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HW3 Soln PDF
HW3 Soln PDF
1. An LTI system has impulse response h(t) = δ(t − 2) − 21 δ(t − 4). Describe in words what
the output signal y(t) would be given an input x(t).
The system y(t) would be a linear combination of x(t) delayed by t = 2 and x(t) delayed
by t = 4, inverted and halved.
2. Use the definition of the convolution integral to derive the distribution property, x(t) ∗
(h(t) + g(t)) = x(t) ∗ h(t) + x(t) ∗ g(t).
Z ∞
x(t) ∗ (h(t) + g(t)) = x(t − τ )(h(t) + g(t))dτ
−∞
Z ∞
= x(t − τ )h(t) + x(t − τ )g(t)dτ
−∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
= x(t − τ )h(t)dτ + x(t − τ )g(t)dτ
−∞ −∞
= x(t) ∗ h(t) + x(t) ∗ g(t)
3. The impulse response of an LTI system is h(t) = δ(t) + δ(t − 10). What is the system
response to an input x(t)? Please express the response in terms of x(t).
4. An LTI system has impulse response h(t) = δ(t − 1). What is the system response y(t) to
an input x(t) = −5δ(t − 2)?
y(t) = −5δ(t − 3)
5. An LTI system has impulse response h(t) = δ(t − 2) − 21 δ(t − 4). Find the system response
y(t) to an input x(t) = cos(5t)?
1
y(t) = cos(5(t − 2)) − cos(5(t − 4))
2
6. f (t) = u(t + 1) − u(t) and g(t) = u(t − 2) − u(t − 5). Let z(t) be the convolution z(t) =
f (t) ∗ g(t). Sketch z(t). Mark its maximum value.
The maximum occurs between t = 2 and t = 4.
1
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−10 −5 0 5 10 15 20
Figure 1:
7. An LTI system has impulse response h(t) = e5t (u(t) − u(t − 3)). What is the system
response y(t) to an input signal x(t) = e−t u(t)?
Given system response h(t) = e5t (u(t) − u(t − 3)) and input x(t) = e−t u(t), the output is
y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t) We could “flip and shift” either function, but it will be easier to flip x(t).
R∞
y(t) = −∞ x(t − τ )h(τ )dτ
R∞
= −∞ e−(t−τ ) u(t − τ )e5τ (u(τ ) − u(τ − 3))dτ
R∞
= −∞ e(−t+6τ ) u(t − τ )(u(τ ) − u(τ − 3))dτ
First, the term u(t − τ ) is nonzero only when τ ≤ t, so we can replace the upper limit of
integration:
Z t
y(t) = e(−t+6τ ) u(t − τ )(u(τ ) − u(τ − 3))dτ
−∞
y(t) = 0, t<0
1 5t −t
= 6 (e − e ), 0≤t<3
1 −t+18
= 6 (e − e−t ), 3≤t
2
Simplification using u(t)
Alternately, the u() terms can be eliminated by distributing the terms in the integrand
and writing the answer using u() terms to capture the piecewise nature of the y(t)
Z t Z t
y(t) = e(−t+6τ ) u(t − τ )u(τ )dτ − e(−t+6τ ) u(t − τ )u(τ − 3)dτ
−∞ −∞
In the first integral, u(t − τ )u(τ ) is nonzero when 0 ≤ τ ≤ t, so we can change the limits of
integration as long as we include a u(t) term to require that 0 ≤ t. For the second integral,
u(t − τ )u(τ − 3) is nonzero when 3 ≤ τ ≤ t, and u(t − 3) is included to require that 3 ≤ t.
Z t Z t
(−t+6τ )
= u(t) e dτ − u(t − 3) e(−t+6τ ) dτ
0 3
R
8. Given that x(t)dt = 7, if x(t) is input to an LTI system with impulse response h(t) =
δ(t) + δ(t −
R 2) + δ(t − 5) + δ(t − 13) + δ(t − 43) + δ(t − 58), and we call the system output
y(t), find y(t)dt.
Z Z
y(t)dt = x(t) ∗ h(t)dt
Z
= x(t) ∗ (δ(t) + δ(t − 2) + δ(t − 5) + δ(t − 13) + δ(t − 43) + δ(t − 58))dt
Z
= x(t) + x(t − 2) + x(t − 5) + x(t − 13) + x(t − 43) + x(t − 58)dt
Z Z Z Z Z Z
= x(t)dt + x(t − 2)dt + x(t − 5)dt + x(t − 13)dt + x(t − 43)dt + x(t − 58)dt
= 7+7+7+7+7+7
= 42
9. For each of the following impulse responses determine if the corresponding system is (i)
causal, (ii) stable:
(a) h(t) = cos(πt)
The system is:
(i) Not causal, t can have negative
R∞ values
(ii) Not stable, Integrating −∞ |cos(πt)|dt = ∞
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(c) h(t) = u(t + 1)
The system is:
R ∞−1 < t < 0, h(t)Ris∞nonzero
(i) Not causal, for
(ii) Not stable, −∞ |u(t + 1)|dt = −1 1dt = ∞
10. Consider a system where an input x(t) results in an output y(t) = −5x(t + 1) − 5x(t) −
5x(t − 1).
a) What is the impulse response h(t) of this system?
h(t) = −5δ(t + 1) − 5δ(t) − 5δ(t − 1)
b) What is this system’s response to an input z(t) = et [u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)]?
y(t) = −5(et+1 [u(t − 1) − u(t − 3)] + et [u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)] + et−1 [u(t − 3) − u(t − 5)])
11. A friend of yours claims that the output of any LTI system corresponding to the input
x(−t) is y(−t), i.e., time-reversal of input results in time-reversal at the output. Verify
this claim, i.e., prove or disprove the assertion.
The definition of an LTI system does not state that x(−t) will produce y(−t), so this
assertion is incorrect. Consider an LTI causing a simple delay: h(t) = δ(t − t0 ). Let
x(t) = δ(t), so we have y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t) = δ(t − t0 ) and thus for t0 6= 0 we have
However, x(t) = x(−t), which indicates that the above assertion is wrong.
12. The system shown in (a) is made up of three LTI systems, whose impulse responses are
h1 (t), h2 (t) and h3 (t), respectively.
h1(t) h2(t)
x(t) + y(t)
h3(t)
(a)
(b)
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Does there exist any single LTI system which is equivalent to the system shown in (a), i.e.,
for any input x(t), can a single LTI system produce exactly the same output y(t)? Justify
your answer. If “yes,” give the impulse response of this single LTI system.
Yes the system in (a) can look like the system in (b):
y(t) = [x(t) ∗ h1 (t)] ∗ h2 (t) + x(t) ∗ h3 (t)
= x(t)[h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) + h3 (t)]
Therefore:
h(t) = h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) + h3 (t)
since the dirac delta has the property that f (τ )δ(τ − a) = f (a)δ(τ − a),
Z ∞
= f (t − b)δ(t − τ − b)dτ
−∞
Z ∞
= f (t − b) δ(t − τ − b)dτ
−∞
= f (t − b)
(b) Prove that δ(t − c) ∗ δ(t − d) = δ(t − c − d), where c and d are real constants. Let
f (t) = δ(t − c), then use part 13a.
f (t) ∗ δ(t − d) = f (t − d) = δ(t − c − d)
(c) Let y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t). Prove that y(t − a) 6= x(t − a) ∗ h(t − a) by finding what
x(t − a) ∗ h(t − a) is in terms of y(t)? Use the associative and commutative properties
of convolution, as well as the part (13a) and (13b) above.
x(t − a) ∗ h(t − a) = [x(t) ∗ δ(t − a)] ∗ [h(t) ∗ δ(t − a)]
= [δ(t − a) ∗ δ(t − a)] ∗ [x(t) ∗ h(t)]
= δ(t − 2a) ∗ y(t)
= y(t − 2a)
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14. Graphical convolution. Given the convolution y(t) = x1 (t) ∗ x2 (t), where
and
x2 (t) = u(t − 1)
4 regions:
• increasing region from t = −1 to t = 1
• constant region from t = 1 to t = 4
• increasing region from t = 4 to t = 5
• constant region from t = 5 to t → ∞
(5 regions if you count the zero region when t < −1)
15. Determine and sketch the convolution y(t) = h(t) ∗ x(t), given that
This is x(t)
x(t)
1.5
1
0.5
t
−2 2
Since y(t) is
6
x(t + 2) y(t)
3 2x(t + 1) 3
2 2
1 1
t t
−2 2 −2 2
16. Causal and Stable. These are impulse responses for LTI systems. Which of these LTI
system impulse responses represent BIBO stable systems? Which systems are causal?
(a) h(t) = δ(t + 2)
Z ∞
|h(t)|dt = 1 ⇒ Bounded
−∞
h(−2) > 0 ⇒ Not causal
(f) h(t) = 1
Z ∞
|1|dt = ∞ ⇒ Not Bounded
−∞
h(t) = 1 for t < 0 ⇒ Not Causal
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17. Calculate y(t) = f (t) ∗ g(t) for the signal pairs below, and sketch your results.
1 f (τ )
g(t − τ )
τ
t−3 t 1
f (t) ∗ g(t) = u(t) ∗ u(t) − u(t) ∗ u(t − 3) − u(t − 1) ∗ u(t) + u(t − 1) ∗ u(t − 3)
Let w(t) be the convolution of u(t) ∗ u(t). Consider the graphical convolution.
When t < 0, the signals do not overlap, so the convolution will be 0 for t < 0
1 u(τ )
u(t − τ )
τ
t
When t > 0, the signals do overlap.
1 u(τ )
u(t − τ )
τ
t
8
The overlap occurs for 0 < τ < t, so
Z ∞
w(t) = u(t) ∗ u(t) = u(τ )u(t − τ )dτ
−∞
Z t
1dτ, t > 0
= 0
0, t<0
(
t, t > 0
=
0, t<0
= tu(t)
1 w(t)
0.5
t
−2 −1 1
***Note that the form is different from the graphical method solution, but it is actually
the same function. The result must look like the following plot:
2 f (t) ∗ g(t)
t
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
Z ∞
f (t) ∗ g(t) = f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ
−∞
Z ∞
= e−ατ u(τ )e−β(t−τ ) u(t − τ )dτ
−∞
1 e−ατ u(τ )
e−β(t−τ ) u(t − τ )
τ
t
1 e−ατ u(τ )
e−β(t−τ ) u(t − τ )
τ
t
9
Z t
f (t) ∗ g(t) = u(t) e−ατ e−β(t−τ ) dτ
0
Z t
= u(t)e−βt e(β−α)τ dτ
0
−βt1 τ =t
= u(t)e e(β−α)τ τ =0
β−α
1
= u(t)e−βt [e(β−α)t − 1]
β−α
1
= u(t) [e−αt − e−βt ]
β−α
18. Consider the following interconnection of LTI systems h1 (t) and h2 (t).
(a) Express the overall system response of hT OT (t) in terms of the impulse responses
h1 (t) and h2 (t).
n o
hT OT (t) = h1 (t) ∗ h1 (t) + h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) + h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t)
− h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) ∗ h2 (t)
(b) Assume that system 1 is the inverse of system 2, so that h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) = δ(t). Simplify
your answer to (a).
n o
hT OT (t) = h1 (t) ∗ h1 (t) + h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) + h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) − h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) ∗ h2 (t)
n o
= h1 (t) ∗ h1 (t) + h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) + h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) − h2 (t)
n o
= h1 (t) + δ(t) + h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) − h2 (t)
n o
= δ(t) + h2 (t) + δ(t) − h2 (t)
= 2δ(t)
(c) From your answer in (b), what is the purpose of the overall system?
This system amplifies the input by 2.
10
Show that if y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t), then Ay = Ax Ah .
Z ∞
Ay = y(t)dt
−∞
Z ∞
= [x(t) ∗ h(t)]dt
−∞
Z ∞Z ∞
= x(τ )h(t − τ )dτ dt
−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
= x(τ )h(t − τ )dt dτ
−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
= x(τ ) h(t − τ )dt dτ
−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
= x(τ ) h(z)dz dτ
−∞ −∞
Z ∞
= Ah x(τ )dτ
−∞
= Ah Ax
Alternatively, you could note that convolving y(t) with a signal which was just a constant
1 everywhere would give you a signal which was a constant Ay everywhere. Let the signal
which is a constant 1 everywhere be w(t) = 1.
So then Ay = Ax Ah
20. Determine if each of the following statements about LTI systems is true or false. Write a
sentence justifying your answer.
False Consider a counterexample: the causal system h1 (t) = δ(t − 2) and the non-
causal system h2 (t) = δ(t + 2). Their cascade yields the system h(t) = h1 (t) ∗ h2 (t) =
δ(t) which is causal.
(c) Time-reversing the input to a LTI system results in a time-reversed output.
False Consider a counterexamle: let the system be h(t) = δ(t − 1). When the
input is x(t), the output is y(t) = x(t − 1). If the statement were true, we expect
that reversing the input should output x(−t − 1). But, when the input is x(−t), the
output is x(−(t − 1)) 6= x(−t − 1), disproving the statement. (Any LTI system whose
impulse response is not an even function should give a counter-example.)
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BONUS LEARNING: The Henry Distance (no points). In room acoustics there are three phe-
nomena that we refer to as direct sound, early reflections, and reverberation. A man by the
name of Joseph Henry was the first to write about these phenomena over 150 years ago. He
determined there was a distance at which a person who is standing in an open environment
facing a wall would no longer hear an echo off the wall. This distance is referred to as the Henry
Distance. Check this out for yourself by finding an open space with a wall about 100 feet away.
Clap your hands and listen for an echo. If you hear an echo move closer to the wall and try
again. Determine the distance from the wall at which an echo is no longer audible. Learn more
about Joseph Henry here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph Henry, and compare your value to the
value we know as the Henry Distance.
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