Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
A604/A604M – 07
5.1.3 The condition and preparation of the surface to be 7.2.4 Nitric Acid—This etchant consists of 5 % HNO3
macroetched, solution in alcohol or water, and is generally used at room
5.1.4 The etching reagent, temperature and time of etching, temperature. When this reagent is used, the etch disk must have
or degree of etching including any special techniques which a smooth surface.
must be used, and
5.1.5 The type and degree of conditions or combinations 8. Etching Containers
thereof that shall be considered acceptable or subject to 8.1 Macroetching must be done in containers that are
metallurgical review. resistant to attack from the etching reagents. Caution must be
exerted to prevent the occurrence of electrolytic couples which
6. Sample Preparation can cause uneven attacks and misleading results.
6.1 Unless otherwise specified, the test shall be performed
9. Preparation of Etched Surface and Examination
on specimens, usually 1⁄4 to 1 in. [6 to 25 mm] thick, cut to
reveal a transverse surface. 9.1 Upon completion of etching, surfaces of disks should be
6.2 Disks for macroetch inspection may be removed from cleaned by either chemical or mechanical methods that do not
billets by a variety of methods including torch cutting, sawing, affect the macroetch quality. Care should be taken to prevent
machining, or high-speed abrasive wheels. Adequate prepara- rusting of the etched surface.
tion of the surface for macroetching must completely remove
the effects of torch cutting or high-speed abrasive wheels. 10. Interpretation of Conditions Found by Macroetching
6.3 Due to the nature of the conditions to be detected, 10.1 Four distinct classes of conditions are defined and
further surface preparation is usually required. described under this practice:
6.4 When such further preparation is performed, grinding, 10.1.1 Class 1: Freckles—Circular or near-circular dark
machining, or sanding should be carried out in such a manner etching areas generally enriched with carbides and carbide-
as not to mask the structure. forming elements.
10.1.2 Class 2: White Spots—Light etching areas, having no
6.5 The surface of the disk to be etched must be free of dirt,
definitive configuration or orientation which are generally
grease, or other foreign material which might impair the result
reduced in carbide or carbide-forming elements.
of the test.
10.1.3 Class 3: Radial Segregation—Radially or spirally
oriented dark etching elongated areas occurring most fre-
7. Etching Reagents
quently at mid-radius which are generally carbide enriched.
7.1 The etching response and appearance is dependent upon This condition may be easily confused with freckles in some
the type and temperature of the etching reagent and the time of materials.
immersion. These details must be established by agreement 10.1.4 Class 4: Ring Pattern—One or more concentric rings
between manufacturer and purchaser. evidenced by a differential in etch texture associated with
7.2 For illustrative purposes some of the commonly used minor composition gradients and ingot solidification.
etching reagents are as follows: 10.2 Macroetch photographs show examples of each of the
7.2.1 Hydrochloric Acid—A solution of 1 part commercial conditions revealed by macroetch testing, with five degrees of
concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) and 1 part severity, identified as A, B, C, D, and E for each condition.
water is more generally used than any other macroetching Degree A exhibits the minimum occurrence of each condition
reagent. This solution may be heated without significant detectable by visual examination of the etched surface, while
change in concentration, and may be reused if it has not degrees B, C, D, and E represent increasing severity of
become excessively contaminated or weakened. Etching is occurrence.
generally done with the solution at a temperature of approxi- 10.3 For each condition, or combination of conditions,
mately 160°F [70°C]. ratings shall be obtained by comparing each macroetched
7.2.2 Hydrochloric Acid-Sulfuric Acid Mixture—A mixture section with the standard photographs. Bar or billet sections to
containing 50 % water, 38 % commercial concentrated HCl, 225 in.2 [1450 cm2] cross-sectional area may be rated against
and 12 % commercial concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO 4, sp gr these standards. Larger sizes may be rated by agreement
1.84) is sometimes used in place of the previously mentioned between manufacturer and purchaser, but caution must be
50 % HCl solution. The statements in the previous paragraph exercised in interpretation of such results. Figs. 1-20 have been
regarding reuse and temperature of etchant are applicable to reduced 44 % in area from the standard photographs.
this reagent. 10.4 If the appearance of a given condition does not exactly
match one of the five standard photographs, it shall be assigned
7.2.3 Aqua Regia—A solution consisting of 1 part concen-
the rating of the standard that it most nearly matches.
trated nitric acid (HNO3, sp gr 1.42) and 2 parts concentrated
10.5 No standards for acceptance are stated or implied in
HCl is used on corrosion and heat-resistant materials of the
these illustrations. The extent to which each condition may be
18 % chromium, 8 % nickel type and higher alloy types. This
permissible varies with the intended application, and such
reagent is used at room temperature.
standards should be stated in the applicable product specifica-
NOTE 1—The reagents in 7.2.1, 7.2.2, and 7.2.3 should be used under tion, or may be the subject of negotiation between manufac-
ventilating hoods or with some provision to remove the corrosive fumes. turer and purchaser.
2
A604/A604M – 07
3
A604/A604M – 07
4
A604/A604M – 07
5
A604/A604M – 07
6
A604/A604M – 07
7
A604/A604M – 07
8
A604/A604M – 07
9
A604/A604M – 07
10
A604/A604M – 07
11
A604/A604M – 07
12
A604/A604M – 07
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 Process Description crucible, only a portion of the ingot is molten at a time and
X1.1.1 Consumable electrode vacuum melting (CEVM) of solidification proceeds in a continuously progressive manner.
steel has grown from a laboratory process to a major produc-
tion operation capable of producing ingots in certain grades up X1.2 Product Characteristics
to 60 in. [1500 mm] in diameter, weighing 50 tons [45 t]. The X1.2.1 Essentially, the CEVM operation changes the prop-
available ingot sizes and weights vary from grade to grade, erties of steel in three ways:
depending upon their complexity and alloy content. Currently, X1.2.1.1 By reducing gas content.
a significant proportion of the ultra-high-strength steels for X1.2.1.2 By improving microcleanliness. The nonmetallic
aircraft and missiles, bearing steels for aircraft engines, and inclusion content is rated in a manner similar to that used for
other speciality alloys are being consumable electrode vacuum air melt except that the level is generally lower and a different
melted. chart is used.
X1.1.2 The consumable electrode vacuum melting process X1.2.1.3 By changing the mode of solidification from that
is diagramed in Fig. X1.1. To start the melting operation, an of the traditional static-cast ingot to a progressive solidification
electrode produced from conventional air-melted or vacuum- process, involving high heat input from an arc and rapid heat
processed steel is suspended in the consumable electrode extraction by the water-cooled copper crucible.
vacuum melting furnace. The system is evacuated and an arc is X1.2.2 Depending upon the grade of steel and the applica-
struck to a bottom starting pad. Molten metal is transferred tion under consideration, consumable electrode vacuum melt-
across the arc from the electrode to the solidifying ingot ing is reported to significantly improve one or more of the
contained within the water-cooled copper crucible. As melting following properties: transverse ductility in aircraft forging
proceeds and the ingot solidifies progressively upward, the billets, fatigue strength or endurance limit, notched tensile
electrode is fed downward to maintain the proper arc length. As strength or fracture toughness, Charpy V-notch impact
the metal droplets pass through the arc, they are exposed to this strength, stress rupture, and creep strength. Furthermore, hot
vacuum at extremely high arc temperatures, producing exten- workability and yield of some grades are significantly im-
sive degassification, as well as some breakdown and dispersion proved. The CEVM process has also made possible the
of inclusions. Due to the rapid cooling provided by the copper development of new alloys for extremely high-strength or
13
A604/A604M – 07
high-temperature applications that did not exhibit satisfactory
properties when melted by other methods.
X1.3 Macrotech Characteristics
X1.3.1 Consumable electrode vacuum-melted steels and
alloys may contain discontinuities peculiar to this process
which are disclosed upon macroetch examination.
14
A604/A604M – 07
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A604 – 93
(2003)) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2007.)
(1) Changed from Test Method to Practice. (2) Converted to dual units format.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
15