosion Impact
Acid Sulphate
Plastic Thermal Depassivation
This can be either in the form of % Shrinkage
Attack Attack
Effects
depassivation or surface cracking
Chloride CO2
or spalling of concrete cover.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Physical Deterioration : ABRASION / EROSION / CAVITATION :
ABRASION / EROSION / CAVITATION :
• RESISTANCE TO ABRASION CAN BE OBTAINED BY :

• USING HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
• USING ABRASION RESISTANT AGGREGATES
• GOOD CURING
4
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
• GALVANISATION / EPOXY COATINGS IN

REBARS SHALL BE ABRASION RESISTANT
SO THAT THERE ARE NO DAMAGE CAUSED
DURING HANDLING / PLACEMENT.
• COATINGS IN PRESTRESSING STEEL SHALL

ALSO BE ABRASION RESISTANT.
• ABRASION RESISTANCE IS ALSO A

REQUIREMENT FOR THE SHEATHING DUCTS
BEING USED. Abrasion Damage in
Concrete
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Physical Deterioration : FROST ATTACK ….contd.

FROST ATTACK : 4. With the addition of an air
entrainment admixture,
1. Capillary
p y p
pore water in concrete expands
p by
y 9% concrete is highly resistant to
after freezing, and produces strong pressure which freezing and thawing.
causes failure, rupture and scaling.
5. During freezing, the water displaced by ice
2. Saturation of water is formulated due to repeated
freezing and thawing. When it reaches the critical formation in the paste is accommodated so that
saturation, concrete will be destroyed by freezing. it is not disruptive; the microscopic air bubbles
in the paste provide chambers for the water to
3. The effective way to prevent freezing and thawing enter and thus relieve the hydraullic pressure
destruction is to add chemical air-entraining agent. generated.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
FROST ATTACK ….contd.

6. Concrete with a low water-cement ratio
(0.40 or lower) is more durable than
concrete with a high water-cement ratio
(0.50 or higher).
7. Air-entrained concrete with a low water-

cement ratio and an air content of 5 to 8%
will withstand a great number of cycles of
freezing and thawing without distress. Freeze & Thaw Effect
5
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Chemical Deterioration :
Mechanism ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION (AAR) :
CERTAIN CONSTITUENTS IN AGGREGATES CAN

Mechanical & Chemical Reinforcement / REACT HARMFULLY WITH ALKALI HYDROXIDES IN
Physical
Prestressing Steel
Corrosion
CONCRETE CAUSING SIGNIFICANT EXPANSIONS.
THERE ARE THREE FORMS OF THIS REACTION:
Alkali - Aggregate
Abrasion
Frost
Attack Reaction Carbonation Chlorides 1. ALKALI SILICA REACTION (ASR)
Erosion Impact
Plastic
Acid Sulphate
Depassivation 2. ALKALI CARBONATE REACTION (ACR)
Thermal Attack Attack
Shrinkage Effects
Chloride CO2 3. DELAYED ENTRINGITE FORMATION (DEF)
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Chemical Deterioration : AAR Mechanism :

ALKALI SILICA REACTION (ASR):
• ASR is chemical reaction between alkali in cement • The reaction can be visualized as a two-step
and silica in aggregates.
aggregates process:
• Alkali is sodium or potassium – Alkali hydroxide + reactive silica gel →
alkali-silica gel
• A gel is formed and expansion takes place in
– Alkali-silica gel + moisture → expansion
presence of moisture, which comes from rain water.
• Concrete forms surface cracks called map cracking
The reaction has great affinity for moisture
• Deterioration is caused by spalling.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Chemical Deterioration : AAR
CONTROL OF ASR:
• USE OF LOW ALKALI PORTLAND CEMENT (LESS
THAN 0.6% EQUIVALENT Na2O) WHEN ALKALI SILICA
REACTIVE CONSTITUENTS ARE SUSPECTED TO BE
PRESENT IN THE AGGREGATE.
• IF LOW ALKALI CEMENT IS NOT AVAILABLE, THE

TOTAL ALKALI CONTENT CAN BE REDUCED BY
REPLACING A PART OF HIGH ALKALI CEMENT WITH
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS SUCH
AS FLY ASH, GROUND BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND
SILICA FUME, OR USE BLENDED CEMENT. Alkali Silica Reaction
6
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
• Utilization of silica
fume, fly ash, and blast
furnace slag as partial
replacement of cement
will reduce the
expansion.
Photographs showing repair of Bridges affected by Alkali-

Alkali-
Silica Reactions
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Chemical Deterioration : AAR Effects of Chemical Deterioration : AAR

ALKALI CARBONATE REACTION (ACR): ALKALI CARBONATE REACTION (ACR):
• THE AGGREGATES [DOLOMITE - CALCIUM • ACR IS A CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN
MAGNE-SIUM CARBONATE] HAVE SPECIFIC HYDROXYL IONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ALKALIS,
COMPOSITION THAT IS NOT VERY COMMON. SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE CEMENT AND
CERTAIN DOLOMITIC TEXTURES IN THE
AGGREGATE RESULTING IN EXPANSION AND
EVENTUALLY CRACKING OF THE HARDENED
CONCRETE. (ACR is not as widespread as ASR)
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Chemical Deterioration : Effects of Chemical Deterioration :

Sulphate Attack
ACID ATTACK
Sulfate attack can be ‘external’ or ‘internal’.
Concrete is susceptible
p to acid attack because of
External: due to penetration of sulfates in solution,
its alkaline nature. The components of the cement
in groundwater for example, into the concrete from
paste breaks down during contact with acids. outside.
Internal: due to a soluble source being incorporated

Sulphuric acid is very damaging to concrete as it into the concrete at the time of mixing, (e,g.
gypsum in the aggregate, for example).
combines an acid attack and a sulfate attack.
7
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Chemical Deterioration :

DELAYED ENTRINGITE FORMATION
• SPECIAL TYPE OF INTERNAL SULPHATE ATTACK

IS CALLED DELAYED ENTRINGITE FORMATION.
• THE RELATED EXPANSION PRODUCES CRACKING,
SPALLING & STRENGTH LOSS, SINCE IT OCCURS
IN HARDENED CONCRETE.
• ITS DAMAGING EFFECT IS RELATED TO INTERNAL
SULPHATE SOURCE
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Chemical Deterioration : Sulphate Attack Effects of Chemical Deterioration : Sulphate Attack
• External Sulfate attack is possibly the most common • Sulfate attack occurs as a chemical reaction of
and widespread form of chemical attack on concrete. sulfate ions (aggressive substance) with the
In case soluble sulphates is >0.1% in soil, it will have
aluminate component of the hardened concrete
detrimental affect on concrete
concrete. More than 00.5%
5% is very
(reactive substance).
dangerous.
• Damage caused by sulfate attack normally occurs as • Sulfate attack may also occur as a physical
cracking, crumbling and scaling of the concrete. In attack on concrete due to the crystallization of
addition to physical deterioration, sulfate attack may sulfate salts within the cement matrix. Regions
also destroy the binding capability of the cement, of concrete structures experiencing sulfate
thus affecting the mechanical properties of the attack normally display a characteristic whitish
concrete (strength, elastic modulus). appearance.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Effects of Chemical Deterioration : Sulphate Attack

• Damage is usually initiated in areas most
susceptible to the ingress of contaminants, such
as corners and edges
g of concrete elements. As
the attack progresses, extensive cracking and
spalling of the concrete may occur.
8
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Concrete Deterioration Corrosion

Mechanism
occurs due to
de-passivation
Mechanical & Chemical Reinforcement /
of iron-oxide
Physical
Prestressing Steel
Corrosion
layer – alkaline
environment
Frost
Alkali - Aggregate surrounding the
Attack
reinforcement.
Erosion Impact
Acid Sulphate
Depassivation
Plastic Thermal Attack Attack
Shrinkage Effects
Chloride CO2
Corrosion – Most serious form of deterioration in Concrete
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
DETERIORATION MECHANISM BSEC BSEC
DETERIORATION MECHANISM
1. Passivity can be destroyed by chlorides and Chlorine ions penetrate to the surface of reinforcing bars
carbonation. from the protective layer,destroy passive film, and change
bars from passive state into active state.
2. Once the passivity of steel has been eroded, corrosion
yg
will continue if there is sufficient moisture and oxygen
present at the reinforcement.
3. Corrosion requires both water and oxygen. When

concrete is wet, oxygen penetration is inhibited In very
dry conditions, where oxygen levels are sufficient,
moisture levels are low.
4. The greatest risk of corrosion is therefore in members

subjected to cyclic wetting and drying.
9
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Carbonation :
1. Atmospheric CO2 is converted to carbonic acid (H2CO3) in
the presence of moisture, which attacks hydrated cement
paste;
t this
thi is
i called
ll d carbonation.
b ti
2. Carbonation lowers the pH value of concrete and reduces

the protection to steel by the alkalinity of the surrounding
• Cracking medium.
• De-lamination
• Spalling of cover
3. Rate of Carbonation depends upon the concrete grade,
relative humidity & integration of concrete in cover zone
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
CORROSION PROTECTION MECHANISM & METHODS
Prevent entry at
concrete surface.
If penetrates
concrete surface,
prevent reaching
the reinforcement
If reaches reinft.,
Graph showing variation control corrosion
of Carbonation Depth Best is to avoid
reactive substance
with Time itself !
10
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
SECTION 14 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS BSEC BSEC
DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
CONTENT OF PRESENTATION 1. The first step is to establish the
aggressiveness of the service environment
1. Historical Perspective, Definitions (exposure conditions).
2 D
2. Deterioration
t i ti Mechanism
M h i and
d Factors
F t
In deciding the appropriate class of service
influencing Durability
environment, the following factors are to be
3. Design for Durability taken into account (fib, 2009):
4. Good Detailing practice from Durability a. The general environmental conditions of the
Considerations area in which the structure is situated,
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
DESIGN FOR DURABILITY BSEC DESIGN FOR DURABILITY BSEC
b. The specific location and orientation of the 2. To select the type of structure suitable for the
concrete surface being considered and its chosen service environment.
exposure to prevailing winds, rainfall etc.,
c. Localised conditions such as surface 3. To select the appropriate materials, mix

ponding, exposure to surface runoff and
proportions, workmanship, design and
spray, aggressive agents, regular wetting,
detailing, including minimum cover to steel
condensation etc.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
4. There are four categories :

• Moderate,
• Severe,
• Very
y Severe and
• Extreme;
This is in increasing order of likelihood of
chloride-induced corrosion and
carbonation - induced corrosion, depending
on the chances of carbonation and ingress of
chloride ions from outside.
11
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Not Sea Water !! 1. ‘Severe’ category is for situations, where presence

‘Moderate’ category
g y is for situations where the of moisture (wet, rarely dry) and some carbonation
chances of carbonation are insignificant because under humid conditions can lead to corrosion of
the pores of concrete are either saturated or dry. steel.
No ingress of chloride from external sources is
anticipated. Inadequate workmanship can lead to 2. Wet, rarely dry includes concrete surfaces subject
corrosion of steel. Provision is also made against to long term water contact and many foundations.
attack by other deleterious chemical agents, Concrete exposed to coastal environment can have
access to chloride ions increasing the risk of
which are facilitated by the presence of moisture.
chloride-induced corrosion.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
1. When the relative humidity is between 50 to 70 percent,

3. Concrete components exposed to industrial the chances of carbonation are very high. Exposure to
waters
t containing
t i i chloride
hl id will
ill be
b included
i l d d in
i this
thi air-borne chloride ions in marine environment add
category. significantly to the risk of chloride-induced corrosion.
4. In spite of presence of significant amount of 2. Such exposure conditions are termed ‘very severe’.
Saturated concrete subjected to cyclic freezing and
chloride ions in sea water, risk of corrosion in
thawing is prone to effects of expansion due to
concrete completely submerged in sea water formation of ice, leading to spalling. Such conditions
below mid-tide level is comparatively less are anticipated in few areas in the colder regions of the
because of paucity of oxygen. country.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
2. Concrete in direct contact with aggressive sub-

1 Extreme’
1. Extreme category is for conditions
conditions, where the risk soil/ground water can lead to severe attack to
of corrosion of steel and sulphate attack are the concrete in foundations, without being accessible to
highest in concrete exposed to tidal, splash and periodic inspection and maintenance.
spray zones in sea, because of accumulation of
salts in the pores and accompanied by damage due 3. If harmful effluents from nearby chemical industries
to wave action. are discharged into the water body, where the bridge
is situated, it poses serious threat to the durability of
concrete. Cyclic wet and dry conditions allow
accumulation and build up of deleterious agencies.
12
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Clear cover to any reinft.
Example of
a structure
in
“Extreme”
climatic
condition
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Cover can be 1. The values of minimum strength grade in

reduced by
opting for HPC Table 14.2 are those which can be
(M30 to M90) generally expected with the
In case of corresponding water cement ratio and
blended
cement. with the cements or binders available in
Reinft. has
India.
secondary
role in PCC
2. So, the minimum strength grade specified
is an indirect control on the durability
parameters.
IRC:112-2011 IRC:112-2011
Adjustment for other Aggregate size
13
IRC:112-2011 UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE
DESIGN FOR DURABILITY BSEC PART 4 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS BSEC
CONTENT OF PRESENTATION
1. Historical Perspective, Definitions
2 D
2. Deterioration
t i ti Mechanism
M h i and
d Factors
F t
influencing Durability
3. Design for Durability

Considerations
UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE

PART 4 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS PART 4 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS
GOOD DETAILING PRACTICE BSEC GOOD DETAILING PRACTICE BSEC
Detailing to improve Durability : Structural Scheme :

Example: Avoid Permanent Joints and Bearings, e.g. Integral Bridges
1. Structural Scheme
2. Geometry, Size & Shape of Structure (to promote good drainage)
3. Drainage, Detailing for better Drainage
4. Reinforcement Detailing
5. Use of Controlled Permeability Formwork (CPF)
6. Protective Coatings in Concrete
7. Choice of Rebar Coating
8. Corrosion protection of Prestressing Steel

Geometry, Size & Shape effects Durability : Drainage : Most Important for Durability
Pier with lesser surface area / volume ratio is preferred
14
Drainage :
Avoid Horizontal Surface in Substructure Detail to
promote quick run-off
(e,g top of pier cap to be sloped outside)
Poor Drainage :
Severe distress due to
corrosion induced by defective
expansion joint detail

Reinforcement Detailing : Controlled Permeability Formwork :

1. The properties of ‘surface skin’ (the cover),
which is the “first line of defence” to
protect reinforcement, remain poorer.
2. Conventional steel or timber formwork is

essentially impermeable and traps the
entrapped air and water that migrate
towards the formwork during compaction.

Controlled Permeability Formwork : Concrete Formwork: With Zemdrain® Vs Conventional
3. The resultant water/cement ratio in the

cover zone is higher than in the bulk, and
forms a weak link; having lower resistance
to the ingress of air, water and CO2 etc.
from the service environment.
4. Use of CPF helps to improve durability.

Reduced W/C of 0.20 - 0.25 from Bulk W/C of 0.35,
In another case, reduced w/c to- 0.40 / 0.35 from 0.50 bulk.
15
Coatings in Concrete : Coatings in Concrete :
1. Coatings are sometimes given : 2. With the advancement in the polymer technology,
materials are available which can be used as protective
• To protect it from chemical and physical attack. coatings in concrete.
• To protect products stored or processed indirect 3. Some of the polymers available are Epoxy resin,
contact with the concrete from contamination caused Polyurethane resin, Acrylic resin, Polyester resin,
by dust from the substrate. silicone resin, silane / siloxane acrylic blend primer with
a pigmented acrylic top coat..
• To improve its appearance, case of maintenance.
4. Suitability of the coating system and cost are important
factors in deciding about coatings.

COATING ON REBAR : As per MORTH

COST COMPARISON ON REBAR COATING Guideline issued in
Jan-2000, for regions
Material Cost Ratio within 15 Km radius of
the coast, FBEC bars
Rebar without Coating 1.0 shall be used for
Rebar with FBEC 1.3 Bridges.
Rebar with Hot-dip
1.5
Galvanized Coating
Solid Stainless Steel
Corrossivity
Rebar(316)
5.0
Map of India

Protection Levels for pt-tendons based on aggressivity /

exposure vs. structural protection layers
Source:
fib bulletin 33
16
BSEC
THANK
YOU
17

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IRC:112-2011

BSEC SECTION 14 : DURABILITY PROVISIONS BSEC

4. Good Detailing practice from Durability

CONTENT OF PRESENTATION • Untill about 30 years ago, durability was

2. Major deterioration in problems in the Middle

3. Severe cracking in structures in many countries

Durability Requirements : WHY DURABILITY CONSIDERATIONS ARE

‘Fulfilment of the requirements of • Concrete property changes with time.

Factors affecting Durability CONTENT OF PRESENTATION

• Service Environment 1. Historical Perspective, Definitions

1. A durable Limitt of acceptable damage WHAT IS DESIGN SERVICE LIFE OF A STRUCTURE ?

Mechanical & Chemical Reinforcement /

Effects of Physical Deterioration : ABRASION / EROSION / CAVITATION :

ABRASION / EROSION / CAVITATION :

• RESISTANCE TO ABRASION CAN BE OBTAINED BY :

• GALVANISATION / EPOXY COATINGS IN

• COATINGS IN PRESTRESSING STEEL SHALL

• ABRASION RESISTANCE IS ALSO A

Effects of Physical Deterioration : FROST ATTACK ….contd.

FROST ATTACK ….contd.

7. Air-entrained concrete with a low water-

CERTAIN CONSTITUENTS IN AGGREGATES CAN

Effects of Chemical Deterioration : AAR Mechanism :

Effects of Chemical Deterioration : AAR

• IF LOW ALKALI CEMENT IS NOT AVAILABLE, THE

Photographs showing repair of Bridges affected by Alkali-

Effects of Chemical Deterioration : AAR Effects of Chemical Deterioration : AAR

• THE AGGREGATES [DOLOMITE - CALCIUM • ACR IS A CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN

CONCRETE. (ACR is not as widespread as ASR)

Effects of Chemical Deterioration : Effects of Chemical Deterioration :

Internal: due to a soluble source being incorporated

Effects of Chemical Deterioration :

• SPECIAL TYPE OF INTERNAL SULPHATE ATTACK

Effects of Chemical Deterioration : Sulphate Attack

Concrete Deterioration Corrosion

3. Corrosion requires both water and oxygen. When

4. The greatest risk of corrosion is therefore in members

2. Carbonation lowers the pH value of concrete and reduces

CORROSION PROTECTION MECHANISM & METHODS

c. Localised conditions such as surface 3. To select the appropriate materials, mix

4. There are four categories :

Not Sea Water !! 1. ‘Severe’ category is for situations, where presence

1. When the relative humidity is between 50 to 70 percent,

2. Concrete in direct contact with aggressive sub-

Clear cover to any reinft.

Cover can be 1. The values of minimum strength grade in

Adjustment for other Aggregate size

1. Historical Perspective, Definitions

3. Design for Durability

4. Good Detailing practice from Durability

UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE

Detailing to improve Durability : Structural Scheme :

UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE

Pier with lesser surface area / volume ratio is preferred

UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE

Reinforcement Detailing : Controlled Permeability Formwork :

2. Conventional steel or timber formwork is

UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE

Controlled Permeability Formwork : Concrete Formwork: With Zemdrain® Vs Conventional

3. The resultant water/cement ratio in the

4. Use of CPF helps to improve durability.

Coatings in Concrete : Coatings in Concrete :

UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE UNIFIED CONCRETE CODE