Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS SHORT QUESTIONS ‘Q.1- What is meant by radical and radicands? Ans. _ Let a" be a real number and "n" be a positive integer . i then(a’”) may be written as Wa. Pere Yaris called. radical of index "i" and "a" is called radicand. Exarnple:- . a!” = fa,Ja is called radical of order 2. = Ya,a is called radical of order 3. Q.2- oe conjugate radicals of order 2? Ans. (va+ vb) and (Ja - vb) are conjugate radicals to each other the product of two conjugates is always a rational number. Q.3- Simplify x! + Solution:- yl og 28 “5/12 I ax? 2Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 144 Q.4- Express 927," i in exponential form? Solution:- : Yam far!” =[3 xy? 2 gh plus =3x° Ans, Q.5- Simplify /1 vis x 364? Solution:- N18 x¥64 = 18)!” x64)" = (9x 2)? x (2x32)! ee = gle x 2h? xs x DOs = 3x QIAtUs x2 =6x 2? +210 = 6.2! 6x =6x!: 728 Ans. Q.6-° What are the laws of exponents? Ans. There are four laws of exponents. () ~~ Law of Sum of Power:- It states that a” xa" =a" where a#0,mnaeR. (ii) Law of Subtraction of Power:- m. Zs =a" where @#0,a,m,n.aeR, a” : (iii). Law of Power of Product:- It states that: (i) (a by" =a" b" fate a (3) o Where a,b # Oand a,b,ne€ R.145 () Q7- Ans. Prienidly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 Law of Power of Power:- It states that: (a” yh =a™ Where a 4 0,a,m,neé R. ‘What do you mean by scientific notation? To express extra ordinary large or small numbers, we use scientific notation. In this method any number can be written as theproduct of two numbers. One of them is-in between./ and 10 and the second is positive or negative integral power of 10.i.e.. a=bx10" where 10'and a+ 0 This exponential form of an equation may be. written as log, y=x (read as "logarithm of 'y' to the base ‘a’ is equal t to 'x'") a = yelog, y=x : Write a note on Common Logarithm. Logarithm with base 70 is called Common Logarithm. (Note : 1oZ,, ais written as log a, no need to write 10 as base) i We have 10! = 10 <> log 10=1 0? = 100 > log 100= 2- a 1 10! =— log —=-1 1010Frieridly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 146 Q.10- Solve the equation. log (x + 3)= 2 Solution:- log (x +3) = 2. =xt3 = 10? => x+3=100 =>x=100 -3' = p=] Ans. . Q.11- Define characteristics of a number. Ans. To find the characteristics of a number ‘x’ we write it : in scientific form x= ax 10” . Then ‘p' is called characteristics of ‘x’ Q.12- Add 1.3612, 3.1946, 2.0018 and 3.4619 Ans. 7.3612 + 3:1946 + 2.0018 + 3.4619 = - 140.3612 + 3+ 0.1946 -2+ 0.0018 — 3+ 0.4619 = —1+3-2-3 +0.3612 + 0.1946 + 0.0018 + 0.4619. = -3+ 1.0195 =-3 +1+0.0195 == 2+0.0195=2.0195 Ans. Q.13- What are Laws of Logarithm?, Ans. There are three laws of Logarithm: @ log, (mn) ='log,m + log,n m a (i) log, (2)- log,m ~logan (iii) log, (m)" = nlog,m a i Q.14- Define Antilogarithm of a real number.-. Ans. The inverse function of logarithm is called antilogarithm. logm=n => m= Antilogn we have : log 1000 = 3 => Antilog 3= 10001470 Friendly Notts For General Mathemtics 9 SOLUTION OF EXERCISES EXERCISE 6.1 - Q.1- Determine the radicals and radicands from the following: @ V3 (i) 4+ 33 (i) JTL (iv) 8- 2V6 (y) ws ORs 7 13 Ans. : : @ ~ V3 = Radical =J3, Radicand = 3 (i) °4+3Ja = Radical = Ja, Radicand = a (ii) JT1 = Radical = JT1,- Radicand = 11 (iv) 8-26 = Radical = J6, Radicand = 6 () aE => Radical = V5, Radicand = 5 (i) Tg? Radical = N13, Radicand = 13 Q.2- Express the following in exponential form: : 1 1 Oe IP Wie Ona Ans. 7) (i) (iii) 1 1 i 1 kb (iv) Yr (at y® - (arte) qe) ~% Q.3- . Write in the radical form and evaluate the result. - () (25) (ii) (64) (ii) (81) (iv). Q27)"” &) 27" () 8° (i) (1000) (it) (64) _ Solution:- . : @ (25/7 = 25 = J5?_ = 5Ans. (i) (64) = 164 = (ay =4Ans.Friendly Notes For Generi (iti) 81)!" dv) 273 =%27 = YF = =3Ans.. 27? = [22°] = {a7 =IaF Ae = P 98 ile? 2 fe rl, (vi) aver = a = Ans. (vii) (1000)*° = (1000) )” =3[(10007 = {a0 =fa077 Vo ee (viii) (64)? = = V8 =8Ans.. * Q4- tt 2 answer in exponential form. @ Sal® (ii) Ya! citi) Vr7a? (iv) an? _(o) fe®_* es has Baie (iil) [B+y)’ (x) {16x?y6 “) fy. 0) Pe ed ty il fe ree @) Jalo = (a!%)'? = a!®"? = a) Ans. 4 ee ee ti) Val? = (a? 9 = al? = a Ans. : (ii) 270 = 270? 8 = (32 a? V8 = 33 a™ = 30? Ans. (iv) YBa? = (23g! "2 = 2218 gh! = 2a? Ans. 0 fy? = 6c? M4 = 94 = 3 Ans, : Wi) PEI = (34x29 )4 = ol 2mi4 _ 3y5 Ans, (iy 12509 VO = (5399 5 B= Sa II 53S ang, 12 2 (viii) B+ =108 + wT" = 8+ vy"? = (8+ v)” Ans. (ix) {T6x2y% = (24x? y6 JIM wz 2M gall OHI. Del! 32 Ang. i IA 6x 2 ‘ x? y? - xy? : x tye WM . eye @) Ze ee, See ee Ans. jathemtics 9 148 9 Ans. 2 Z afer | ae _( 2x “3 _ Dalal 2x!/3 Vey (asy) Very) way & ey ip a: ip dee ee ier 2d. (xii) (2-(4 = Saal = Gre Ans.9 Q.5- Simplify. 1) x7 (i) Vax Ui Gi x VE ) Vas 2 (») $118 + §2 (vi) J27 + J81 (vii) a" x a? (viii) x x y" (ix) « yl) @&) « y)? x vy yy" «i (ey ay 4 x @'? y)4 (xii) al4 pli3y2 - (a? pl4ys (xiii) ( y 38 x (x! y 2y us : Solution:-" 0 AB x V7 = (3)! x (7)"” + =Gx7? =! = V2 Ans. * (i) 4 x 1128 = 4)" « (128)"" = (4x 128)! =(512)"5 = {512 Ans. (iiy’ — Y81 x 827 = (81) = (27)'- = (81x 27/5 . = (2187)' = 92187 Ans. (i) © V2 +8132 = (2)? +32)!” Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 22 le ae 632)” ae (2? 2/2 2- eee yin 5) 2 29-108. 9B = yr! tits MG - Oe ie 7 (4) = (59)" = 159 Ans. - i Gj Oy «(2)" (iy? \ ar 1 Wa 7 , if feFriendly Notes Por General Mathemtics 9 sow s . 2 a (vii) WA G28 = gl4t23- _ git82 @ gl? a xa = Ya"! Ans. (viii) x87 x yl TIM yl = [07 y= pew xi]! =4 ey Ans. (ix) (4 yl” pal x46 yllbx6 ax/?y =y x? Ans. i x 2x XI x1 (5) GPP GPU a eA yHI? y yg toela = x yl x yx = PH rd . = x y? ax = ox Ans. (ei) 8 yh Bact JF me My IM yi - fe ee yee au xy! ea «46 ne = dxty? Ans. Gil) (a! Bp? (a BI J : a (at gi UE * GIB BIAS A H3«5 pl/axs ‘I a8 b 5 Gani axe * 7 : apt gays 32/. 26/24 = gil My26/M _ 24f 3247 1YQIBGIS Ans. (citi) (x? y9 "8 x Gly? 4 : YS 375 ye yl? = ie 2 sg M8ESI-6 lapis 24 2 yWS+UND 3/5434 ax" ae) y = 12960 yII/0 “Ang, : EXERCISE 6.2 . Q.1- Write the base and exponent in the following. @ 1% @ 2 fi) yy (vy) x-2P 185 i) 5x9? x x"? Solution:- ‘ @ 16x}, Base = x,and Exponent = 3. (ii) x’, Base =x and Exponent’ = 9.(vy). ) i) Q2- Q3- Qa Q.5- ”-Prigndly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 (4y)*, Base = 7 Exponent = 3. (x- 2), Base=x-2, Exponent = 3. 18°, Base 2x; Exponent = 5. 5x3/2 re a §xhl2 412 = 5x Via? 6) s [ia by fae (a? 3 jel? an (a? bys avs 53 ES a b° Ans. err =[ety ry” = (x4 y PP a et y3 8 2 Base =x , Exponent = 2. PHS yO LA yl -b 3 3 Oy? P x(ety? = xe yes x to ya me x2 ye xx 3a ye =x 3a-3b ye = x? yard) — ay - yam Ans. (iss) ie y . ee ee [ DPM y2eId gel yD a = re a “Qt yi Ans. 2 VF 383. \29. | git yza Z) -($5) © PB GS je x ie 4 : “pe Pax aie Vax Ans. ¢ “U2 1/2x{ 2) Ge i Ay? Cd ee ae = rer = acl = 16ac! Ans.Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics9—* 152 Q8 Ja% x Nab : | = (aby? x (ab)? = 3a? bx ab? )!? = at! pl)? = 3(a! by? eG 5 7 3 3? 2 @ abc as. (55) + 912s, 2 M+] gD gl l2 30 =—a5 = Ans. bt? 3 . (a’ P (aby! aig eye ee ee ree Cae aeb 13-10-2 10-7 a : =a’ b) =1.b) = b? Ans, BF pdepy2 RB yl 2 2? (xy (xy) yet x’y ay aye I-24d 3-265 x y TR? 16 , may, = Ans. 76 Ans Pere (a Bx(aby! : a x glSpl5 ~& ab ale mq SHH y pid? =a/b!? = ab! Ans.Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 153 Ce ean ne nENe NS Q.13- a° b¢c? sabe a’b'c? = @lptlee! : abe } = a‘b'c Ans.” Qs (ab? ? Y Babe? y? + (aby (bcay* =2a ME pret je ‘a'bret (ab) -.4a°bt abt “Pabe Pbe 4ae? bt? 1 a) ee () 5 ae = 2x33 x (22) x (2x9 =P x33 x24 KI x3 . = prors x 335 ay 26 x3 Ans. ex Gee | 22 278 Bn Se Px (PP xP BF Bx x? z ss = 2°? x 39? = 24 x 3” Ans. Q.17- (23 at by! x (4? b>) roo ; Pia Fe 2 8 1Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 154 Q.18- (3?) = 9x 277 ee ee 3 By x[@) T x39 ='2187 Ans... * BY? (aN 027 ee (3) (5) (2) ae Q7zy! Tid : (a6! zx? s (Ge - 7 s “ay 33 3246-3. a Ep ReT = eT =3x4=12 Ans, zy a 9 =ip+ x 2722 +3 a7 (=). 3G xS 3x (B23 3x GH » 3 oop eee 2x(2?) 2x (27)? gh ye Ragie cca HG 2. 19 25 OF Ga 25 i co PFaG.y oO; Q.21- —1ss Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 —— is SF ee FP Oe Sa mo oa o 125 Buea : : Q.22- a2 BB x @Bpl4 ql@t25 pasrla at pers/l2 = gpl? Ans. Q.23- a xa") + (ab)! - IHL gl t3 716 11/6 7b QBs yiiie-13 aay gS plI-2/6 _ 5/6 3/2 Q.24- (al? Bi cl/4 6 ql 5 ib IM6 _ 35203? Ang Q.25- (a? »5) 43 (a’? pi 2 we Ql M3 UMS gM 3x12 lari Ans: /3 419 = 35M 2 glpl8 = a5 ie : = apie 11632-9172 316 p23/72 = 73-15 419-18 = =.a'?b?? Ans, Q.26- a8 xq? al# - . a’ , = Q3H2 4g gl4 = Qos . at alt 32s gill? ge Q.27- : 4B 4S = (4yVIeUS. 2 gS 7% x28 a DAB i ne a 22 13 aga M3415 SS BS 5x"3 x 2x! = 10x"3*!8 = Jn = 108 x ya = ors a +820 = 292Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 186 ) 3 ne = Seay = 2y°? (vi) Sx8? xx! = 5y32H2 we 55? Q.28- i BD x gl bb4 = g?BHlBpIMHIS © 33404 gp? fi) b b a b =a°°b" = ab ie 152/98 1 9 8 (iy xy aly = OHS y 9813 _ AS 59 (iii) 2ab’? nae = 6a! 5p IBS = Gg? 5pl5 v. 1/42 5 2, (iv) 62” x= txlty? SS Day 1S Dy 9/2825 @) yltyit x x yl? 36 plots 2113812 Ex !8+16 34216 1243/5 _ 196 6 78 Wee hey Q.29- : : , 12 : ‘ . 12 33 3 12-13 1/6 @ I a PP wy es =3 3 , 3 45 ae x AS-519 36-2545 Mas cS e (i) yp NG ws : 2x 1 guns 1 as-nno _ 1 ete ee i a) C8) gpa 2 2 . 25 5 ys _ 5 j2-s0 _ S70 (iv) 20 a ee 4 . x3 yi S48 2-35 _ 5A 5 () -* °y De einen ; xy : 5/9 p 2/3 Wi) a3 = Spi = ab § gi-15y28-Us Gaps 25-1845 7 w= gS HBAS A IO-OIS _ TS AS Ms 4s 2a ue _ 10x" y "WS-U3 I-14 10x? y = 5x°y' = 5g = 2x’ y I2-1OS 4-14 94218 34 sp u5 vey 308 1 yas 35-14 _ 1 120,720 2a 8 ab git by J ginny Wii) GBR 4 ao (vii) = 2x187 Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 a EXERCISE 6.3 Write in scientific notation. Q.1- 0.051 Solution:- 0.015 = aby 5.1% 107 agg 1000° 10 100 Q.2- 89.99 : Solution:- : 3 89.99 = cu a 10 = 8.999 10' Ans, 100 — Q.3- 0.424 Solution:- 424,424 1 7 0.424 = —x— = 4.24x 10 7000 100” 10 oe Q.4- 2566324 - Solution:- 2566324 = 41664 x 1000000 = 2.566324 x. 10° Ans. Q5- eee Solution:- : 0.000075 =—>_.75,,_1 700000000 10” 70000000 1 [ = 75x =75%107 ns, Write in decimal form. Q.6- 0.86 10 Solution:- 7 0.86% 104 = 55 x 10000= 86 x 100 = 8600 Ans.Priendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 158 Q.7- 1.345x 10% Solution:- 131 13d 1.345 x 109 =x = : 7000 ~ 70° ~ 1000 * 100000 1345 =——>— = 000001345 700000000 Ans. 1Q8- 51x10? / Solution:- + gtx tyra, Ty oF “10° 10° 10° 1000000000 ol: Faa0nbaaGOD 7 2.000Iaaness . 10000000000 Q.9-. 0.525x 107 : Solution:- 0 oe ee * 7000" 70" ~ 1000” 76000000 525 =——*___ = 9,9000000525 70000000000 ADS: , Q.10- 636.5% 10% Solution:- . 4 Gai 6165, ne 10” 10° * 7000000 6365 =—"_ = 0,0006365 70000000 Ans. Simplify and write in scientific notation. 0.96 x10" ioe 2x10) Solution:- 7 99610" _ 9.48.10 = Bx 10° 2x 10' 100iso Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 [ oe ax 1000 = 4.8% 100 = 4.8x 10? Ans. : 2.61 x 4x 10° QI Solution:- ; ‘ eh = 10.44 10°? = 10.44% 10° = 1.044 x 10°"! = 1.044x 10° Ans. 521 10° x 12 O13 Te Solution:- . . 3 52110 X12 5914.6 x 10? = 3126 x 10 2x10 ' = 31260 = 3.1260x 10 Ans. : Q.14- Convert4,5x10°cm into meters and write the solution in decimal form. Solution:- : : We know the /00cm = Im. 4.5x10° : 100. m. = 4500m Ans. So = 45x 10°cm = _ 450000 ~~ 100 : Q.15-. The radius of earth is 6400km. Convert it into meters and write the solution in scientific nation. Solution:- : , Radius ofearth ‘= 6400 km = 6400 x 1000m +: Ikm= 1000m =, 6400000 m : = 6.4x 105m Ans.Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 160 Q.1- Write down the characteristic of the logarithms of _ the following numbers. _@ . 6350 (i) 2035.6 (iii), 2.057 ~ (iv) 0.8657 (vy) 0.0732 (i) 0.000721 Solution:- : (@) Characteristic of 6350 = 3. (ii) ~ Characteristic of 2035.6 = 3. (iii) Characteristic of 2.057=0. ~ (iv) Characteristic of 0.8657 =~1. (vy) Characteristic of 0.0732 = -2. (vi). Characteristic of 0.000721 =-4. Q.2- Write down the values of: (i) log 52.13" (ii) log 6.304 (iii) log 0.6127: (iv) log 0.0057 (v) log 0.00003 ae Solution:- . wi log 52.13 =? » Characteristic = 7 Mantissa = .7170 Ans. Thus log 52.13 =J.7170 (ii) ~~ log 6.304 =? : Characteristic'= 0 Mantissa = .7996 ~ : Thus lag 6.304 = 0.7996 Ans. log 0.6127 =? ‘ (iti) (vy) _ Characteristi EXERCISE 6.4 =-1 Mantissa =.7873 _ : Thus log 0.6127 = 1.7873 Ans. . log 0.0057 =161 “@) Q3- Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 Mantissa=.7559 _ Thus fog 0.0057 = 3.7559 Ans. log 0.00003 = ? ! Characteristic = —5 Mantissa = .477] Thus log 0.00003 = 5.4771 Ans. : If log 6374 = 3.8044, write down the values of: (i) log 6.374 (ii) log 0.6374 (iii) log 0.00637 , Solution: @ (i) (iii) Q4- log 6.374 =? As we are-given that log 6374 = 3.8044 It shows that for log 6.374 Characteristic = 0 Mantissa = .8044 Thus log 6.374 = 0.8044. Ans. log 0.374 =? ‘We learn from Part (i) Characteristic = -/ i : Mantissa = .8044 log 0.6374 = 1.8044. Ans. - Similarly log 0.006374 = 3.8044. Ans. @) . Iflog x = 2.0374, find x. (ii) Wlog x = 0.1597, find x. (iii) If log x = 4.4236, find x. Solution:- @ + log x= 2.0374, x=? => x= Antilog 2.0374 Thus characteristic of x = -2 Mantissa of x = .0374Friendly Notes Por General Mathemtics9 —-, 162 Now from antilogarithm table. the number against -0374 is 1090. So : x = Antilog 2.0374 = 0.01090 Ans. (ii) logx =0.1579, x => x= Antilog 0/597 Characteristic of x = 0 . Mantissa of x =./597 + From table of antilogarithm, against .1597 is 1444. Thus: : : x= Antilog 0.1597 = 1.444 Ans. (iii) logx =4.4236,x=? => x= Antilog 4.4236 Characteristic of x = 4 Mantissa of x = .4236 : From table of antilogarithm. The number again .4236 is 5653. Thus x= Antilog 4.4236 = 26530.0 Ans. EXERCISE 6.5 Q.1- Solve Solution:- : log 81 ‘log 9° Togo ~ “log 9 : _ 2log 9 : : =2 : Toe 9 Ans. i . . . dog 36, _ log 6? “ log6 ~~ log6 * ~ =2 Ans. "log 6163 : Friendly Notes For Gi log 243 _ log 3° log9 — log? (iii) Q.2-. Evaluate Solution:- : i) log 5 + log 4 + log 3-log 6 = log 5 + log 2° + log 3 ~ log (2 x 3) = log 5+ 2log 2+ logS - log 2 - logF = log 5 + log 2= log (5x2) = | Ans. (i) — log 5 + log 20 + log 24 + log 25 - log 60 = log (5x20x24x25) = log 60 Sx 2x24 x25” =I = log 1000 Og 0. 0g = log 10° = 3 log 10 =3(1)=3 Ans. (iii) 2log 3 +3 log 4 +4 log 5 - 2 log 6 = log 3? + log 4? +4og 5* - log 6° xd x 54 = log o : SXDx 4X4 x4 5x 5XSxS Exe = log (10000) = log 104 = 4log 10=4(1) =4 Ans. = log (iv) + 2log 5 + log 8 - tog 4 = log 5° + log 8 = log (4)! = log 8 = Ig 2X8 8 ale Ig 2Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 164 log 100 =log 10° = 2 log 10=2 (1) =2 Ans. () . ‘log 200+ log 5 = log (200 x 5) = log 1000 = log 10? =3log 10=3 (1) =3 Ans. © Q.3-. Simplify without using logarithm table. i) log 1.3472 + log 22.79 — log 5 (ii) log 22.13 + log 0.354 + log 7 — log 3 (ili) “log 57.86 + log 4.385 — log 2.391 — log 3.072 * Ans. Solution:- () log 1.3472 + log 22.79 - log 5 UES x 22. 2) = log | Ate (ii) log 22.13 + log 0.354 + log 7 — log 3 ‘ (Zee) =log| =—="— a : 3 : (iii) * log 57.86 + log 4.385 ~ log 2.391- log 3.072 ae x a eras ns. 2,391 x 3.072 Q.4- Solve with the help of logarithm table. : + 2.38% 3.901 867 x 3.94 O°. “483 @ 178 | 25.36 x 3.4569 (i) “937x893 Solution:- Let us suppose that i © 2.383.901 Cae Taking log of both sides. 2.38 x 3.901 log x = log 4.83165 (i) ~ (iti) Friendly Notéx For General Mathemtics 9 Now using laws of logarithm. log x = log 2.38 + log 3.901 = log 4.83 By using table solve the logarithms. log x = 0.3766 + 0.5912 — 0.6839 = 0.9678 - 0.6839 log x = 0.2839 x = Antilog 0.2839 _ x= 1.923 2.38% 3.901 * = 1.923 : 483 Ans, Us. - Let us suppose that 867x394» 198 . Taking log of both sides. "8.67 x 3.94 * log x = log —————_ 7 i 1.78 : ee Sa Using laws of logarithm. We get logx= log 8.67 + log 3.94 — log 1.78 To find the log, using table of logarithm. log x = 0:9380 + 0.5955 — 0:2504 = 1.5335 ~ 0.2504 log x = 1.2831 x= Antilog 1.2831 x= 19.19 8.67 x 3.94 1.78 Let-us suppose that © 25.36 x 3.4569 © 987x893 Taking log of both sides. Thus = 19.19 Ans.Q5- @ (ii). log x = log 25.36 «3.4569 987 x 8.93 Using laws of logarithm. log-x = log 25.36 + log 3.4569 — log 9.87 - ‘log 8.93 ‘Using logarithm table solve loges. log x = 1.4041 + 0.5387 — 0.9949 ~ 0.9509 Jog x = 1.9428 —1.9452 log x =~ 0.0024 =~ 1+1~ 0.0024 -=-1+0.9976 logx = 1.9976 i x= Antilog 1.9976 = 0.9945 Ans. Prove That 2 2 a @ ta( 2) + we( 2) + we( = ’ (ii) 3 log 2+ 2 log 3 +log 5 = log 360 (ij) 5 log 3 ~ log 9 = log 27 we iv) we 78) + we 22) 2ioe(§) tog? w 2iog( sea) me) ve : 2 » ls( © J+ oe(% =} +e) 0 2 be 2 LHS= tel © Js te + oe( 5 : oy 7 ‘=toe (2 a =) = s( 2 “= log] = 0=RALS. 3 log 2+ 2 log 3 +log 5= log 360 LHS. = 3 log 2+ 2 log 3 +log 5 = log 2! + log 3° + log 5 = lag (2! x3? x5) = log (8% 9x5) = log 360 = RS. 167 Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 (iii) 5 log 3.- log 9 = log 27 LHS. = 5 log 3- log 9 = log 3 — log 3? 37 “to 5 ) toe 3 = log 3 = log 27 = RHS. : : 75 32 . i I (iv) e( 2 7 teloa)- ats ) log 2. = log >: + tog 27. 210g > LHS. oe 7+ log oe = log 75- 7 16 + log 32 — log Pe - 2 [log 5 - log 9] = log (5? x 3) -log 16 + lag (16 x 2) -log 3° -2log 5+ 2log 3 = 2legS + log 3- logT + logt6 +log 2~Slog3- Begs +4 log 3 =log 2 =RHS. 130 55 «) 2hoe( 1) +t «(Foe $2) = ton 2 L.H.S.= 2 log I1 - log 13) + log 130 ~ log 77 log (5 * 11) + log (13 * 7)] Dag] ~ Log TS + log 2 + logS + log TS - Iog7 | BT BES Bet net ia = log2 = RS. Q.6-. Show that: 3og4+ 2og5— Log 4 Flog t6=2 Solution:- = LHS.= 3log 4+ 2log 5- log 64- log 16 = 5log4 + 2log 5 Llog (4? —Liog 4?Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 168 A = 5log4 + 20g 5-7 3log 420g 4 =3 log 4+2log 5 -log 4-log4 = 3log 4 - log 4+ log 5» = log 4 + log 25 = log (4 x 25) oe = log 100 = log 10? = 2 log 10 = 2(1) =2 Q.7-. Show that: log (1X23) = log 1 + log 2 + log 3 Solution:- Q log (1 x 2 x 3) = log.] + log 2 ¥ log 3 log (6) = log'I + log 2 + log 3 Taking logs : ‘ 0.7782 = 0.0000 + 0.301 + 0.4771 => 0.7782 = 0.7782 LH.S.=RHS. 7 Q:8- Using logarithmic table evaluate the following: ~~ 69.13 x0.34x 0.014 (ii) ma 4 (23.56)? x 0. (iii) a x 3.0142 x (1.5)? (iv) Be eee . 0.9876 x (16.42)? 30.0125 x J31.15 ) asene (ed 0.00081 +, | (6.48)? x (0.00034)'” x (981.9) (il)) To ant x g53) x 0.0617) (9.37) x (8.93)" x (0.0617) _ (0.0437)"* x (1.407)” (vil) (0.0015) x 1.235)" Solution:- (i) Let us suppose that: x = 69.13 ¥ 0.34 x 0.014 Taking log of both sides. log x = log 69.13 + log 0.34 + log 0.014169 Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 = 1.8397 +.1,5315 + 2.146) = 1.8397 — 1 + 0.5315 - 2+ 0.1461 1.8397 + 0.5315 ~ 0.1461 - 1-2 5173 — 3 =— 0/4827 14.1 - 0.4827 =- 1+0,5173 5173 _ x= Antilog 1.5173 x= 0.3291 Ans. (i) Let: 8.67% 3.94 a. 8.67 x 3.94 1.78 = log 8.67 + log 3.94 — log 1.78° “= 0.9380 + 0.5955 - 0.2504. 1.5335 — 0.2504 log = 1.2831 x= Antilog /.283/ = 19.19 ‘Thus given expression = 19.19 Ans. log x = log (iii) Let: x= sx 3.142 «(1.57 log x = oe|$ 3.142 x a3? | = log 4 + log 3.142 + 3 log 1.5 - log 3 = 0.6021 + 0/4972 + 3 (0.1761) - 0.4771 = 1.0993 + 0.5283 — 0.4771 = 1.6276 - 0.4771 log x = 1.1505 x= Antilog 1.1505 = 17.75 Thus given expression = 17.75 Ans.Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 170 (iv) — Let: = (25.36)° x (0.4569) 847.5 . Pe ‘Jog x = log 2535 x (0.4569) 847.5 = 2 log 25.36 + log 0.4569 — log 847.5 = 2 (1.4041) + (1.6599) ~ 2.9282 log x= 2.8082 — 1 + 0.6599 — 2.9282 = 3.4681 — 3.9282 =- 0.460] * + logx=-1+1-0.460L = 1 + 0.5399 = 1.5399 log x = 1.5399. * x= Antilog 1°5399 i x= 0.3466 : i Thus given expression = 0.3466 Ans. (v) Let: c . 0.9876 % (16,42)? en Taking log of both sides. oe x = low 0.2876 (16.427 B84 567) = log 0.9876 + 2 log 16.42 - og 4.576 log x =1.9946+ 21.2153)-4(0.6597) => 1+ 0.9946 + 2.4306 ~ 0.2199 ~ t= 3.4252 — 1.2199 log x = 2.2053 x = Antilog 2.2053 = 160.4 Thus given expression = /60.4 Ans.Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 _ { 3x31 15 0.00081 : 30.0125)! x (0.0125)! )” log x = log| SAGAS x 0.0125)" 0.00087 log x = Sle 3 + log (0.0125)'” + log (31.15)? ~ log (0.00081) eS los 34 Log 0.0135 + Log 31.15 — log 0.00081} / 1 = 410.4771 + 5 (2.0969) + 51.4935) - (4.9085)| (0,4771% 32 + 0.0969) + 501.4935) ~(-4 +0.9085)] 2 2 S10477i ~ 1 +.0.0485 + 0.7467.+ 4 - 0.9085} 5 [+3 + 1.2713 - 0.9085) = 43.3628) ="1.6814 logx = 1.6814 x= Antilog /.68/4 x=48.01..~ : a “Thus given expression = 48.0] Ans. : vii)” Let: : : : — (6.45) x (0.00034)'9 x (98.9) “9.377 x (8.93) x (0.0617) : AS) x (0.00034)"" x (981.9) log x = log > 74 (9.3879 x (8.93)! x (0.0617)Friendly Notes For Gendral Mathemtics 9 ee fo a = 3 log 6.45 + og 0.00034 + log 98F-F ~ 2log 9.37 -+ log 8.93 —log 0.0617 = 3 (0:8096) + 4 (43313) 42.9921 2(0.9717) 1 Ey _ =£(0.9509)=2.7903 . ox * = 2.4288 + 5 (—4 40.5315) + 2.9921 — (1.9434) 0.2377 -[2+0.7903] = 2.4288 + it 3.4685) + 219921 ~ 1.9434 - 0.2377 + 20.7903 © = 2.4288 = 1.1568 + 2.9921 — 1.9434 - 0.2377. +2- 0.7903 = 7.4209 ~ 4.1276 = 3.2933 log x = 3.2933 7 x= Antilog 3.2933 = 1964.00 Thus given expression 1964.00 Ans. (viii) Let: —o (0.0437)"4 « (1.407"° 0.0015)" x 1.235)” . (0.043773 «(1.4077 : (0.0015)? (1.235)'7 = log(0.0437)°3 + log( 1.407 — log(0.0015)"" = log(1.235)'” log x =log 2 eo = jos (0.0437) + 2 log 1.407 - flog (0.0015) — 5 log(1.235) re . as 3 (2: 6405) +2(0.1483) ~ 5.1761) -50.0917)173 Frucndly Notes For General Mathemtics 9° ait 2 +0.6405) + 0.2966 ~ " log oe( a “log (1.3? + log 6.7 +log 25 ~log 4.2 =2log 1.3 + log 6.7 +log 25 ~ lag 4.2 = 20.1139] 40.8216 + 1.3979 -0.6232 0.2278 +0.8216 + 1.3979 -06232 = 2.4473 0.6232 =1.8241 log H= 1.8241 H= Antilog 1.824] = 66.70 Ans. : v Que Find A, if b= FIR? ry? when v= 1190, R = 83.6, r= 62.4, and 7.= 3.14. Solution:- We are given that v= 1190, R= 83.6 r= 262.4 and n= 3.14 ; 1190 ean) 14 ((83.47" — (62.4) )) 1190 log h = log OBO 8514 (6955.56 ~ 3893.76) ' 1190 = log ————_—_ a 3.14 x 3061.80.178 Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 = log 1190 ~log 3.14 ~log 3061.80 = 3.0755 ~ 0.4969 - 3.4858 = 3.0755 ~ 3.9827 =~ 0.9082 =-1+1-0,9082 == 1+0.0918 = 1.0918 h= Antilog 1.0918 = 0.1235 Ans. Review Exercise-6 Q.1- Encircle the correct answer. @ VBis: . (a) arational number (b) an irrational number (c) a natural number - (d) an integer Gi) ¥iscalled: : : (a) radical * (b) radicand* (c) rational number * (d) integer (iii) InJ3, 3 iscalled. (a) radical (b) radicand . (c) integer (d) natural number (iv) Ina" nis called : (a) radical (b) radicand (c) exponent (d) base (vy) In4’,4is called (a) base : (b) exponent (c) integer (d) radical (vi) _ The logarithm calculated to the base “/0” is called (a) maintissa « _ (b) common logarithm (c) characteristic (@) natural number |, (vii): In the logarithm of a number the integral part is called. (a) characteristic (b) mantissa (c) decimal part (d) teal part (viii) In the logarithm of a number the decimal part is called (a) characteristic (b) mantissa (c) rational number. ~ ~ (d) real partFrienilly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 a. 176 (ix) 2 =? (a) base : (b) exponent (c) integer . (d) radicat (x) [2+ J3 is not radical, because 2 + V3 is: (a) irrational (b) rational (c) integer (d) exponent Q.2-_. Fill in the blanks. (i) If Ya is irrational, where “a” is rational, then”Va is called (ii) — The symbol 4 is called . (iii) In35, Sis called the. a (iv) Ina”,"a’is called the (v) _ The logarithm.calculated to the base /0 is called___. (vi) — The logarithm of a number consists of two parts, the integral part is called (vii) In the logarithm of a number the decimal part is called Ans. 2 (i) Radical ' |(ii) Radical sign | (iii) Exponent (Common __ | (vi)Characteris ji) Mantissa logarithm : Q3- Simplify: : 7 @ Owpytxg’ey @ (a'th'Sy 2 @/sp4j> Solution:- We are given that . wy Pape lh 1 “ -! Z a wat at aidan TF177 Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 Sic aad 1 WIP ye Fy 2 P29 gy yl Py a 5 ans a). ely? (alto 3 a I = 1 (aap > es alot = 1 xal pl a. ab". © Gi RUETRTE ie Gaye 2 (ah Apne, d= ab"? Ans Q.4- Evaluate: : 7 ‘ Hy x ys 2" 4 iJ Ae 4 = 625 @ (xy)? (i) (2) (4). Solution: - @ xy xy? + ogy’ _ cas Bye & yl? + xy’ 13. x eyes. eae xl /3 19024 Al (she ns. WIN ai) in Nl Nw : (3x 4x5) Q.5- Show that wg 5" = log3 + log4 + logs ~ log7 Solution:- log ae =log3 + log4 + logs — log? => log o =log3 + log4 + log5 —log7=> log 8.571 = log 3 + log 4 + log 5 - log? Solving the logs. © => 0.9331 = 0.4771 + 0.6021 + 0.6990 - 0.8451 = 0;9331 = 1.7782 - 0.8451 0.9331 = 0.9331 LHS=RHS Q.6- Use logarithmic table to evaluate: | @ 62.14 x 0.32 x 0.015 3.64x3.94 @ 2.78 - iy (13.26)? x (0.4564) 325.5 - Solution:- Let () \ x=62.14x0.32x0.015 ~ log x = log (62.14x0.320.015) log x = log 62.14 + log 0.32 + log 0.015 = 1.7934-+ 1.5051 + 2.1761 = 1.7934 —1+0,5051 -2 +0.1761 = 1.7934'+ 0.5051 + 0.1761 =3 - = 24746-3 = 240.4746 -3. =- 140.4746 log x = 1.4746 _ : x= Antilog 1.4746 ° x= 0.2983 Thus 62.14%0,32%0.015 = 0.2983 Ans. (i) Let _ 3.64% 3.94 4 a log x =log 3.64% 3.94 2.78179 Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 log x = log 3.64 + log 3.94 — log 2.78 5611+ 0.5955 — 0.4440 1566 - 0.4440 log x = 0.7126 ' x= Antilog 0.7126 = 5.158 x=5.158 a Thus given expression = 5.158 Ans. (iii) Let = (13.26) x (0.4564). 325.5 (13.26) x (0.4564) » 325.5 + =2 log 13.26 + log 0.4564 — log 325.5 log x = 2 [1.1226] + [1.6594] ~ 2.5124 = 2.2452 - 1+ 0.6594 - 2.5124 — 1+ 2.9046 — 2.5124 = 1+ 0.3922 logx = 1.39222 _ x= Antilog 1.3922 = 0.2467 Thus given expression = 0.2467 Ans. Multiple Choice Questions Tick v the Correct Answer. k () —— Jaisaradical of order log x= log " (al ¢ (b) 2 1 05 (a3 (i) x!/4 + x? is equal to (a) ll? (b) x5 (c) x? @ x”Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 (iii) The product of two conjugate radicals is : , (a) an irrational number (6) rational (c) even, (d) odd - fe) (x”? on ) is equal to (xy xr oxy ( (xy) (vy). Scientific notation of 0.000028/ is (a) 2.81x 10° : (b) 2.81% 10° (c) 28.1 10° (d) 28.1 x.10° (vi) Solution of equation log (x + I) = 2, is (ax=7 : (b)x=8 | ()x=99 @x=10 (vii) To find log 32,97, we use log ~ table to find (a) characteristic (b) mantissa () whole number. ° (d) fraction. (viii) . Antilog 3.4568 is equal to + (a) 0.2863 (b) 2.863 (0) 286.3. (d) 0.002863 2 : log 2 (x) gs a is equal to a) logp-logg+logr. . (b) log p- log q - log r (c) logp+logg-logr . .(d) log p+ logq+logr () 3 log2+log5=2 " (a) log 10 (b) log 20° (©) log p30 (d) log 40 . (xi) ‘log 3 + log 4+ log 5- log 6=2 @! (b) 2 3 a4, (xii) The integral part of log x is called (a) characteristic (b) mantissa - (c) real part (d) rational part“181 (xiii) (xvi) * * Que @ Friendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 Jog (a” xb" is equal to - (a) logatlogb (b) mlog a+ nlogb (c) m(log a + log b) @ n(log a + log b) log 200 - log 2=? : : (a! (b) 2 (co) 3 , (dj 10 Model Class Test 7 Tick v the Correct Answer (1x7) Conjugate of Va + vo is : : va (a) Va-vb OR © Va+vb () Ja Vb (i) (iii) (wv) (vy) Wi) xxx? i ys equal to Pe 15 (a) x Cig (c) x! (dx? Ve is‘equal to (a) x8 (6) x!” . (c) x" (d) x5 f8ix?* is equal to (a) 9x4 (b) 3x’ (6) 9x" fd) 3x" If log 3 = 0.4771 then log 9 is equal to : 0.4771 (a) (0.4771) (b) =e (c) 2(0.4771) (d) (0.4771)? log x + log y - log z is equal to’ (a) log (xyz) (b) log aFriendly Notes For General Mathemtics 9 182- a a _ (vii) Q.2- a (i) Gi) (y) 6) wi) (vii) Q3- @ (i) (ii) (c) 8 =. (d) log If log,x= y then : (a) a =y (b) a =y (c) =y (d) a =x Solve any five short questions. (2 x5) State three laws of exponents. Simplify { cy Is Simplify ae. Write in scientific notation 0.0000286. Subtract 76342 from 2.1375. Prove that log, (mn) =log,m+log,n. Simplify log2 + 2log5 -log3 - 2log7 . "Attempt any two questions. » Using logarithm table evaluate 69.13 x fo. 34x 0.014. ae (xy) (2x Sint (2) oY” i x Prove the law of logarithm /08, (=) =log,x—log,y, oO