Ypatabitty, v's PROBABIL ATISTICS { preue amma | yeasoral on () Basics Mecaieua Hills (ii) Peobabilify (ii) Romdoro vasiable | Expectation . (w) Dishibution <7 UES ~s Coutivues - (V) Mothemati cal STATISTICS _ —> Collection of date. — Aualysis of dota — Intexprctation of dato. Difiition « eeoichuy to pof. FA Fishes , Statistics is dofiued asa collection of data, aindlysis of chta aud inlexpre lation of data TYPES OF DATA (0) Grouped oud Ougrouped - (Xi) closed amd open dato . GROUPED DATA i dota is iu te form of class witrvals oud Frequency stron Re data i Kuo as grouped data, O* Sshibuting de Hequencies to thei conesponding class wleavals » thee He data 3. > > ? 2 ? » > ? > 2 > > 2 2 2 2 > 2 2 2 2 > 5 > > > > 2 > 2 2 io Known 05 Frequency dishibution .| ¢ UNGROUPED DATA : IF “he date contains only dbsewations, ei tout e ony class ttowals, then the data is known os Ungrouped data — ¢- O% Raw Dabo. ¢. ¢! CLOSED DATA: IF Re class inlenuls or an a coutmous fom without a] ancy discontinuity rite te dota & Known as Closed data otherwise <| en data. 4 l MEAN (1wesnee) |} a a : r= n 1 ot | S N 3— no of obsewations | } i Xuan z % el a Ks noidpoimt | OLeLL - n | a c 1 T — n | Nes fF Cy uoncies, Xen Stay, a a cl Go iy Fe Frequencies : c: N cd MEDIAN ree —« ifn is odd, the middle obsewation itslf is the median « —4 Mw is evn, average belween te middle obsewation 3 provided i) Data is Yeowronged citer in tnoweasing ford CEE order. i) No: of observations obove fe middle is equa | to the Number of observations blew. Da Oe My = ft (-1)xo| Be Frequency boy he idea! class. _ oe ES . cate Pg tort a bb hh aol ae’ Cc6) Fiud the medion fos the folowing Hequency dota . cr FREQUENCY | CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY 7 ig > 0-5 5 5-10 ° Ciba al + ldealdass , My = lot (#229) uw = lors BXS = 18:5 Note: if the fist class itself is ideal, the curoulative Frequency and fequenty ow ideal (m=) > M=t MODE esses The most Frequently wepeated obsewation is known os Mode 1,2, 3,4, 5, & 3, I4 A, 3, aL, a Lb, 21,3, 19 M, = &,3—> Bimodol . pjyvueevevevuvuuveyu yyy ew. ; . e & Find the mode fo the Following Froqueney dishibution. « Frequonc 4 cu be bealedag © Weal class [Highest frequency] = Ay= lege € e p= 14-8 = 9 ec: 5) 3 = 48 Lay All 80+ ( i yr aon 5 e =I IF the monimany Froqueucies ore Yopeated tsetf— Fast, last and S| ‘w behocew, selec ‘in behocen’ a5 the ideal class . a Cc FF the maninaun Frequencies ove repeated in behweon , select cl Vanden Wy (bimoeai) : e | 7 MF all Be Frequencies ave equal, mode is undefined [e. foo al 1 VFo@ the masino unm Frequencies ove repeated Figs t and last <1 select “ondonky (bimodal) . cd cd MEASURES OF cl ileal el Aron te 3 Measures, Muon, mode and median, ot B c Mean is te best measure. ca AEASURES OF DISPERSION 3 = Fuge slondand Deviation, (85) ol > Mean Deviation. ~s Cool Preiemt- of eration. Cony A Dariidicn fa odwuuvuy VUUEVUVU UU UKBHUUUUYUUUUEUVUUUuY YY Measures of dispersion helps us to identify the deviation Within He dato. RANGE ; ' Max — Min . | Greedest value — Least Value ; STANDARD DEV ATION, Voviance i (2 b) Variance = (st = o% O% a > bi e n Variance is the Sum of the Squones of deviation From mean. “the differences ov deviations within the dots, is Kuown as Vationee . Note: 1 Lessex Voviauce is move onsisteut or move uniform. i Vovtance sill never be Negative . Vi Vovionce of constont is O. WW Sum of the differences Pomdthe mean is alisays Zen. __ NEeay-d + ~— — ~ ee \ — jIt he Variances ove ¢ & Mean is move consistent Sum of the Squares of the deviation be hivinum . Tos qruped dota jou EHO CV = Slams Datioton Mean [= > Piat ~ (REF | AANA H- qual Foo she different, pou ps, Qreatex From he Mean should Aa i) | GROUPED DATA ed VARIANCE Lessexy o implies lesex Cv eo UO ee 34 uniform. ree ly le w idurtifying “he Consistent —wibhie eda ta-—aiely cau "oOVCN AHAN = — r~OH AAA 9NAA A an ] ah Wer eenAnANAAAD AnNnnnARAARnRAARARANRAN ANA »¢ D Find mon oud Vorionce for the fist nv hohal numbers . a _ ¢ X = [izase- +r] e cee S Hina), e aM | el cl al cl cl A PES HL oe] e| aa “terhtana) | I 6 I oo = ! I : I . eee shunt hy I a b& 2 6 Ta i I I I a} Sige 12 Mea of 4 Voriauce of y nahoral mumboys ralurol numbers . | a statistics , grouelicol vepsesenlekans or gpaph Yepurseulations purely helPs 810 chtowmine Ye dehoviog of grospect data) SKEWNESS 2 opposite of Syponeday : ” Lack of Syromebny IDDANDIANNANAAARANHAA (as tat ar a a | " ‘a awe » 7 Fe — > - ‘ , math Nejatively Stowe d- Positively stanoed Spm myatvely 4 2 Qh dack he skewness of a didsbution - 5 Ay PERROON'S COEFFICIENT OF SKEWNESS > 2 2 2 > 2 5 Proctiea| limit of Sup > > 2 tos Sypome ry Spp=0 > ‘| 5 yaaa (oadition Nogutive Skroness positive skewness _ 2 oe __ > [Wok sMedineMean] [Mode 7Melian> Meo) | Mode cHedianc Meo . —— - a eee > 2 > 3 ee eee — — rn ee —~ —PROBABILITY 4 See al a FANDOM EXPERIMENT: Unpiedicksble culeowes of ou experiment is Know cll Os a Radom eupesiment - oll , ell eq. lossiug a unbiosedtom. cl e Falling a Die. an Dreaioy 0 card Wom the pack of Ba. ol ol IAMPLESPACE © he collection of all possible aukomes of oom experiment cf 7 e 6) S Known 65 a Somple splaco «Ik Ss dended ly 9, a NENT : “The outeowes of 0% expoviment is Kuowu os a event. cf Nedthamaticolly event the subset of — Sample space. © | vitiow of : ca oaneuuty : The pobabiliky & on wont is defined as the wtic ol & bly te Fivomable cases to the event aud the a7 number of oulcomes oF an experiment . ( The cukones © . ow, mauhso lly enclusive, exhaustive ovent s\ | PE) =) uhave me ca PE) = oil tye Mey a ~~ 7 ca AXIOMATIC _APROACH / PROBABILITY FUNCTION ca ne a 1 = P@=1 -a be Cxstats) Sy 9 a fley=o + P)=0 —>_lopossibte bent uw L aewuVvvUuvvuvUHEUYYV VU YyUuUYEYVY YY pigwwu \ pd :) * Rule 3° P Es = P(E) | (85) = Bre) ashore Es one hejoint | Muhvally Bulasive, CO | Dependent "OG Moho Exclusive Evew)s Ivdloperderet Note: Occaroueo of aur lent dosrnot depends aa upon the Occarouce of He eveuts in tho samo sample Spaw, then such anents ova called Molly Exclusive veut - > let A and B ove muhwelly endusive cveuh . Ane =) & P(AnB) =0 > Oecuvante of an vant dooeuol deparck ew upon He Oceatoute of Same eveut in a different Sample Space, Hur those events aye called ladepurdent esvenls- > Mubully Grlusive ever uover be ivdepudent, bdaperdent een hever be pot equel to Muvally Bubuwe -Besuits © 1, Wrplinant Keovem by ei PR) = 1- PCA) ¢ HU) = 1-709) =| el 2. Addition Theoven 5 f 4 ( jel WA B ore doo even (Fuoting 5 ified take iFoa ted e 4) Specitiegd | fake tFos cl Bassa _ cl P(nve) = P(A) +P(6) ~ P(AaB)/ al I ¢ — F hond B oe mabey exdusive eveuds cll I P(AoB) = P(A) + PCB) | (A+B) = P(A) + p(B) “Xe Here it doosu't mean + = Yo ck . : ¢ dretwien IF 4! Sig is give cl ck is iudnecdl . P(swac)= P+ (8) 49d ths indirectly drown ov iF U “a sum det Aw Baw mu hal cal exeluive. ovly nubrelt cll auluive eveuk wn be alu. alll ca 5. Multiplication Theorem for Depundent Evens. =~ c RZ B ove hwo eveul, ea _ \\ ———— tleve A nual be boppeed oa AN = A) Ps r(Ans) = PL) PLE) Std alec. a . Ay 7” bababilily = soe ~. PB) PL a TTT HEE Bhat Be hopped anTE RB and © Gre reo earde - \Flsvene) = PO) F(R) Vhs) P(Ane 3. Multipieertion Theorem Fos Independant tanh - P(AdB) = P(A). P(8) Or lol fal Pdsapac) = P(A) P(B) PCA) 1 4 IF he B ow 2 evenh- f | Creaney = morta) ol @ "rah 8) = r(- P( (ws), only 6. ee, Neithe eA wor B 1-e (08) jas As "P(A AB) = (806°) - + p(n 8) oul xj one ee ele) = PU AB) ; = pier (ane) yy PGB) PTA Sg A Oe ee ne ee| Pfc) = Pree) ay pansy pte? Me wre © ror) (M792) = P (sno) eal r(Aug) . r(B) I~ Ps) ( *(e)+1) Noles: fF Aond Bo og udepoudent events 1 Probe billy fp a P(naw), P(A AB) om d NBS) om also depart 6 BaAVE's “Biron W — OEE Es Ey ane ‘feo muha ly Onesie vous Fle) 4°) such tat A is an Cabibaay Cveuks ushich ig S Wy subset of “UY EL thew P(A) is (ed f PAY = (EMA) +P (EAR). ? (En A) > 7) PIN AN NN AAAA See eI NA AHnH AANA AD PO POOF) 4 PCa P(M.) « o(4) Hk) pe nm am CH P(A, S P(e:) P(N 7 ; } Toh probabil = { oF unknown event - ¢ ¢ Cc ce