cmvosor MAYA eae ae as sigh HLS VOLUME 9 PART 1 PIEDRAS NEGRASCORPUS MAYA HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTIONS Volume 9 Part 1 DAVID STUART Bartlett Curator of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Peabody Museum, Haroard University IAN GRAHAM Director, Maya Corpus Program Peabody Museum, Harvard University PEABODY MUSEUM OF ARCHASOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 2003ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful acknowledgment is made ofthe admiration and staf ofthe Instituto de -Aiuopologi Historia of Guatemala fo her cooperation snd assistance during Ou work at Piedras Negras over several years, We extend thank alo fo the member ofthe Proyecto Argueoigico Piedras Negras, especially to ts decors, Dr. Stephen Houston and Lie Hector Line acted be ere wecoming hot thei Tis and er Conus Progr fidwork at Pera Negras was supported by grants from te National Endowment fo the Humanities nd rom the National Geographic Society 'We alto extend our deep thks 0 the University of Pennoylvania Museum for hee permission to reproduce photographs of Sela 2,9, and 12 from te archives, Charles S ‘ne, photographie archivist al the museum, wa of inense si in processing oun tal lengthy request fr print. Thank go lof Justin Kee for granting permission t 'eprodice his image of Sta 6 Inthe Peabody Museum India Spars of Photographic Archives helped us to frd numerous images fom the fe of Teor aler ae the Camegie lnsittin of Washington. Gregory Finegan and jane tein ofthe Tozzer {bear at Harvard University aided us in tracking down the remarkable undergraduate {hess of Wiliam Coxe, with is important and uaigue photographs of Piedas Negras scalptures. Last ut by no means lest, Dr James Fitzsimmons expertly handled the eifi- cult ask of scanning nd iting photographs rom these many sources for which we are ‘more than grateful “Te lowing abrevitions willbe wed when ting the sures of photographs and {he present lations of Pedra Negras sclptre the Casnepe institution of Rachington (Ca¥) Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions (CM) Masco Nacional de ‘Antropelogiy tnoogi, Guatemala Cty (MAB) Peabody Museum of Archaclogy and Ethology, Harvard Universty PMA), andthe Unversty Museum of Pennsyivani (UM). ‘Ths volume is warmly dedicate tothe memary of Mrs. Frederic C, Bartlet, whose most generous suppor fo dhe Corpus Program etched over may years ‘Asti book ge to pres, the lowing vols the Corps Mae Hicelype Inscriptions ae avalible fom the Peabody Museum, Harvard Univers. Divi ‘Avene, Cambridge, MA T2138 Wht auction WL21 Naranjo 22 Naan, Chunhut, Xunantunich o in Ueanal tt, Navajo WoL31 ascii 32 Yanchlan 33 Ysehlan WoL $1 Haim, Poy, Tum 2 Usmal $3 smal Naan WoLS1 xan 52 Xaltn ta Howades Ustactun 53 Unactun Wht Toni 62 Tenine 63 Tomine Wou71 Sel Wi 81 Cabs VoL 91 Pleas Nope Copyright ©2008 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College eNOS Ubrary of Congres Catalog Card Number 7.19780 “Text and cover printed by Heny N. Samer Company. ne Charestown Mamachinets USA over amped ac book bound by Acme Bookbinding ‘Chrkestown, Masachsets US. A igh eserves This ook o patter, may not be produced in any frm o by any means, elctoni or mecha, incloding photocopying eoding any ison ton storage reteval system now known orto be invested. without permis hes he peblhenPiedras Negras Piedras Negras lies on the Rio Usumacinta in the remote northwest area of the Department of Petén, Guatemala. The river here winds its way in a gen- eral northwest direction toward the plains of Tabasco, cutting a narrow val- ley through the hilly and broken karstic landscape. The ruins are nestled among several rocky hills overlooking the Usumacinta, where blackened limestone outcroppings along the riverbank lend the site its name. Approximately forty kilometers upstream, to the southeast and on the oppo- site bank, are the extensive ruins of Yaxchilan, Travel to Pieciras Negras has always been difficult, given its isolated loca- tion and the nearby stretches ofthe river that are often made impassable by rapids. The principal and most reliable route of access to the ruins is a long used trail running from the Mexican border to the north. The trail was origi- nally opened in the late 1800s by laborers from Tenosique, Mexico, to provide access to various lumber camps, or monterias, located along the river. It orig- {nally extended as far as the encampment opposite El Cayo (Desempefio), some ten kilometers south of Piedras Negras. The trail to Piedras Negras has remained a customary means of access for archaeologists, looters, and adven- turous tourists up to the present day. If opting for this route, one may drive from Tenosique on good gravel and dirt roads southward to the border community of Corregidora Ortiz, where a Mexican military checkpoint monitors the comings and goings of visitors into the site (as of 1999 Guatemala had no official presence on this border). Here the drivable road ends, and one must then leave vehicles and continue on foot, crossing the border into Guatemala. During the dry sea- son (generally March through the end of May), the hike from this point into Piedras Negras takes about five or six hours. The forested trail follows a northwest-southeast direction along a generally flat valley that roughly parallels the Rio Usumacinta. Approximately eleven kilometers from the border, the trail comes close to the river at El Porvenit, once the site of a ‘monteria encampment, and there passes several small mounds. The route continues for a few kilometers over somewhat more difficult terrain and enters Piedras Negras at the West Group Plaza, in front of Structure K-5. 9896 PRINCIPAL IESCATIONS AT THE STE 130s vintage tractor ere pose ose the rusting remine of 19305 ag "Aue lyoko tain Mt tatiana panne os SRL Seal a pm ee spina fan Case's Can He SoU ee lence nate in ature Chute ou heater feat tn la Sea recon ee eae tsPathe hs Unnm er ES Sata nase ty i ay Considering Teobert Maler's mention of the “road’” linking Tenosique and El Cayo and passing by Piedras Negras (Maler 1901, pp. 40-42), the ruins were surely known to many ofthe lumber workers who traveled along the siverin the last decades ofthe nineteenth century. Morley (1938, p. 1) credits the discovery ofthe ruins to one Emiliano Palma of Tenosique, who oper- ated monteras at various points on the Usumacinta in the 1880s and 90s. Sr. Palma had earlier recalled to Morley that he had established a camp at Piedras Negras in 1894 (bid), at which time the ruins were discovered. However, Sr. Palma’s recollections were certainly mistaken, for by 1894 the site had already been known and visited for several years, anda lumber camp had been in operation at Piedras Negras as early as 1889, if not before ‘Avery early mention of Piedras Negras might appear in Juan Galindo’s 1835 report on the Usumacinta and Pasion rivers. Galindo related seconcl hhand information about the river system and noted the existence of "extras ordinary and extensive ruins” on the left bank ofthe river very likely # ret. erence fo Yaxchilan (CMHI,p. 38). He then went on to mention that “comes what lower doven the stream there isa remarkable monumental stone ee characters” (Galindo 1893, p. 60). This hopelessly vague description could feet tany numberof archaeological sites below Yaxchilan But tie temo ing to connect it with the conspicuous “Roun de los Surfer veer atraced othe adjacent bench It cific fo thack of an et “remariable monumental stone, with characters” de nacary het ‘Yaxchilan. 4 ‘eam Visitors othe ruins before the 18805 certainly inchaded who unl few decades ago ved in anal enaey Guatemalan side ofthe Rio Usumacinta, ier ae seen indated by Maler's not of finding re Se of incense ves dihes and bowls of Seo ne complete Lacandon “od pot fs lastated en on Piedras Nepas crs ‘The fist published mention ofthe rains is by Louis Ch Lacandon Maya, groups on the ity at the ruins “numerous shards (Maler 1901, p. 64). A 's (1935) initial report there a few days later accompanied @ guide. His ‘publican arrived isis only short derpion oft ea a Hs description of Altar ands sculpted suppete aceEvidently Teobert Maler was completely ignorant of Chambon’s visit when he made his way to Piedras Negras in the summer of 1895, after hav- ing been told of the ruins by Don Transito Mejenes, a lumber agent at El Cayo. His initial visit was kept to a few hours due to lack of men and sup- plies, but he soon returned that summer for a fifteen-day stay, during which time he examined Stelae 1 through 8. Under the auspices of the Peabody ‘Museum, Maler resumed work at Piedras Negras in 189, staying long, ‘enough to expose numerous more monuments and conduct limited excava- tions. Over the course of these two extended visits in 1895 and 1899, he dis- covered and photographed most of the extant monumental sculpture, including Stelae 1 through 36, and “Lintels” (Panels) 1 and 2 from Structure (0-13. His excellent photographs of the monuments were published with a description of the site (Maler 1901) and remain an invaluable record, given the later destruction of many sculptures. Charles P. Bowditch, who funded Maler’s expeditions for the Peabody Musuem, quickly published a commentary on the dates recorded in the Piedras Negras inscriptions (Bowditch 1901). His speculations on the signif- icance of the dates on the back of Stela 3 (ibid, p. 13) are remarkable antici- ations of the historical interpretations presented decades later by Proskouriakoff (1960). Few if any visitors made their way to Piedras Negras in the decade or 50 after Maler’s final season of work in 1899. In 1914, a young Sylvanus Morley of the Carnegie Institution of Washington arrived at the ruins to study the inscriptions. He returned with Oliver Ricketson in 1921 for a more system- atic study and survey, at which time Stela 40 was found. The results of Morley's work on dating the monuments were published in volume 3 of his great multivolume series, The Inscriptions of Peten (Morley 1938). In 1930 J. Alden Mason, then curator of the American Section of the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania, visited Piedras ‘Negras to ascertain the feasibility of conducting excavations and removing, several of the well-preserved monuments from the site. Once approved by the Guatemalan authorities, work began by the museum in 1931 on the widening of the well-traversed path from Corregidora Ortiz to permit trans- port of the large stelae (Danien 2001). The first three field seasons, wholly financed by the museum's patron Eldridge R. Johnston, were largely devoted to the search for monuments. Several of the sculptures removed from the ruins, including the beautiful Stelae 12 and 40, were exhibited in Philadelphia for many years before their return to Guatemala City. Linton Satterthwaite oversaw most of the excavations that lasted through to 1937 and then for a final season in 1939. Numerous structures were excavated in these years, and several new stelae and panels (what ‘Maler called “lintels”) came to light. The University of Pennsylvania pro- ject produced an excellent map of the ruins, surveyed by Fred Parris, which remains the basis of the one published here in the Corpus, with only slight modifications. The results of the University Museum's project were published in a series of reports mostly focusing on architectural remains (Gatterthwaite 1943; Coe 1959), During the final 1939 season, a young Harvard undergraduate named William 8. Godfrey r, joined the Piedras Negras project in order to research the monuments in preparation for his senior honors thesis (Godfrey 1940). His unpublished study includes several valuable observations on the loca- tions and formal variations of the stelae, as well as a few of his own pho- tographs of monuments since damaged or lost. ‘Another member of the Penn crew was a young artist named Tatiana Proskouriakoff, beginning a long and productive career that would see her ‘grow into one of the foremost authorities on Maya art and hieroglyphic writing, In 1960, over twenty years after her fieldwork at Piedras Negras, Proskouriakoff published her now famous article on the “pattern of dates” 97THE RUINS OF PIEDRAS NEGRAS. citer survey by Paris ond Prosourkot, 1999on Piedras Neg stele (Proskourakoff 1960), wherein she comine MEY demonstrated that dynastic history was ee in Maye texts. glyph text ofthe site wil forever be associated with her name, Tes high irony that within a few years of Proskouriakoft's contributions looters frm Tenasique attacked many ofthe monuments of Pecras Nesras with es Inthe early 196 stele were damaged and sawn pieces Wer8 Pi Tere evident pssng through Tenosigue on their way tothe private and public collections in Meco the United States, and Europe: The scare Femains of many stle stil estat the ruins, but the whereabouts of many Seuptures orginally documented by Maler are unknown t this day. Inearly 1975, Jeffrey Miler, a graduate student a Yale University several days at Pedras Negras cleaning and photographing the sculpture remaining athe stein preparation fra doctoral thesis onthe inscriptions Miler’ stden death ust weeks thereafter lft the project unfinished, but his numerous photographs of the monuments, now archived at Yale Usi- ‘erty remainan important and valuable record Predias Negras received litle more attention from researchers until 1997, wen excavations and surveys began anew under the auspices of the Proyecto Arquedogio Piedras Negras, directed by Stephen D. Houston and Hector L. Escobedo (Houston, Escobedo, Child, et al. 2000; Houston, Escobedo, Forsythe al. 1996, Houston, Escobedo, Hardin eta. 1999; Hous- ton, Escobedo, Tere al. 200), These excavations produced new inscrip- sons that willbe published in later fascicles ofthe Corpus ‘The authors ofthis volume each made separate Visits to ruins lan Graham mnade visits in 1974 and 175, during which he photographed and made field Sheiches of the sculpture. David Stuart later made two visits to the ruins, frst asa panting tourist on a brief lok in 1989 and agai fora lengthier stay in 1988 enjoying the hospitality of the archaeological project then i its sec- ond season spent ‘The best and most detailed description ofthe runs remains that by Sat terthwate included by Morley in The Inscriptions of Peten (Morley 1938, pp-5-25) and presented later by Saterthralte himself (1943) Here we add tow words about the uins as they pertain tothe settings and locations of the sculpture and inerptons Piedras Negras i an extensive site dominated by two principal architec: tural complexes known as the South Group and West Group but with smaller structures densly scattered around them An East Group was dee ignated by th University Museum projec but ths really is nomore trason extensive and very open plaza situated between the South and West Crours and overlooked at Is northern side by the largest single building touted a the rung, Structure O-13, These main architectural proupe ave veo the northwest and southeast by small natural valeye thet, though evap dry sometimes carry water during periods of great rain or even food we theriver rises toils highest levels in the wel season. The sal bench ton ey where the southern rnc meets the river i the natal naing ene trafic oting downsteam, and it was certainly asignifeant eek concn in ancient times as well. Here the Rock Sculpture 1 (RSc.1) was carved on natural outcropping of limestone overlooking the beach, Viewing Wesco cone might imagine an ancient access route running up this valley ane oe, ing left through a fairly well-defined “avenue” located behind and te a east of the South Group, and ending at the East Group Place nest Structure 0-12 Simin the wider novthem valley sige vec Fiver appears to have been a route wsed fo approach the masse by the cs Rau we nose serene te main te vided a natural means of access, arriving at the West Group Pi vided a natur ing at the West Group Plaza in ancient polis pro- in front ofJudging by the dated stelae, the South Group is the earlier of the two archi- tectural complexes, constructed above the river and close to the beach at river's edge, The numerous monuments aligned in front ofthe buildings date to a time both before and during the reigns ofthe first two rulers identified by Proskouriakoff (1960). The square-shaped courtyard at the center of the South Group is open on its northern corner, allowing access into the broad East Group Plaza and thence up to the West Group Plaza, below the actopo- lis. The West Group includes the imposing Structures J-3 and J-4, which rise up above monuments belonging to the reigns of Rulers 3 and 4, respectively. ‘The intermediate East Group, with O-12 and 0-13, is the setting for most of ‘the later stelae dating during the reigns of Rulers 5,6, and 7. Aside from the Pyramids and acropolis, Piedras Negras has two ball courts, one in the West Group Plaza before Structure K-S and another, probably Early Classic in date, just to the north of the South Group. Both ball courts were decorated with sculptures that will be presented in the Corpus. Large sweatbaths are unust- ally numerous at Piedras Negras, but evidently none were associated with any hieroglyphic inscription that survives. ‘The stelae are distributed in fairly well-defined groups that correspond to the reigns of individual rulers, as Proskouriakoff demonstrated in her now- famous paper (Proskouriakoff 1960). Thus the eight stelae placed before Structure J-4 all date to the reign of the third known ruler, and those before Structure J-2 to the time of his successor, Ruler 4. Rather than being erected directly in plazas, stelae at Piedras Negras were generally placed on terraces or platforms in front of pyramids. A few important monuments also appear to have been erected near the summits of pyramids such as Structures R-5 and 0-13. ‘The sculptured panels of Piedras Negras are distinctive in their size and presentation. Maler had mistakenly called these square or rectangular ‘tones “lintels,” no doubt influenced in this by the great number of carved door lintels he found at nearby Yaxchilan. However, all monuments of this type were generally found near the summits of pyramids or on stairways, in settings that strongly suggest they were used as facings on outset plat- forms. Proskouriakoff (1946) showed such a likely placement for Panel 7 on the upper staircase of Structure K-S. ‘A few Piedras Negras stelae seem to have been inlayed with small adornments, possibly of shell, jacle, or obsidian. As Godfrey observed (1940, p. 32), drilled holes in the serpent headdress and collar on Stela 26 correspond to the places where protruding teeth might be expected, and. carved slots flanking the ruler’s head probably held some type of ear orna- ‘ments attached to the stone. The portrait on Stela 36 exhibits a large hole where an ear ornament would be expected. Many monuments also show deep holes in the center of circular earflares, which originally must have served as sockets for protruding tubes, possibly of jade. The inlay of jew- elry on stone monuments is rare in Maya art but is also known on monu- ments at Tonina (CMHI, p.6:126). Monument designations were formalized by the University Museum pro- ject, but a few minor modifications of the old scheme are now necessary. ‘As noted above, “Panel” will now be used to designate a number of sculp- tures mistakenly called “lintels” by Maler and later writers. The old cate- gory “Miscellaneous Stone Sculptures,” including panel and throne fragments as well as practice carvings (Satterthwaite 1965), now will be called “Miscellaneous.” Tt is necessary to introduce into the Corpus a new category of monument called “Rock Sculpture” (abbreviated as RSc. in order to include inscriptions carved on natural stone outcroppings or cliff faces. Two such sculptures are known from Piedras Negras, and others will be published in future Corpus volumes devoted to Calakmul, the cave at Loltun, and San Diego. oatona REGISTER OF INSCRITONS serenencescreD impressive survey i the 1930s and n reduced some- hh D and Z of the final version Our map is a copy of the third and aoa uma cy tte onthe published by Sattrthwait in 1943. The area covered TAS TT ‘what, omiting the northernmost squares ery er setter the sake [Architectural details suchas pyramid terraces Nave Beer or Td bg are anand the orginal Unversity of Pennsylvania PP SA Consulted for this information. The letered squares of the PENN TT Ur tre algo not dawn although small perpendicular ines 3 eo ors tap nat paceent he ving ies Te yet peas hae as ree eit corrected map will be prepared and pubs Tne at some future date but the Parris version used here is generally Nee rate in its presentation of monument locations ancl their architectural $f fings. Only one significant monument, Rock Sculpture 2 (Morley’s “Ins Cliff’, lies outside the coverage area of the map. Stelae 1-18, 22-23, 25-27, 29-40, 43, 46 ‘Altars 1-4 ‘Thrones 1-4 Panels (formerly “Lintels”) 1-10, 12-16 Ball-court Sculptures 1-4 Rock Sculptures 1, 2 Miscellaneous 1. Stelae 19-21, 24, 28, 41-42, and 44 bear no remains of sculpture, if ever carved, Stela 45 will be designated Ball-court Sculpture 3. Lintel 11 appears in fact to be the lower part of Stela 29 and will be pub- lished as such. 4. Miscellaneous Sculptured Stone 10 will be designated Ball-court Sculp- ture 4, 5. Maler (1901, p. 64) published an inscribed rectangular “support for an altar,” which he encountered in Ciudad del Carmen and described as, having been removed by loggers from Piedras Negras at some time be- fore his visit. Nothing in the inscription confirms a Piedras Negras affil- iation, although it may be a stela fragment. It will be presented under the Miscellaneous category. 2 3 BOWDITCH, CHARLES F 1901 "Notes onthe Report of Taber! Mater, bx Memirs ‘no. 1 The University Press, Cambri BUTLER MARY’ * wea 1835 Piedras Nees Preliminary Papers, Number 4: Piedras Negras Pe University Museum, University of Pennaylvay delphia con wnat iy ylvania, Philadelphia 1959" Pdras Neos Archacology: Artifots, Caches and Burin Museum Monograph, no. 18 i Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, CHAMBON, LOUIS 1882 "Un Gascon au Mevique. Paris DANIEN, ELIN: 2001 “Chicken Soup and Canvas Bags: Advi heen ea "8 Advice for the Field,” Expotition, vol GALINDO, JUAN 180 [ADtptin of the River Usmacin, in Gusta ton of he River i Guatemala.” Journal of te GODFREY, WILLIAMS. IR 0083 PP. 59-64, London ™ 1940" The Sil of ids Nees, Undergraduate honors thy thropology, Harvard University, at ROMO the HOUSTON, STEPHEN, HECTOR ESCO fr RICHARD TERRY, and DaViD Westen” MARK CHILD, CHARLES Gon Deny 2000 “Inthe Land ofthe Tar ~ Negras, Guatemala,” Me of the Peabody Maser, 20H University University Museum, University of is, Department of ned 2skcal Investigations at 1 vol 22 Sep gee ARAION at PecragHOUSTON, STEPHEN, HECTOR FSCOBEDO, DONALD FORSYTH, PERRY HARDIN, DAVID WEBSTER, and LORI WRIGHT 1998 “On the River of Ruins: Explorations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 1997." Mexico, vol. 20, no 1, pp 1-22 HOUSTON, STEPHEN, HECTOR ESCOBEDO, PERRY HARDIN, RICHARD TERRY, DAVID WEBSTER, MARK CHILD, CHARLES GOLDEN, KITTY EMERY, and DavipsruaRT. 1959 “Berween Mountains and Sea: Investigations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 1998" Mexicon, vol21,n0. 1 pp. 10-17 HOUSTON, STEPHEN, HECTOR FSCOBEDO, RICHARD TERRY, DAVID WEBSTER, (GEORGE VENI, and KITTY EMERY 2000 “Among the River of Kings: Archasological Research at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 199." Mexion, vol. 22, no 1, pp. 6-17. MALER, TEOBERT 1961 Resercs in the Central Porton of the Usumatsintle Valley: Report of Explorations forthe Museu, 1888-1900, Memoirs ofthe Pesbody Museum ‘of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, val I, no. 1. Peabody “Museum, Cambridge, Mass. 1903 Resercs in the Central Porton ofthe Usumatsina Valley: Report of Explorations forthe Musewn—Par Second. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University voll, no.2 Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. ‘MORLEY, SYLVANUSG. 1938 The Inscriptions of Pete. Vol 3. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 437. Washington, DC- PROSKOURIAKOFE TATIANA, 1946 A Albu of May Architecture. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 558. Washington, DC. 1960 “Historical Impications of a Patern of Dates at Piedras Negras, Guatemal.” American Antiquity, vol. 25, pp. 454-475. SATTERTHWAITE, LINTON. TSS Patras Negras Arclaolgy: Architecture. Part 1, No.1, Intadution. University Museum, Unversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 1965 "Maya Practice Stone-carving at Piedras Negra.” Explition, vol. 7, 10.2, p38.Piedras Negras, Stela 1 LOEAHION Found by Mater a the wet ernmost in the rove eight mane on the terrace it front of Stenne a staat evidenty reel nthe cena dis of he pyramie main stirany ee teat (198.6 none tha Sas have buon Seto the aw sels pay esring Stine 2 though GENOTEN Whan acne by Maly, thestela as broken ino wo lage fe ‘ments with one smal detached eee Som the el sie. The denn onthe Ran es AMlbut iterated, Preservation om the, feck was or beter, with only sight seathering in some areas eae the top and is of suite tn anew of fracture: Aros ot pin remained here the sulpre bent preserved. The inscribed sides had sulleed moderate to heavy erosion tn the i cer chy tempted to temove glyphs from the Back leaving only lage sw marks and gaps where columns Jana K othe inserpton had mee been MATERIAL Fine-grained yellow limestone SHAPE Parallel sides with a at top. DIMENSIONS Ht 4.2m HLC 307m EPE 106m MW 12m WBC 112m MTh 046m Rel thilem ‘CARVED AREAS Front, back, and narrovr sides. orockars Gadtrey (front), Malet (1595 views of back, PMAE nos. HI569 and H7570}, and Graham (1974 views of back, CMH neg 05. 1959/1, 1942/1 left side, MHI neg. nos. 183/, 1934/4% right Side, CMHI neg. no. 1932/4, 1929/1). Doeswincs. Stuart, Based on extant pho- tograpns and connected field drawings. Nor#S. Maier mentioned the remains of Intense blue ant red paint on the sulpture fn the back, traces of which were seen by Graham neat the bottom of the image dur ing his 1974 visit. The sandal on the ‘woman's right foot was then colored blue, her fot we FrontPNG:StA 936PNG:StI 2 Beck, 1974 photgropsPNGStA 98PNG:StIPNGStA 9.20 Rh sitePiedras Negras, Stela 2 LOCATION Discovered face down by Male in the row of stelae om the terrace in front of Structure J-, between Sele | and 3. The sawn front i now on display inthe Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapals, Minnesota {CONDITION Broken int three large fag ments. The front was in good condition with only moderate weathering and break- age In some areas of the sculpture. The sides and top suffered considerably more, ith the oss of mont carved details. Malet reported that the back was carved, but largely lestroyed Inthe mi 1960s looters Front sawed away the font face, which is now displayed in some fifteen pieces MATERIAL Very fine-grained limestone SHAPE The sides ofthe stela are highly conver, lending a colummiike appearance to the monuments form, The tops PNGSt2 ‘CARVED AREAS. Front bac, sides, and top. PHOTOGRAPHS Godfrey (ron), UM (et nego. 32-44), and C1W (eight, ng, no 12156 top, neg. no. 2152), DRAWINGS. Graham (ont and Stuset (sides and tp)PNGSt2PNG:St2 oaPNGSt3 oan Piedras Negras, Stela 3 LLoCATION Originally set amang the roe ‘feght monuments on the esac in ont ff Structure 4 between Stele 2 and 4 Cconorrions Maer found the tla allen face up and broken into tee fragments The sculpture on the rot was in very poor condition. The back fared much Bet Te wth much ofthe carving in a nearly pristine state when found, ean teoces fred blue and green paint (Male 190 pis) The sides had suffer modes Reavy erosion Inthe 196, looters Testy sawed the stla into smal fag mens The Insription on the ear 95 body damaged, al hese Fagen re how stored in the basement ofthe Museo Nacional de Argueologia y Einolog in Guatemala City single smal section of the Back, bering the image of ded ‘ase somehow made ts way toa private Collection in Mérida, Mexico. MareMAt Finegrained yellowish lime Sane Parallel ses with a lat top. Dowensions HE 4h Mw 13m Mih «30cm Rel >80em [CARVED AREAS. Front, sides, and back. orocraris Godfrey (ont), Malet (back, PMAE nos. 7567, 7568), Graham (detail of back, CME neg no, 7145/3), fn CIW (lft sde, neg os. H0-7-8, 21-58, H21 59) right side, neg es. D Deawincs. Start, based on photographs fon inspection ofthe extant fragments in Guatemala City Front