VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY © PRINTNET A CITT An Internship Repor On “PROTEUS” IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING RET aa ANUSHA C M (4GM16EC009) Internship Carried Out Fig Indian Aviation Trade PNET Tat Internal Guide Pec Ve ead POE CLOOnY MSCs scitd Country Manager POW SIO ME CG 2019 - 2020 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DAVANGERE, (Affiliated 1 VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE -New Delhi & Govt. of Karnataka) Scanned with CamScannerVISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI - 590018 An Internship Report On “PROTEUS” ‘Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In Electronics & Communication Engineering Submitted By Anusha C M (4GM16EC009) Internship Carried Out At Indian Aviation Trade Davangere Internal Guide Extemal Guide Ms. Vinutha LB Mr. Santosh Kumar K Assistant Professor Manages 2019-2020 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DAVANGERE, (Ailited to VIU, Belagav, Approved by AICTE -New Dei & Gost of Kuesaha) Scanned with CamScannerSrishyla Educational ‘Trust (R), Bheemasamudra GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DAVANGERE {(Afiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE -New Delhi & Govt. of Karnataka) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE Certified that the Internship titled “Proteus” is a bonafide work carried out by| [Anusha C M (4GM16EC009), inpartial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor o! [Engineering in Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of the| IVisvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the year 2019-2020. The internship} report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements with respect to the} Internship work prescribed for Bachelor of Engineering Degree. _ Me ro Ms. Vinutha L B Signatbee of Industry Institute Signature of HOD Signature of Interaction (1) Coordinators Dr. Hadimani HC Mr. Vikas C Yatnalli& pal Dr. Y Vijaya Kumar Mr. Sampath Kumar B External Viva Name of the Examiners Scanned with CamScannerCERTIFICATE 2 OF COMPLETION i \ Gy ae My Anughav CM sist cert tht Ns Anta CMa stent of UT Davanagee has wnegone } nership programa A Dvr edt 30 das | Tsui hs mange stein wei kame 4 ‘team players prompines organization attentinto deal, Scanned with CamScannerACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘The joy and satisfaction that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible. I would like to express our gratitude to our Principal, Dr. Y. Vijaya Kumar for providing us a congenial environment for engineering studies and also for having showed me} [the way to carry out the internship. I consider ita privilege and honour to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Hadimani H IC, Professor and Head, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering for his} |support and invaluable guidance throughout the tenure of this internship. I would like to thank my Guide Ms.Vinutha LB, Assistant Professor, department o I Electronics & Communication Engineering for support, guidance, motivation, encouragement} for the successful completion of this internship. 1 would also like to thank our Industry Institute Interaction (III) Coordinator [Mr.Vikas C. Yatnalli and Mr.Sampath Kumar B, Assistant Professors, department of [Electronics & Communication Engineering, for their continual support and guidance from the] Iscratch and throughout the process of internship. | intend to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of our Department o} Electronics & Communication Engineering for their immense help and co-operation. Finally, | would like to express my gratitude to our parents and friends who always} stood by me. Anusha CM) Scanned with CamScannerCONTENTS Description List of Figures Chapter 1: Company Profile 1.1 Indian aviation trade 1.1.1Vision 1.1.2Mission 12IAT'S Set 1.2.1 Aviation Trading 1.2.2 Spare parts 1.3 About Internship 1.3.1 Internship 1.3.2 Necessity of Internship 1.3.3 About Guide Chapter 2: Introduction 2.1 Proteus 2.1.1 Features of Proteus 2.2 Heartbeat sensor using Arduino 2.2.1 Principles of Heartbeat Sensor Chapter 3: Task performed 3.1 DAC using Proteus software 3.1.1 Steps involved in Proteus 3.2 Heartbeat sensor using arduino 3.2.1 Working of the circuit 3.2.2 Code for the circuit Chapter 4: Reflection notes 4.1 Practical skills 4.2 Leadership skills Chapter 5: Results and Conclusion 5.1 Results of Proteus 5.2 Results of Heartbeat sensor References Page No. on o1 oO or 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 o4 04 04 06 06 07 07 09 09 10 " 19 19 19 20 20 Scanned with CamScannerLIST OF FIGURES FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER NUMBER 1.2.2.1 Spare parts for aerospace company 02 2.2.1.1 Connections showing Heartbeat sensor ce 3.1.1 Block diagram of DAC oF 3.1.2 Circuit diagram of R-2R DAC os 08 3.1.3 Circuit diagram of DAC in Proteus 3.21 Circuit diagram of heartbeat sensor 10 5.1.1 Output window of DAC circuit in proteus 2a software 5.2.1 Output of Heartbeat sensor 22 Scanned with CamScannerRNSHIP ON PROT! CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INDIAN AVIATION TRADE Indian Aviation Trade (IAT) is an International company specialized in Civil and defence sector. It's core objective is to promote Indian Aviation Industry across the globe by providing world class standardized products & services of OME’s of Indian. IATS diversified international team consists of specialized human talent in advanced Aviation & aerospace industry who works innovatively. It offer different solutions to their partners by eliminating complex barriers which are involved in different stages of Supply Chain Management such as technical, political & economical factors. 1.1.1 VISIO! To deliver highest quality of aerospace engineering, consulting, repair maintenance and overhaul and services to Indian SMEs with the addition of exchange of technologies among companies. Connecting & distributing Indian aerospace to the world. 1.1.2 MISSIO! \d satisfy aeronautical needs by good ethical practices without losing To identify an putsches IAT started to help different organizations & bodies to develop and quality of services. OME's an India their own aircraft, engines, aerospace models by collaborating with different and world from last 3 years. And now it is also one of the player in sME’s currently. aviation, software, & consulting domain. It’s pool of talent provides countless services to SI continuous innovation in Civil & Defense industry by serving its IAT believe in c industry in India. partners at best and minimize the risks involved cum service involved in B2B i And it proudly introduce itself as product cum service oriented organization, With respect fo this ing innovative products believe & support other organizations and their effort in achiev and making India as major player in the industry. Page 1 DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerINTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS 1.2. IAT’S SERVICES: Recently India has developed indigenous advanced light combat aircraft (LCA) Tejas. And this demonstrates the ability of Indian aviation industry and prestigious manufactures namely HAL, ISRO, DRDO, and other OEM’s in Indian, With this, Indian has opened international gateway to expand its territory all over the world. In addition to tejas, Indian has developed other top notch advanced indigenous equipments, jet planes, aircrafts, helicopters, missiles, electrical equipments & software, In civil and Defence sector with the help of OME"s . IATs business area is to promote such OEM's, private organization & government ns. On the other hand, allowing other international companies to develop and organi expand their business in India, 1.2.1 AVIATION TRADING IAT is creating strong platform for both buyers and suppliers by organizing Advanced Business Events in both Civil and Defence sector across India, The trade used and new aircraft. Either the buyers/supplier; it create an unique platform. 1.2.2 SPARE PARTS: The huge database consists of spare parts which are necessary for any aviation or -al success. IAT fulfill the gap between supply & demand of aerospace company to gain crit its partner's requirement with respect to required with respect to required spare part. ———————eEE D Page 2 EPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScanner11P ON PROTEUS ee ——eeeil.e_€._€'_ 7mm 1.3 ABOUT INTERNSHIP 1.3.1 Internship Internship is the position of a student or trainee who works in an organization, sometimes without pay, in order to gain work experience or satisfy requirements for a ification. qua 1.3.2 Necessity of Internship ‘An internship enables students to gain first-hand exposure of working in the real world. It also allows students to harness the skill, knowledge, and theoretical practice they learnt in university. Internships provide a nice learning curve for students with litle experience of the professional world. 1. An internship provides real life experience and exposure. 2. The opportunity to learn more about yourself. 3, Get connected and develop your professional network, 4, Prevent CV from Going to the trash. 5. Transition into a full-time position. 1.3.3 About Gi Mr. Santhosh Kumar Designation: country manager of Karnataka Qualification: BE, MBA Working Experience: Worked as HR Manger at Hewlett-Packard (HP) tect with respect to aeronautical Working as software arc DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerIP ON PROTEUS CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 PROTEUS Proteus 8 is a single application with many service modules offering different functionality (schematic capture, PCB layout, etc.). The main aim to take you through the process of entering a circuit of modest complexity in order to familiarize you with the techniques required to drive the schematic capture modul Proteus. The tutorial starts with the easiest topics such as placing and wiring up components, and then moves on to make use of the more sophisticated editing facilities, such as creating new library parts. ‘The Proteus is an electronic circuit design software which includes a schematic capture, simulatic n and PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Layout modules. But generally now a days Eagle CAD is highly preferred over Proteus for PCB designing because of its flexibility. ‘The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards. 2.1.1 Features of Proteus The Proteus Design Suit and PCB (Printed a Windows application for schematic capture, simulation, suit Board) layout design. It can be purchased in many configurations, depending on the size of designs being produced and the requirements for microcontroller simulation, All PCB Design products include an autorouter and basic mixed mode SPICE simulation capabilities. 2.1.1 Schematic Capture ‘Schematic capture in the Proteus Design Suite is used for both the simulation of designs and.as the design phase ofa PCB layout project. Iti therefore a core component and is included with all produet configurations. ST DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Page 4 Scanned with CamScannersir ox notes oller Simulation 2.1.1.2 Microcon ‘The micro-controller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file or a debug file to the microcontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-simulated along with any analog and digital electronics connected to it. This enables its use in a broad spectrum of project prototyping in areas such as motor control, temperature control and user interface design. Italso finds use in the general hobbyist community and, since no hardware is required, is convenient to use as a trainingor teaching tool. Suppor is available for co-simulation of: © Microchip Technologies PIC10, PIC12, PIC16, PIC18, PIC24, DSPIC33. © Microcontrollers. © Atmel AVR (and Arduino), 8051 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers. * NXP 8051, ARM7, ARM Cortex-M0 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers. + Texas Instruments MSP430, PICCOLO DSP and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers. 2.1.13 PCB Design The PCB Layout module is automatically given connectivity information in the form is information, together with the of a netlist from the schematic capture module. It applies user specified design rules and various design automation tools, to assist with error free board design. PCB's of up to 16 copper layers can be produced with design size limited by product configuration 2.1.1.4 3D Verification The 3D Viewer module allows the board under development to be viewed in 3D together with a semi-transparent height plane that represents the boards enclosure. STEP output can then be used to transfer to mechanical CAD software such as Solidworks or Autodesk for ning of the board. accurate mounting and pos ———— DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVAN Page Scanned with CamScannerINTERNSHIP ON PRO 2.2 HEARTBEAT SENSOR USING ARDUINO condition ofthe heart Gust heart rate). There are many precise one is using an Electrocardiography But the more easy way to monitor the heart rate i . rate is to use a Heart in different shapes and sizes and allows an instant ws peer ened ; e ‘ay to measure the heartbeat, Hi Sensors are available in Wrist Watches (Smart Watches) Smart Phones, chest taps, a 2.2.1 Principles of Heartbeat Sensor The principle behind the working of the Heartbeat Sensor is Photoplethysmograph. According to this principle, the changes in the volume of blood in an organ is measured by the changes in the intensity of the light passing through that organ. Usually, the source of light in a heartbeat sensor would be an IR LED and the detector would be any Photo Detector like a Photo Diode, an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) or a Photo Transistor. With these two i.e. a light source and a detector, we can arrange them in two ways: A Transmissive Sensor and a Reflective Sensor.In a Transmissive Sensor, the light source and the detector are place facing each other and the finger of the person must be placed in between the transmitter and receiver. Reflective Sensor, on the other hand, has the light source and the detector adjacent to each other and the finger of the person must be placed in front of the sensor. beat sensor Fig.2.2.1.1: connections showing of heart Page 6 DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerCHAPTER 3 TASK PERFORMED 3.1 DAC USING PROTEUS SOFTWARE ‘A DAC takes digital data and transforms it into an analog audio signal. Afterward, it sends that analog signal to an amplifier. When you hear digital recordings, you're actually ing to an analog signal that was converted from digital by a DAC. vad “TT Ll DAC 3 LULL Basic Digital to Analog Converter Fig3.1.1: block diagram of DAC ‘An ideal DAC converts the abstract numbers into a conceptual sequence of impulses that are then processed by a reconstruction filter using some form of interpolation to fill in data between the impulses. A conventional practical DAC converts the numbers into a piecewise constant function made up of a sequence of rectangular functions that is modeled with the zero-order hold, Other DAC methods (sueh as those based on delta-sigma modulation) produce a pulse-density modulated output that can be similarly filtered to produce a smoothly varying signal. [As per the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, a DAC ean reconstruct the or signal from the sampled data provided that its bandwidih meets certain requirements ( 4 baseband signal with bandwidth less than the Nyquist frequency). Digital sampling introduces quantization error that manifests as low-level noise inthe revanstructed signal Page 7 DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerINTERNSHIP ON PRO’ 4-44 D/A converter wing an R-2R ladder circut, an “Yur 0 R-2R Ladder Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) Fig.3.1.2: eireuit diagram of R-2R DAC Fig3.1.3: eireuit diagram of DAC in Proteus DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerINT IP ON PROTEUS 43,.1 STEPS INVOLVED IN PROTEUS: + Open Proteus ISIS Schematie Capture + Select the Component Mode from the left Toolbar + Click On P (Pick From Libraries) + Add all the required components + Place the components on the workspace + Wire up the circuit * Click on Play Button on the bottom left to start simulation 3.2 HEARTBEAT SENSOR USING ARDUINO: © Asimple Heartbeat Sensor consists of a sensor and a control circuit. The sensor part of the Heartbeat Sensor consists of an IR LED and a Photo Diode placed in a clip. ‘+ The Control Cireuit consists of an Op-Amp IC and few other components that help in connecting the signal to a Microcontroller. The working of the Heartbeat Sensor can be understood better if we take a look at its cireuit diagram. © The above circuit shows the finger type heartbeat sensor, which works by detecting the pulses. Every heartbeat will alter the amount of blood in the finger and the light from the IR LED passing through the finger and thus detected by the Photo Diode will also vary. + The output of the photo diode is given to the non — inverting input of the first op —amp through a capacitor, which blocks the DC Components of the signal. The first op~ amp ‘cats a5 a non — inverting amplifier with an amplification factor of 1001. DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Pages Scanned with CamScannerINTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS Fig3.241: eireui gram of heartbeat sensor + The output of the first op — amp is given as one of the inputs to the second op — amp, which acts as a comparator. The output of the second op — amp triggers a transistor, from which, the signal is given to a Microcontroller like Arduino. + The Op — amp used in this circuit is LM358. It has two op — amps on the same chip. Also, the transistor used is a BC547. An LED, which is connected to transistor, will blink when the pulse is detected. 3.2.1 WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT ‘* Upload the code to Arduino UNO and Power on the system. The Arduino asks us to place our finger in the sensor and press the switch. ‘* Place any finger (except the Thumb) in the sensor clip and push the switch (button). Based on the data from the sensor, Arduino calculates the heart rate and displays the heartbeat in bpm. ‘+ While the sensor is collecting the data, sit down and relax and do not shake the wire as it might result in a faulty values. * After the result is displayed on the LCD, if you want to perform another test just push the rest button on the Arduino and start the procedure once ag a DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerINTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS 3.2.2 CODE FOR HEARTBEAT SENSOR /pteart Pulse Sensor Code include 2, en = 11, d4=5, d5 = 4, d6=3, d7 = 2; const int 5 LiquidCrystal Ied(12, 11, 5, 4, 3,2); int pulsePin = AO; // Pulse Sensor purple wire connected to analog pin AO J/ pin to blink led at each beat int blinkPin = 1: J/Nolatile Variables, used in the interrupt service routinel volatile int BPM; //int that holds raw Analog in 0. updated every 2mS volatile int Signal; J/ holds the incoming raw data ‘volatile int 1B! = 600; // int that holds the time interval between beats! Must be seeded! volatile boolean Pulse = false; _// "True" when User's live heartbeat is detected. "False" when not a “live beat’ volatile boolean QS= false; _// becomes true when Arduoino finds a beat. static boolean serialVisual = true; // Set to ‘false’ by Default. Re-set to ‘true’ to see Arduino Serial Monitor ASCII Visual Pulse Volatile int rate(10]; //array to hold last ten 1Bl values volatile unsigned long sampleCounter =0; _// used to determine pulse timing J/ used to find IB Volatile unsigned long lastBeatTime = Volatile int P= 512; // used to find peak in pulse wave, seeded Volatile int T= 512; //used to find trough in pulse wave, seeded EPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Page 11 Scanned with CamScannerNSHIP ON PROTEUS volatile int thresh = 525; // Used to find instant moment of heart beat, seeded volatile int amp = 100; // used to hold amplitude of pulse waveform, seeded volatile boolean firstBeat = true; M/used to seed rate array so we startup with reasonable BPM -olatile boolean secondBeat = false; reasonable BPM // used to seed rate array so we startup with void setup() { pinMode(blinkPin,OUTPUT}; —_// pin that will blink to your heartbeat! Serial.begin(115200); _// we agree to talk fast! interruptSetup\(); 1/ sets up to read Pulse Sensor signal every 2mS //\FYOU ARE POWERING The Pulse Sensor AT VOLTAGE LESS THAN THE BOARD VOLTAGE, // UN-COMMENT THE NEXT LINE AND APPLY THAT VOLTAGE TO THE A- REF PIN // analogReference(EXTERNAL); led.begin(16, 2); Ied.clear(); } 1] Where the Magic Happens void loop() { serialutput(} if(QS == true) // A Heartbeat Was Found — ee Pa DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerINTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS { // BPM and IBI have been Determined // Quantified Self "QS" true when arduino finds a heartbeat seriatOutputWhenBeatHappens(); // A Beat Happened, Output that to serial. QS = false; // reset the Quantified Self flag for next time delay(20); // take a break } void interruptSetup() { // Initializes Timer? to throw an interrupt every 2ms. TCCR2A = 0x02; // DISABLE PWM ON DIGITAL PINS 3 AND 11, AND GO INTO CTC MODE TCCR2B = 0x06; // DON'T FORCE COMPARE, 256 PRESCALER OcR2A=0x7C; _// SET THE TOP OF THE COUNT TO 124 FOR SOOHz SAMPLE RATE TIMSK2 = 0x02; _// ENABLE INTERRUPT ON MATCH BETWEEN TIMER2 AND OCR2A sell); // MAKE SURE GLOBAL INTERRUPTS ARE ENABLED } Void serialoutput() { // Decide How To Output Serial. if (serialvisual { rue) arduinoSerialMonitorVisual('', Signal); // goes to function that makes Serial Monitor alizer DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Page 13 Scanned with CamScanner| ee INTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS. } else sendDataToSerial('s', Signal); // goes to sendDataToSerial function void serialOutputWhenBeatHappens() { if (serialVisual == true) // Code to Make the Serial Monitor Visualizer Work { Serial.print(" Heart-Beat Found"); //ASCII Art Madness Serial.print("8PI Serial.printin({BPM); Icd.print("Heart-Beat Found "); led.setCursor(1,1); Icd.print("BPM: Ied.setCursor(5,1); {ed.print(BPM); delay(300); Ied.clear(); 1 else { sendDataToSerial(’B,BPM); // send heart rate with a'B' prefix sendDataToSerial(‘Q’1B1); // send time between beats with a'Q' prefix DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Page 14 Scanned with CamScannerSHIP ON PROTEL oid arduinoSerialMonitorVisual(char symbol, int data) { const int sensorMin = 0; );__// sensor minimum, discovered through experiment const int sensorMax= 1024; // sensor maximum, discovered through experiment int sensorReading = data; // map the sensor range to a range of 12 options: int range = map(sensorReading, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 11); // do something different depending on the I range value: } void sendDataToSerial(char symbol, int data ) { Serial.print(symbol); Serial printin(data); ISR(TIMER2_COMPA_vect) //triggered when Timer2 counts to 124 { lil} // disable interrupts while we do this Signal = analogRead(pulsePin); // read the Pulse Sensor sampleCounter += 2; 7/ keep track of the time in ms with this variable ‘// monitor the time since the last beat to avoid Mt N = sampleCounter - lastBeatTim oise =-reyeertrarevyter37 ane Page 15 DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScanner_INTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS // find the peak and trough of the pulse wave if{signal < thresh && N > (IBI/5)*3) // avoid dichrotic noise by waiting 3/5 of last 181 { if (Signal <7) // Tis the trough { Signal; // keep track of lowest point in pulse wave if(Signal > thresh && Signal > P) {._ // thresh condition helps avoid noise signal; //Pis the peak ) U/ keep track of highest point in pulse wave J] NOW IT'S TIME TO LOOK FOR THE HEART BEAT // signal surges up in value every time there is a pulse if (N> 250) { ‘// avoid high frequency noise if( (Signal > thresh) && (Pulse == false) && (N > (1B1/5)*3)) { Pulse = true; J] set the Pulse flag when we think there Is 2 pulse digitalWrite(blinkPin, HIGH); J/turn on pin 13 LED In1= samplecounter -lastBeatTime; _// measure time between beats" ms lastBeatTim J/ keep track of time for next pulse ampleCounter; if(secondBeat) DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Page 16 Scanned with CamScanner( // if this is the second beat, if secondBea secondBeat = false; // clear secondBeat flag forint { rate(i] = 1Bl; +4) // seed the running total to geta realistic BPM at startup y } if(firstBeat) // if it's the first time we found a beat, if firstBeat { RUE firstBeat = false; // clear firstBeat flag secondBeat = true; I/ set the second beat flag sei(); //enable interrupts again return; //\B1 value is unreliable so discard it } J/ keep a running total of the last 10 1B! values word runningTotal = 0; // clear the runningTotal variable forlint i=0; ++) { // shift data in the rate array rate[i] = rate[i+1]; // and drop the oldest |B! value funningTotal += rateli]; ‘// add up the 9 oldest IB! values } rate[9} = IB1; // add the latest IBI to the rate array FunningTotal += rate[9]; // add the latest 1B! to runningTotal PT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Fogel? Scanned with CamScannerINTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS runningTotal /= 10; // average the last 10 (BI values BPM = 60000/runningTotal; // how many beats can fit into a minute? that's BPM! as = true; // set Quantified Self flag // OS FLAG IS NOT CLEARED INSIDE THIS ISR ‘al < thresh && Pulse == true) { // when the values are going down, the beat is over, digitalWrite(blinkPin, LOW); // turn off pin 13 LED Pulse = false; // reset the Pulse flag so we can do it again amp=P-T; // get amplitude of the pulse wave thresh = amp/2 +T; //set thresh at 50% of the amplitude //reset these for next time P= thresh; T= thresh; } if (N > 2500) { //if 2.5 seconds go by without a beat thresh = 512; (// set thresh default 512; //set P default T2512; // set T default lastBeatTime = sampleCounter; _//bring the lastBeatTime up to date firstBeat = true; // set these to avoid noise secondBeat = false; // when we get the heartbeat back } | seit); //enable interrupts when youre done! W/endisr Page 18 DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerINTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS, CHAPTER 4 REFLECTION NOTES 4.1 PRACTICAL SKILLS: ‘The internship has provided the opportunity to connect classroom theory with current industry challenges, and provide exposure to the latest technologies, opportunity to converse and interact with the large pool of talented experienced department members has provide a deeper insight to the overall operation, and valuable pool of resources to assist in completion of internship program. This internship program was exactly what | needed to nurture my practical skills. | have acquired practical experiences to complete the theoretical content of my studies. 4.2 LEADERSHIP SKILLS: Yet true leadership skills involve something more; the ability to help people grow in their own abilities, It ean be said that most successful leader are those that drive others 10 achieve their own success. | gained leadership skills from my supervisor during the internship period which includes managing time, motivating individuals, giving feedback and giving )EPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerCHAPTER § 5. ser eveayeveur RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 1 RESULT OF PROTEUS Fig.5.1.1: output window of DAC circuit in proteus software 5.1.1 APPLICATIONS OF DAC: Data Distribution System: ‘Many industrial and factory lines require multiple programmable voltage sources, and this ean be generated by a bank of DACS that are multiplexed. The use of a DAC allows the dynamic change of voltages during operation of a system. al Potentiometer: Almmoet all digital potentiometers are based on the string DAC architecture. With some reorganization of the resistor/switch array, and the addition of an I2C ‘compatible interface, a fully digital potentiometer can be implemented. 5.1.2 ADVANTAGES OF DAC DAC has advantages of allowing signals to be controlled and proc speed and precision with the use of a microprocessor. One ean & or triangular wave with a microprocessor and convert cean process audio with a CPU or DSP and convert it back to audio. Ones 108 have audio inside a processor the sky isthe it to what you can do with it and with custom irmware “Then the uses also obvious for precision digital instrumentation such as reading @ Toad cell, thermoceouple or any sensor, converting it into an industry standard 4-20mA Ox 20mA or O-SV oF O-1OV output for PLCs oF other instruments to interfice With Page 20 Scanned with CamScanner= INTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS 1 to analog converters may offer an economical and compact way to have precision signals. For a 24bit resolution, an 16.7million divisions of i's full scale deflection can be expected and perform thousands of conversions per second. 1.3 CONCLUSION OF DAC ‘© Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched components, all but the most specialized DACs are implemented as integrated circuits (ICs). «© Discrete DACs would typically be extremely high speed low resolution power hungry types, as used in military radar systems. + Very high speed test equipment, especially sampling oscilloscopes, may also use discrete DACs. Fig.5.2.1: output of Heartbeat sensor ‘The output of Heartbeat sensor is as shown in above picture, As we know a healthy human heartbeat rate is 72 times per minute, this device shows the approximate reading of Pulse that is sensed in human body. In the above picture the sensed pulse is 74 pulses per A simple project involving Arduino UNO, 16%2 LCD and Heartbeat Sensor Module is designed here which can calculate the heart rate of a person. © This project can be used as an inexpensive alternative to Smart Watches and other expensive Heart Rate Monitors, PT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerINTERNSHIP ON Pyerre A simple project involving Arduino UNO, 16-2 LCD and Heartbeat Serace Module is Jesigned here which ean calculate the heart rate of a person, This project can be used as an inexpensive altemative to Smart Watches and cther expensive Heart Rate Monitors. 5.2.3 CONCLUSION OF HEARTBEAT SENSOR 5.2, aiomedical engineering (BME) combines the design and problem soving wil of g with medical and biological sciences to improve patent's health care nd g enero individuals. Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of untimely deaths in aaa peat readings are by far the only viable diagnostic ool that could roots ex sna of cardiac events, By using this we can measure ones heart rate throught fingertip. Page 22 OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE Scanned with CamScannerREFERENCES + wwwarduino.ce + https/wikipes + https:/Awww laboenter.com/downloads DEPT OF E&CE GMIT, DAVANGERE INTERNSHIP ON PROTEUS Page 23, Scanned with CamScanner