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168380

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Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila

FIRST DIVISION

G.R. No. 168380 February 8, 2007

MANUEL V. BAVIERA, Petitioner,

vs.
ESPERANZA PAGLINAWAN, in her capacity as Department of Justice State Prosecutor; LEAH C. TANODRA-
ARMAMENTO, In her capacity as Assistant Chief State Prosecutor and Chairwoman of Task Force on
Business Scam; JOVENCITO R. ZUNO, in his capacity as Department of Justice Chief State Prosecutor;
STANDARD CHARTERED BANK, PAUL SIMON MORRIS, AJAY KANWAL, SRIDHAR RAMAN, MARIVEL
GONZALES, CHONA REYES, MARIA ELLEN VICTOR, and ZENAIDA IGLESIAS, Respondents.

x-----------------------------x

G.R. No. 170602 February 8, 2007

MANUEL V. BAVIERA, Petitioner,

vs.
STANDARD CHARTERED BANK, BRYAN K. SANDERSON, THE RIGHT HONORABLE LORD STEWARTBY,
EVAN MERVYN DAVIES, MICHAEL BERNARD DENOMA, CHRISTOPHER AVEDIS KELJIK, RICHARD HENRY
MEDDINGS, KAI NARGOLWALA, PETER ALEXANDER SANDS, RONNIE CHI CHUNG CHAN, SIR CK CHOW,
BARRY CLARE, HO KWON PING, RUDOLPH HAROLD PETER ARKHAM, DAVID GEORGE MOIR, HIGH
EDWARD NORTON, SIR RALPH HARRY ROBINS, ANTHONY WILLIAM PAUL STENHAM (Standard Chartered
Bank Chairman, Deputy Chairman, and Members of the Board), SHERAZAM MAZARI (Group Regional Head
for Consumer Banking), PAUL SIMON MORRIS, AJAY KANWAL, SRIDHAR RAMAN, MARIVEL GONZALES,
CHONA REYES, ELLEN VICTOR, RAMONA H. BERNAD, DOMINGO CARBONELL, JR., and ZENAIDA
IGLESIAS (Standard Chartered Bank-Philippines Branch Heads/Officers), Respondents.

DECISION

SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ, J.:

Before us are two consolidated Petitions for Review on Certiorari assailing the Decisions of the Court of Appeals in
CA-G.R. SP No. 873281 and in CA-G.R. SP No. 85078.2

The common factual antecedents of these cases as shown by the records are:

Manuel Baviera, petitioner in these cases, was the former head of the HR Service Delivery and Industrial Relations
of Standard Chartered Bank-Philippines (SCB), one of herein respondents. SCB is a foreign banking corporation
duly licensed to engage in banking, trust, and other fiduciary business in the Philippines. Pursuant to Resolution No.
1142 dated December 3, 1992 of the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), the conduct of
SCB’s business in this jurisdiction is subject to the following conditions:

1. At the end of a one-year period from the date the SCB starts its trust functions, at least 25% of its trust
accounts must be for the account of non-residents of the Philippines and that actual foreign exchange had
been remitted into the Philippines to fund such accounts or that the establishment of such accounts had
reduced the indebtedness of residents (individuals or corporations or government agencies) of the Philippines
to non-residents. At the end of the second year, the above ratio shall be 50%, which ratio must be observed
continuously thereafter;

2. The trust operations of SCB shall be subject to all existing laws, rules and regulations applicable to trust
services, particularly the creation of a Trust Committee; and

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3. The bank shall inform the appropriate supervising and examining department of the BSP at the start of its
operations.

Apparently, SCB did not comply with the above conditions. Instead, as early as 1996, it acted as a stock broker,
soliciting from local residents foreign securities called "GLOBAL THIRD PARTY MUTUAL FUNDS" (GTPMF),
denominated in US dollars. These securities were not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC). These were then remitted outwardly to SCB-Hong Kong and SCB-Singapore.

SCB’s counsel, Romulo Mabanta Buenaventura Sayoc and Delos Angeles Law Office, advised the bank to proceed
with the selling of the foreign securities although unregistered with the SEC, under the guise of a "custodianship
agreement;" and should it be questioned, it shall invoke Section 723 of the General Banking Act (Republic Act
No.337).4 In sum, SCB was able to sell GTPMF securities worth around ₱6 billion to some 645 investors.

However, SCB’s operations did not remain unchallenged. On July 18, 1997, the Investment Capital Association of
the Philippines (ICAP) filed with the SEC a complaint alleging that SCB violated the Revised Securities Act,5
particularly the provision prohibiting the selling of securities without prior registration with the SEC; and that its
actions are potentially damaging to the local mutual fund industry.

In its answer, SCB denied offering and selling securities, contending that it has been performing a "purely
informational function" without solicitations for any of its investment outlets abroad; that it has a trust license and the
services it renders under the "Custodianship Agreement" for offshore investments are authorized by Section 726 of
the General Banking Act; that its clients were the ones who took the initiative to invest in securities; and it has been
acting merely as an agent or "passive order taker" for them.

On September 2, 1997, the SEC issued a Cease and Desist Order against SCB, holding that its services violated
Sections 4(a)7 and 198 of the Revised Securities Act.

Meantime, the SEC indorsed ICAP’s complaint and its supporting documents to the BSP.

On October 31, 1997, the SEC informed the Secretary of Finance that it withdrew GTPMF securities from the
market and that it will not sell the same without the necessary clearances from the regulatory authorities.

Meanwhile, on August 17, 1998, the BSP directed SCB not to include investments in global mutual funds issued
abroad in its trust investments portfolio without prior registration with the SEC.

On August 31, 1998, SCB sent a letter to the BSP confirming that it will withdraw third-party fund products which
could be directly purchased by investors.

However, notwithstanding its commitment and the BSP directive, SCB continued to offer and sell GTPMF securities
in this country. This prompted petitioner to enter into an Investment Trust Agreement with SCB wherein he
purchased US$8,000.00 worth of securities upon the bank’s promise of 40% return on his investment and a
guarantee that his money is safe. After six (6) months, however, petitioner learned that the value of his investment
went down to US$7,000.00. He tried to withdraw his investment but was persuaded by Antonette de los Reyes of
SCB to hold on to it for another six (6) months in view of the possibility that the market would pick up.

Meanwhile, on November 27, 2000, the BSP found that SCB failed to comply with its directive of August 17, 1998.
Consequently, it was fined in the amount of ₱30,000.00.

The trend in the securities market, however, was bearish and the worth of petitioner’s investment went down further
to only US$3,000.00.

On October 26, 2001, petitioner learned from Marivel Gonzales, head of the SCB Legal and Compliance
Department, that the latter had been prohibited by the BSP to sell GPTMF securities. Petitioner then filed with the
BSP a letter-complaint demanding compensation for his lost investment. But SCB denied his demand on the ground
that his investment is "regular."

On July 15, 2003, petitioner filed with the Department of Justice (DOJ), represented herein by its prosecutors, public
respondents, a complaint charging the above-named officers and members of the SCB Board of Directors and other
SCB officials, private respondents, with syndicated estafa, docketed as I.S. No. 2003-1059.

For their part, private respondents filed the following as counter-charges against petitioner: (1) blackmail and
extortion, docketed as I.S. No. 2003-1059-A; and blackmail and perjury, docketed as I.S. No. 2003-1278.

On September 29, 2003, petitioner also filed a complaint for perjury against private respondents Paul Simon Morris
and Marivel Gonzales, docketed as I.S. No. 2003-1278-A.

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On December 4, 2003, the SEC issued a Cease and Desist Order against SCB restraining it from further offering,
soliciting, or otherwise selling its securities to the public until these have been registered with the SEC.

Subsequently, the SEC and SCB reached an amicable settlement. 1awphi1.net

On January 20, 2004, the SEC lifted its Cease and Desist Order and approved the ₱7 million settlement offered by
SCB. Thereupon, SCB made a commitment not to offer or sell securities without prior compliance with the
requirements of the SEC.

On February 7, 2004, petitioner filed with the DOJ a complaint for violation of Section 8.19 of the Securities
Regulation Code against private respondents, docketed as I.S. No. 2004-229.

On February 23, 2004, the DOJ rendered its Joint Resolution10 dismissing petitioner’s complaint for syndicated
estafa in I.S. No. 2003-1059; private respondents’ complaint for blackmail and extortion in I.S. No. 2003-1059-A;
private respondents’ complaint for blackmail and perjury in I.S. No. 2003-1278; and petitioner’s complaint for perjury
against private respondents Morris and Gonzales in I.S. No. 2003-1278-A.

Meanwhile, in a Resolution11 dated April 4, 2004, the DOJ dismissed petitioner’s complaint in I.S. No. 2004-229
(violation of Securities Regulation Code), holding that it should have been filed with the SEC.

Petitioner’s motions to dismiss his complaints were denied by the DOJ. Thus, he filed with the Court of Appeals a
petition for certiorari, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 85078. He alleged that the DOJ acted with grave abuse of
discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction in dismissing his complaint for syndicated estafa.

He also filed with the Court of Appeals a separate petition for certiorari assailing the DOJ Resolution dismissing I.S.
No. 2004-229 for violation of the Securities Regulation Code. This petition was docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 87328.
Petitioner claimed that the DOJ acted with grave abuse of discretion tantamount to lack or excess of jurisdiction in
holding that the complaint should have been filed with the SEC.

On January 7, 2005, the Court of Appeals promulgated its Decision dismissing the petition. It sustained the ruling of
1avvphi1.net

the DOJ that the case should have been filed initially with the SEC.

Petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration but it was denied in a Resolution dated May 27, 2005.

Meanwhile, on February 21, 2005, the Court of Appeals rendered its Decision in CA-G.R. SP No. 85078 (involving
petitioner’s charges and respondents’ counter charges) dismissing the petition on the ground that the purpose of a
petition for certiorari is not to evaluate and weigh the parties’ evidence but to determine whether the assailed
Resolution of the DOJ was issued with grave abuse of discretion tantamount to lack of jurisdiction. Again, petitioner
moved for a reconsideration but it was denied in a Resolution of November 22, 2005.

Hence, the instant petitions for review on certiorari.

For our resolution is the fundamental issue of whether the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that the DOJ did not
commit grave abuse of discretion in dismissing petitioner’s complaint in I.S. 2004-229 for violation of Securities
Regulation Code and his complaint in I.S. No. 2003-1059 for syndicated estafa.

G.R. No 168380

Re: I.S. No. 2004-229

For violation of the Securities Regulation Code

Section 53.1 of the Securities Regulation Code provides:

SEC. 53. Investigations, Injunctions and Prosecution of Offenses.–

53. 1. The Commission may, in its discretion, make such investigation as it deems necessary to determine whether
any person has violated or is about to violate any provision of this Code, any rule, regulation or order thereunder, or
any rule of an Exchange, registered securities association, clearing agency, other self-regulatory organization, and
may require or permit any person to file with it a statement in writing, under oath or otherwise, as the Commission
shall determine, as to all facts and circumstances concerning the matter to be investigated. The Commission may
publish information concerning any such violations and to investigate any fact, condition, practice or matter which it
may deem necessary or proper to aid in the enforcement of the provisions of this Code, in the prescribing of rules
and regulations thereunder, or in securing information to serve as a basis for recommending further legislation
concerning the matters to which this Code relates: Provided, however, That any person requested or subpoenaed to
produce documents or testify in any investigation shall simultaneously be notified in writing of the purpose of such
investigation: Provided, further, That all criminal complaints for violations of this Code and the implementing

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rules and regulations enforced or administered by the Commission shall be referred to the Department of
Justice for preliminary investigation and prosecution before the proper court: Provided, furthermore, That in
instances where the law allows independent civil or criminal proceedings of violations arising from the act, the
Commission shall take appropriate action to implement the same: Provided, finally; That the investigation,
prosecution, and trial of such cases shall be given priority.

The Court of Appeals held that under the above provision, a criminal complaint for violation of any law or rule
administered by the SEC must first be filed with the latter. If the Commission finds that there is probable cause, then
it should refer the case to the DOJ. Since petitioner failed to comply with the foregoing procedural requirement, the
DOJ did not gravely abuse its discretion in dismissing his complaint in I.S. No. 2004-229.

A criminal charge for violation of the Securities Regulation Code is a specialized dispute. Hence, it must first be
referred to an administrative agency of special competence, i.e., the SEC. Under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction,
courts will not determine a controversy involving a question within the jurisdiction of the administrative tribunal,
where the question demands the exercise of sound administrative discretion requiring the specialized knowledge
and expertise of said administrative tribunal to determine technical and intricate matters of fact.12 The Securities
Regulation Code is a special law. Its enforcement is particularly vested in the SEC. Hence, all complaints for any
violation of the Code and its implementing rules and regulations should be filed with the SEC. Where the complaint
is criminal in nature, the SEC shall indorse the complaint to the DOJ for preliminary investigation and prosecution as
provided in Section 53.1 earlier quoted.

We thus agree with the Court of Appeals that petitioner committed a fatal procedural lapse when he filed his criminal
complaint directly with the DOJ. Verily, no grave abuse of discretion can be ascribed to the DOJ in dismissing
petitioner’s complaint.

G.R. No. 170602

Re: I.S. No. 2003-1059 for

Syndicated Estafa

Section 5, Rule 110 of the 2000 Rules of Criminal Procedure, as amended, provides that all criminal actions,
commenced by either a complaint or an information, shall be prosecuted under the direction and control of a public
prosecutor. This mandate is founded on the theory that a crime is a breach of the security and peace of the people
at large, an outrage against the very sovereignty of the State. It follows that a representative of the State shall direct
and control the prosecution of the offense.13 This representative of the State is the public prosecutor, whom this
Court described in the old case of Suarez v. Platon,14 as:

[T]he representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a sovereignty whose obligation to govern
impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern at all; and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution
is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done. As such, he is in a peculiar and very definite sense a
servant of the law, the twofold aim of which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffers.

Concomitant with his authority and power to control the prosecution of criminal offenses, the public prosecutor is
vested with the discretionary power to determine whether a prima facie case exists or not.15 This is done through a
preliminary investigation designed to secure the respondent from hasty, malicious and oppressive prosecution. A
preliminary investigation is essentially an inquiry to determine whether (a) a crime has been committed; and (b)
whether there is probable cause that the accused is guilty thereof.16 In Pontejos v. Office of the Ombudsman,17
probable cause is defined as such facts and circumstances that would engender a well-founded belief that a crime
has been committed and that the respondent is probably guilty thereof and should be held for trial. It is the public
prosecutor who determines during the preliminary investigation whether probable cause exists. Thus, the decision
whether or not to dismiss the criminal complaint against the accused depends on the sound discretion of the
prosecutor.

Given this latitude and authority granted by law to the investigating prosecutor, the rule in this jurisdiction is that
courts will not interfere with the conduct of preliminary investigations or reinvestigations or in the
determination of what constitutes sufficient probable cause for the filing of the corresponding information
against an offender.18 Courts are not empowered to substitute their own judgment for that of the executive
branch.19 Differently stated, as the matter of whether to prosecute or not is purely discretionary on his part, courts
cannot compel a public prosecutor to file the corresponding information, upon a complaint, where he finds the
evidence before him insufficient to warrant the filing of an action in court. In sum, the prosecutor’s findings on the
existence of probable cause are not subject to review by the courts, unless these are patently shown to
have been made with grave abuse of discretion.20

Grave abuse of discretion is such capricious and whimsical exercise of judgment on the part of the public officer
concerned which is equivalent to an excess or lack of jurisdiction. The abuse of discretion must be as patent and
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gross as to amount to an evasion of a positive duty or a virtual refusal to perform a duty enjoined by law, or to act at
all in contemplation of law, as where the power is exercised in an arbitrary and despotic manner by reason of
passion or hostility.21

In determining whether the DOJ committed grave abuse of discretion, it is expedient to know if the findings of fact
of herein public prosecutors were reached in an arbitrary or despotic manner.

The Court of Appeals held that petitioner’s evidence is insufficient to establish probable cause for syndicated estafa.
There is no showing from the record that private respondents herein did induce petitioner by false representations to
invest in the GTPMF securities. Nor did they act as a syndicate to misappropriate his money for their own benefit.
Rather, they invested it in accordance with his written instructions. That he lost his investment is not their fault since
it was highly speculative.

Records show that public respondents examined petitioner’s evidence with care, well aware of their duty to prevent
material damage to his constitutional right to liberty and fair play. In Suarez previously cited, this Court made it clear
that a public prosecutor’s duty is two-fold. On one hand, he is bound by his oath of office to prosecute persons
where the complainant’s evidence is ample and sufficient to show prima facie guilt of a crime. Yet, on the other
hand, he is likewise duty-bound to protect innocent persons from groundless, false, or malicious prosecution.22

Hence, we hold that the Court of Appeals was correct in dismissing the petition for review against private
respondents and in concluding that the DOJ did not act with grave abuse of discretion tantamount to lack or excess
of jurisdiction.

On petitioner’s complaint for violation of the Securities Regulation Code, suffice it to state that, as aptly declared by
the Court of Appeals, he should have filed it with the SEC, not the DOJ. Again, there is no indication here that in
dismissing petitioner’s complaint, the DOJ acted capriciously or arbitrarily.

WHEREFORE, we DENY the petitions and AFFIRM the assailed Decisions of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP
No. 87328 and in CA-G.R. SP No. 85078.

Costs against petitioner.

SO ORDERED.

ANGELINA SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ
Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:

REYNATO S. PUNO
Chief Justice
Chairperson

(On leave)
RENATO C. CORONA ADOLFO S. AZCUNA
Associate Justice Asscociate Justice

CANCIO C. GARCIA
Associate Justice

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to Article VIII, Section 13 of the Constitution, it is hereby certified that the conclusions in the above
Decision were reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s
Division.

REYNATO S. PUNO
Chief Justice

Footnotes
1 Rollo, G.R. No. 168380, Vol. I, pp. 48-62. Penned by Associate Justice Remedios A. Salazar-Fernando and
concurred in by Associate Justice Rosemarie D. Carandang and Associate Justice Monina Arevalo-Zenarosa.

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2 Id., G.R. No. 170602, Vol. I, pp. 63-73. Written by Associate Justice Juan Q. Enriquez, Jr., with Associate
Justice Portia Aliño-Hormachuelos and Associate Justice Vicente Q. Roxas, concurring.
3 SEC.72. In addition to the operations specifically authorized elsewhere in this Act, banking institutions other
than building and loan associations may perform the following services:

a) Receive in custody funds, documents and valuable objects, and rent safety deposit boxes for the
safeguarding of such effects;

b) Act as financial agent and buy and sell, by order of and for the account of their customers, shares,
evidences of indebtedness and all other types of securities;

c) Make collections and payments for the account of others and perform such other services for their
customers as are not incompatible with banking business;

d) Upon prior approval of the Monetary Board, act as managing agent, adviser, consultant or
administrator of investment management advisory/consultancy accounts.

The banks shall perform the services permitted under subsections (a), (b), and (c) of this section as
depositaries or as agents. Accordingly they shall keep the funds, securities and other effects which
they thus receive duly separated and apart from the banks own assets and liabilities.

The Monetary Board may regulate the operations authorized by this section in order to insure that said
operations do not endanger the interest of the depositors and other creditors of the banks.

4 Now repealed by The General Banking Law of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8791).

5 Batas Pambansa Blg. 178. Now repealed by Republic Act No. 8799 (The Securities Regulation Code),
which took effect on July 19. 2000.

6 Supra at footnote 3.

7 SEC. 4. Requirement of registration of securities. – (a) No securities, except of a class exempt under any of
the provisions of Section five hereof or unless sold in any transaction exempt under any of the provisions of
Section six hereof shall be sold or offered for sale or distribution to the public within the Philippines unless
such securities shall have been registered and permitted to be sold as hereinafter provided.

8 SEC. 19. Registration of brokers, dealers and salesmen.- No broker, dealer or salesman shall engage in
business in the Philippines as such broker, dealer or salesman or sell any securities, including securities
exempted under this Act, except in exempt transactions, unless he has been registered as a broker, dealer, or
salesman pursuant to the provisions of this Section.

9 Sec. 8. Requirement of Registration of Securities:

8.1. Securities shall not be sold or offered for sale or distribution within the Philippines, without a
registration statement duly filed with and approved by the Commission. Prior to such sale, information
on the securities, in such form and with such substance as the Commission may prescribe, shall be
made available to each prospective purchaser.

10 Vol. I, Rollo, G.R. No. 170602, pp. 451-473.

11 Vol. I, Rollo, G.R. No. 168380, pp. 241-43.

12 Saavedra, Jr. v. Securities and Exchange Commission, G.R. No. 80879, March 21, 1988, 159 SCRA 57,
62, citing Pambujan Sur United Mine Workers v. Samar Mining Co. Inc., 94 Phil. 932 (1954).

13 Tan, Jr. v. Gallardo, G.R. Nos. 41213-14, October 5, 1976, 73 SCRA 306, 310.

14 80 Phil. 556 (1940).

15 Zulueta v. Nicolas, 102 Phil. 944 (1958).

16 Ching v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 164317, February 6, 2006, 481 SCRA 609.

17 G.R. Nos. 158613-14, February 22, 2006, p. 11.

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18 Glaxosmithkline Philippines, Inc. v. Malik and Ateeque, G.R. No. 166824, August 17, 2006, p. 5, citing
Punzalan v. Dela Peña and Cagara. 434 SCRA 601 (2004).

19 Alcaraz v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 164715, September 20, 2006, 10, citing Metropolitan Bank and Trust
Company v. Tonda, 392 Phil. 797 (2000).
20 Glaxosmithkline Philippines, Inc. v. Malik and Ateeque, supra, p. 5, citing Cabaling v. People, 376 SCRA
113 (2002).
21 Soria v. Desierto, G.R. Nos. 153524-25, January 31, 2005, 450 SCRA 339. 345, citing Duero v. Court of
Appeals, 373 SCRA 11 (2002), Perez v. Office of the Ombudsman, 429 SCRA 357 (2004).

22 Vda. de Bagatua v. Revilla and Lombos, 104 Phil. 392 (1958).

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