Logarithms and Their Properties learning Part Sesion * Definition * Characteristic and Mantissa Session 2 * Principle Properties of Logarithm Session 3 * Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm * Graphs of Logarithmic Functions Practice Part “IEEType Examples * Chapter Exercises inant on Your Mobile! Gees nine Bf ombol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page to activate fo fre.314 Textbook of Algebra The technique of log used to simplify the algebraic calculation: quite easy and get converted into sim correct upto some decimal places Session 1 Definition, Characteristic and Mantissa Definition The logarithm of any positive number, whose base is a number (>0) different from 1, is the index or the power to which the base must be raised in order to obtain the given number. ie. ifa* =b (where a>0,# 1), then x is called the logarithm of b to the base a and we write log, b = x, clearly b >0. Thus, log, b= x a" b>0. Ifa =10, then we write log b rather than log, b. Ifa =e, we write Jn b rather than log, b. Here, ‘e’is called as. Napier’s base and has numerical value equal to 2.7182. ‘Also, logo ¢ is known as Napierian constant. a>0,a#1and ie. logo € = 0.4343 Inb =2.303 logy b ince, In b = log» 6 x log, 10 = Xlogyy b [= », In b = log yo b x log, logwe B ae logis b= 230916 4] 0.4343 Remember (i) log 2 = logyo 2 =03010 (i) log 3= log 93= 0.4771 (ii) In 2= 2.303log2= 0.693 (iv) In 10= 2.303 Corollary 1 From the definition of the logarithm of the number b to the base a, we have an identity ats’ =b,a>0,a#1andb>0 which is known as the Fundamental Logarithmic Identity. jarithms was introduced by John Napier (1550-1617). The logarithm is a form of indices s. The operations of multiplication, division of a very large number bees ple operations of addition and subtraction, respectively. The results obtainey ahs Which Corollary It The function defined by fx) = log, x,a>0,a# is called logarithmic function. ts domain is (0, ) and range is R (set of all real numbers) Corollary MI a* >0,vxER (i) Ifa >1, then a* is monotonically increasing 25 For example, 5*7 > 575,32 5311 (ii) fo 1,thena-* =0 y log, 0 =~ (fa >1) (ii) If01,b > (ii) log, b> - 9, if00.andas t.then log, + is an imaginary eve xT 4ttartionn=}o ret eve, O0.ae1) 2>0,a# t)andiogtintin Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 315 x Find the value of the following : amy : example. | Example 2. Find the value of the following () logs 27 (ii) logs y5 324 — (i) Hogan 45-COt30° (ii) log, a (i loBy0 2793) UW) logis, 266-26) Gi) ofr ccataeyt ee ee (logo 20008 (vi 22684 5 (sin? 30° + cos? 30°) 0 a + | Sol. (i) Here, base = tan45°= 1 tan afloat. wana) PTT ay (oo5jeeva105) Chisato hate bg ieee ear i — a : = tan?6? =1 => 9 =27 => 3 33 & ay (i) 2108 259° con? sey? = HOT # A 7 vo 3 Here, bas + log is not defined etx tog, 324 (w) ognt=0 = (3V2)" = 324 = 2? 34 => (aV2)¥ = (32) a xa “icti iT Fant eats Characteristic and Mantissa ‘The integral part of a logarithm is called the characteristic and the fractional part (decimal part) is called mantissa. _ = 2x =7/2 i.e, log N = Integer + Fractional or decimal part (+ve) 4 + Characteristic Mantissa ‘The mantissa of log of a number is always kept positive. “ie, if logs64= 2.751279, then.2 is the characteristic and 0.751279 is the mantissa of the given number 564. ‘And if log0.00895 =~ 2.0481769 2 = 00481769 2-1) +(1 00481769) ==3+ 09518231 Hence, <3 is the characteristic and 0,9518233 | (5 + 206) (5 — 2V6) =1 1 gone (i) Now, let x = logy, 2a) - 2N6) or 5+2V6 [from Eq. ()] = logyis- 24a) 2N6 () Let x= loga20.008 = (0.2) = 0.008 = (0.2)" = (02) > x=3 (i) Let x = 275 = aH = 5 ten {$ +o} (not 0.0481769) is mantissa of log 0.00895. (i Let x= (04) In short, -3+ 0.9518231is written as 39518231 “lio. 4. IFN > 1.the characteristic of log will be one less than the 5 as) r umber of igtsin the integral partor7E———— (vi Let x = (0.09) = 0.08)" a For example, flog 23568 = 23723227 where, A =0.3 Here, N = 23568 de Then, 2 = 0.33333 .- ‘a = 10) = 339333 . On subtracting Ba. (i 1 nasa hay 5) from Eq, (i, we Bet weva(3) Now, from Ea. (@), ¥ = (05) Sag yr a" ee) = 29887 3 =F TT Teer ot dgtsin he meal asalal= 3“ se ecg asbe ke 3-1=P) 2. 110 logP = 16log (0.036 TExample 3. iflog 2= 0.301 and log 3= 0.477,find the Sal Let_ P= (0.036) ai ) umber of digits in 62°, ~ eee) = soee( =) Sol. Let P= 6% = (2x3) oe 20 log(2 x 3) = 20flog2 + log3} = 16{log2’ + log3* — log10"} (6 2log2 + 2log3 — 3} 6 {2X 0.301 + 2x 0.477 3} Since, the characteristic of log is 15, therefore the number = 16 {1.556— 3} = 24.896— 48 of digits in P will be 15 +1, ie. 16. =-48-4+ 24+ 0.896 LExample 4. Find the number of zeroes between the F decimal point and first significant digit of (0.036)", « where log 2= 0.301 and log 3=0.477. =-24+ 0.896 =24 + 0.896, + The required number of zeroes = 24— Exercise for Session 1 AF The value of log, 5 1728 is 6 (b)8 ()3 @s XT value ofiogs_(8 + 217) is (a)-2 (b)-1 (c)0 (d) Not defined seat Ane valve of(0.16) (a2 (4 8 8 _.“Tflog 2 = 0.301, the numberof integers in the expansion of 4 ig (@9 (oat (0)13 18 Hog 2= 0.904 then the number of zerees between the decimal point and the fist signiftcant figure of 2 (a9 (o)10 on (12session 2 principle Properties of Logarithm L an log, x? #2log, x, @>0,a#1 S Since, domain of log, (x*) is R ~ {0} and domain of, log, * is (0,-») are not same { principle ee of Logarithm tamand nbe arbitrary positive numbers, 490,a#1,b>0,b #1and @, B be any real numbers, then (vii) a'°8* = Ja, ifb =a",a>0,b>0,b41 Y (log, (mn) = log, m + log, n (ix) a?98* = 0°, ifb=Va,a>0,b>0,b41 In general, log g(X1X2%5 ... Xn) =log, x; a L Example 5. Solve the equation 3- x85? + 285% = log, xz +log, x5 +... + log, x, 8. loge x3 Ba Xn sex PO5? 4 85% 2 64 (where, x1, X2,%35..%n >0) = 3.285 4 DEST = 64 [by extra property (i)] r 7 => 4-2985* = 64 legal TL x, |= Yyloge x1.W x1 >0 | Ure ui Ano het ted! ‘ | ceev = logs x= 4 ere 727.23, x=5*=625 (i bg, (2) =lg.m—bg," 7 Lexgmple 6 Ifans 4 9859 = 1085, Find x perce 7 Sol. genes = J4 2 [by extra property (ix)] (wm boy m= loge m () loge =O b [by extra property (viii)] Remark Wlagalog,b=1 2 loue8= sfiple 7. Prove that av®#® — pyres = 2/logya-log. b-log, ‘0g, ¥-lo9, ¥-To02 NED = ql btab« Moi» Soave seine = ght low Extra Properties of Logarithm Mere loess, 4 3, a,b, x ate positive numbers. eee ee (ii) qletax a>0,a#1x>0 log 2 - 7 wales Prove that (>> 1 (i logy x= >0 Log, x a>0.4#h¥ egg Sol. LHS = —==— Toss? li? (log, x 2 canoe) onaekE! 2 Lo rand ke I~ (0) = logs 24 X logs 96 ~ log: 192 x logs 12 edlan 24 x 10g 96 = oes ee acne Now, let 12 = A, then LHS = log, 28 logo 8 ~ loge 164 x logs og ae x= to Es ogg xP =P toga x. >0.0>0840%0 aina 318 Textbook of Algebra = (logs? + log, 2) log: 8 + logs 2) = (log, 16 + log, A)logs A = (log22 + log, A) (log, 2? + log, A) ~ (log,2* + log, A)log, A = (1+ log, A) Blog; 2+ log, A) = (Aloge2 + log, A)loga A = (1+ log, A) (3 + logs A) — log, A(4 + logs A) =3 = RHS — [Example 9. Solve for a, 4, if ; log, a-log; A-log, 25=2 Sol. Here, 4>0,A#1 Wehave, log, a-{logs log, 25} =2 a (log, 2){logs25] = (log, a)flogs5* = (logs, a){2logs 5} = 2 = (log, a){2}=2 log, (a) = 10ra =A, Exercise for Session 2 7 AV ta =1o924 12,0 =loges 36 and =logae 24, 1+ abcis equal to (@)2ab (b) 260 (©) a (d)ba + be _-2The value ofogi(logz(to9,(1o9381)}}is equal to. (a)-1 (b)0 (c)1 (2 Ae 3basooe (Vial )is equal to & a 0 1 fn o-n A ffa = 10935, =l091:25, which one of the folowing is correct? Face (a=b (a>b (€) None of these ie value oflogeslogs y-2(0-725) is equal to @-4 wo on (€) None of thesev session 3 properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm {Constant Base flog, x > log, y > Oe. Oy>0ifa>1 O1 log, x peo{*>arif amr 7 l0t x>a?,if00,x>0,x#1 (i) fa>1, then log aig monotonically decreasing in ONUGe—Ts roy Ui) 10 1,p>1, then log, p> ‘i fo 1,then log, p<0 Wi) fa>1,04then log. p>1 a> p>1,then 0 1 an _ properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm graphs of Logarithmic Functions Graphs of Logarithmic Functions 1. Graph of y = log, x, ifa>1andx>0 y " Ol /a.0 ‘ 2. Graph of y=log, x, if 00 y 1.0) x 3 b Remark Je'tf the number x and the base ‘a’ are on the same side of the unity, then the logarithm is positive, Casel y= logs4.a>1x>1 Casell y= y % : Zo : \ 7 7 ao oo iy ¥ the number x and the base a are on the opposite sides of the unity, then the logarithm is negative Case ly =log.x.a>10t y » : (1.0) ( 1.0) iy. a a -320 Textbook of Algebra 3. Graph of y cay 1 Example 10. Arrange in ascending order fog 2(x), log (x), loge (x), logio(x), iF (i) x>1 (i) O 1, log,2 < logy loge( x) > logs(x) > logu(x) Graphs are symmetrical about Y-axis. Hence, ascending order is 2 Graph of y =|log,.|~ || Togyo(x) < logs(x) < loge(x) < loga(x) ae 7 (ii) For0 < x <1, log, 2> loge > log, 3 > log, 10 —> > a0) ~ Tage) ogs() ~ logos) loga(x) < loga(x) < logs(x) < logyo(x) which is in ascending order. LExample 11. if log 11=1.0414, prove that 10" > 11° Remark &: Graphs are same in both cases ie, a> 1and0 10.414 = Jogo! > logit”? [es here, base = = 10 > 11 imple 12. if log »(x — 2) 0 = x>2 0 erage -2) lg x2) Php 2 6-Graph of y = log,[x],a>1and x21 ~~ (where[- ]denotes the greatest integer function) = logs(x ~ 2) < og. 2) Since, when 1$ x <2,[x]=1= oy when 2x <3,[x]=2= loga[x]= log, 2 1 > Floga(x=2)<0 => tog,(x -2)<0 when3 Sx <4[2]=3=log,[x]=log,3andsoon. = fares Eee e : From Eqs. () andi, we get 2logiasn(*2)™ ‘any natural number n> 1 Sol, Since, "*1 ForChap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 327 Joga(n + 1) = logy 1 > loging y(n +2) ~ Fete +1) n> peaihinabesa i 0 LExample 14. Find the least value ofthe expression Toga(t +1) > logia y(n +2) “2log io x — log , 0.01, where x >0,x #1. in +1 ) Hence proved. Sol, Let P = 2logis x ~ log, 001 = 2logy9 x — log,(10) yow to Find Minimum Value of = Ulogyo x + 10g. 10) 222-4 above article 11095 + Az lO, 8.8 > 0, x >0, ne [by above article] g#1x#tand Ay, Ag ER, = AM > GM Hence, the least value of Pis 4 jylogs + Aalog, a LExamplé 45. which is smaller 2 or (log, 2+log2 *)? ae D 2 VOsTog.x) Hz Tog.a) = Jak, Sol Let P=log,2 + log, >? (by above article) [. 2 #2) % ag Mylogyx +42 loge a2 2VRahy : P>2 S (ogg? logan) >2 Hence, the minimum value of A; log, x + A;log, a is 2/Iyhy Hence, the smaller number is 2. _ Exercise for Session 3 1 Iflogg s6(2 + 1)o0 (b)O00, then (a)x>0 (b)x<0 (-tQ.a#t270.0 4% 7322 Textbook of Algebra JEE Type Solved Examples : Single Option Correct Type Questions "= This section contains 8 multiple choice examples. Each The pairs (a,b) are ONLY ONT er csies (H.C) and (out of which (4.32 (4,47) (5 5 (66 don 44 4) nd 2,3) (4 ONLY ONE is correct. (5.5% oon (12,12. © Ex, 1 The expression log, 5 ~ 3(~{)} reduces Hence, there are 42+ 10 = 52 pairs. ket 5 oP, where p andq are co-prime, the value of p? +q? is ® Ex. 3 The lengths of the sides of a triangle arelog,, 12, q logy» 75 andlog yo n, where n€ N. Ifa and are the least @B (b) 17 (©26 (d)29 and greatest values of n respectively, the value of b ~a is I ‘ divisible by Sol. (8) Let p = log 5 Bives{sn( )) (@21 (22 (23s . Sol. (¢) In a triangle, = g5-{i{s()) + bx:(so(22)) logo 12 + 1og,975 > login =9n < 1275 =90) . 5 a n< 900 fi) sto so) + (sn( 2) and ogio 12+ logon > loge 75 5 5 7525 {ein ® sin2 sin 3% sin 9% 7 Re ~ 1og5~ login sin 2 a sin’ ; as : 4 Me tts «(2 x From Eqs. () and (i), we get 22 x=23 From Eq, (i), we get log,b = 2.3 Hence, |m +] +[m~ = a=v ee Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 323 pare’ =3- 380 «BIE slg ate Also, ba = 36~ ais a square for a= 35,32, 27,20, 11 rea b ce Q. the value of abc is * 7 i m9 (b) 12 ©16 (20 . isan integer for a= 27 ue ghee a gH 3 0064 37+ og 3) “ 0=21,b= 360248 23H 3) = ioe (4/3) slogans Hence, a+b =27+36-48=15 4 a=3,b=-c=4 bed 3 °Ex.8 Ie 06a (*)y =togu( 82) 4 abe =3-4 ae = slope) andy tonal) end 1Bt, 6 Number of real roots of equation Ita 30 4 —t— — =| is gene") <3) ig ee aes 108 ated N +1, the value of N @o (ot ©2 (d) infinite (40 (b)80 sok (a) SPE SE49) = (3) (© 20 (d) 160 i) bed Eq (i)is defined, if x? —4x+3>0 Sol. (0) x= logo } = (x-1(x-3)>0 2 = x3 a) t= tog (2H) Eq. (i) reduces to x? —4x 43=x-3 = x?-5x46=0 1 2 3 gy 20 From Eqs. (ii) and (ii), use get x € 7 : ‘umber of real roots = 0 Similarly, = logos 36 74 Togabea 4¢ 7 fog.a +log, b+log,c=6, wherea, b, ce N and qt ab Care in GP and b —a is a square of an integer, then the and i Bab Sd due ofa + bc is rytyiya 4 | se (a)21 (b) 15 9s (d)3 Sant yan ran an ~ MBenelPardb-4e Sd) | $b (0) log a + log logge = Se ene = logan t20abed) 442, : ate Togas 120+ 1 pa = logehay N +1 (given) > . b= ac) 6 t Hence, N= 120 | 5 b=36 IEE Type Solved Examples : ; More than One Correct Option Type Questions "This section contains 4 multiple choice examples. Each = = sada orb=0ora+b=0 ample has four choices (a), (b), (€) and (d) out of which = logio x +2= O or logy, x-1=0 ‘than one may be correct. or 2logio x + . => x=107 orx=lorx ig? The ution > Hence, x= orx Bw X42)? + (logg x 1)? =(2loBi0 x +1)" has 100 (@)no natural solution _(b) two rational solutions (@)no prime solution _(d) one irrational solution value of 2822:10875-4067, 1 jg fay (Prime solut ( © Ex. 10 The value of SE tae 6d) Let logy x +2 =a and logiox~1= f © @+b=2logg x +1, then given equation reduces co-prime with 48 = (at bP @ 3s 4 Os | eR sto324 Textbook of Algebra Sol. (a,b d) Let_P = 128:9:l0g,5:logs7 logs V6 log, V6 = RE tog ig 4= I ings Wo * ORES = 10869 +8 64 = log (36) = log g(v6)" = 4 => P=4 which is co-prime with 1, 3, 4 and 5. © Ex. 11 Which of the following quantities are irrational for the quadratic equation (log to 8)x? (log 1p 5)x = (log, 10)? — x ? (@) Sum of roots (©) Product of roots (©) Sum of coefficients (4) Discriminant Sol. (6, ) "+ (login8)x? — (logis 5)x = (log, 10)! — x = (Blogio2)x* +(1~ Logie 5)x ~Zlogi92= 0 = (3logio2)x? + (log,92)x —2logig2 =0 Now, Sum of roots = ~} = Rational Product of roots = ~2 = Rational Sum of coefficients = Slogip2 + logio2 ~2logi02 logio2= Irrational Discriminant = (Logie 2)" + 24(logyo2)* = 25 (logo 2)? = Irrational © Ex. 12 The system of equations Jog 19(2000xy) —log 9 x- logy y= 4 log ro(2yz) ~logio y “logio z=1 andlog io(2*) —l0g 9 210g x=0 has two solutions (xy, yr. 2,) and (x2, Y2»22), then JEE Type Solved Examples : Passage Based Questions = This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), (©) and (4) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. Passage I (Ex. Nos. 13 to 15) Suppose that log 9(x—2) +logie y =O and Ax +Vy—2 =Vix+y). 13. The value of x is (242 iev2 (22 4-2 44, The value of yis (2 (22 @1tv2 242 Sol. (a, b, 6d) Let logis x = & logoy (x+y = 101 Wyitya=2 (oxy = 100 (8) 232 = 100 and logy Then, given equations reduces to a+ bab = 4 ~logia2000 = logie5 b+e~be =1- login ‘i and cha-ca=0 fa From Eqs. (i) and (i), we get a+b-ab=b+e~be = (c-a)-He-a)=0 = (c-ai-b 1-b40,c-a=0 > c=a From Eq, (i), we get 2a-a* =0 = a=0.2 ‘Then, cxa e=02 oF Jogio5,2~ logs 12 = x =10°,108 a 100 es a= Lx, =100 and log 5,2 logia5 = and a = n= 2; = 100 Finally, x1 + xp =14+100= 101, 9, +y2 = 5420225 %x2 = 1100 100and sz, = 1100 = 100 15. 17-8 42" 6 the value of fy fat tel® @1 @2 os ws Sol. (Ex. Nos. 13-15) logio(x ~ 2) + logiey =0 x-250y>0 = x>2y>0 7 and Jogio (x ~2)y}=0 = (x=2y=10 21 @ (x-2y=1 Also, given that Vx + i=) = (49) x2Qy-220x4y20 aexe .y 22 on squaring both sides, we get ia 1 ty-2420e fy a ley e ec? (iv) From Eqs. (i) and (iii),we get x>2y22 and from Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get y = x From Eq. (il, (x ~2)x=1 2 x? -2x-150 ae fava x=—S—— _ [neglect ~ve sign, since x >2] 13. hd y 18. (ds = Gey Gey = Gray"? +0-237" Now, we get = Pose t=t22V2 ty ta ty ty =(2)(~2)(V2)(-V2) = 8 JEE Type Solved Examples: Single Integer Answer Type Questions ‘The answer to each 7 amples. This section contains 2 examples. The snr top example is a single digit integer (both inclusive). Ex. 19 fx, and xz are the sol x 100 such that x; >1and x2 Sol, (5) lutions of the equation < tthe value of ~ bso = 10x Taking logarithm on both sides © = logie 100 + logo * x-2=0 sn base 10, then we get Logie x “logs. > login x)? - love (logy x - 2) (logo * + ‘ ogo * Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties Passage II (Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) e109") = 1 and log, flog, logy #)} =0 16. The value of x is Od Of Of mn Sol. (b)*- Feng og #1 = log, {log,(log, x)} 7 Jog, (log, x)=1 = log, x=q = cert sal log, flog, (logy *)} me log, (log x) From Eqs. (i) and (i), we get 17. The value of pis @nr ®qg 1 wen Sol. (2) yap = pertlr 18, The value of qis @P"— ()plogyr (©) rlogep (a)? Sol. (c) From Eq, (i), 1 qlogr = rlogp => a 2) gr rlog, p © Ex. 20 {f(31.6)* = (0.0000316) = 100, the value of 1 ab Sol. (3) (31.67 = (0,0000316)" = 100 = alog(316 > alog(31.6)= blog, (31.6% 10°) = 2 = alogyo(31.6) = blogyo(31.6)~ 6b = 2 = = logu(31.6) and ee ne 325 Ai) i) (ii)326 Textbook of Algebra JEE Type Solved Examples Matching Type Questions = This section contains 2 examples. Examples 24 and 25 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column IL. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with ‘one or more statement(s) given in Column II. © Ex. 21 -. Product of the values of x ; (+ logsa=-3 and logse = Column I | Column k 3 SanRena5 po logea= => (A) | If, and x2 satisfy the equation ] nr) 7 (e+ sponte) = r00(a + 1 then | (p) | irational and =e" —_| the value of DG Si = Sxloga=(x— loge ®)_| The product of ll values of = > Srloga=x which make the followin rato eee re ee = sence tone x) (log s9) — log | ©) Prime egs7)Qogs9)~ logs 25 + logs? | L -ox=4x—4 or vat | (©) | composite q=13 {prime and rational | isexpresed inthe form |_| © Ex. 22 | pla.where pand gare relatively ee | prime, then gi | 7 “Column! in prime (A) [If qandB ate the roots of (0 | win pe ax" + be += 0, where Sol. A> (q, 8.9, Bp). C> (4.2) fen? an, (A) (x +980 #9 = 100(x +1) Taking logarithm on both sides on base 10, then we get logie( x +1)-logio( + 1) = logig 100 + logiy(x + 1) flogio(# +1))? =2-+ loga( +1) > flogio (x + DF ~ logio (x +1)-2=0 = flogyo(x + 1) — 2} flogio(x +1) +1} =0 Togio(x + 1)= 2-1 (x +1)= 107,10 (+ G2 += 10 x10 =10 = (x +1)(e) +1)45=1045 =15=3x5 (B) *-(logs x) (logs 9) ~ log, 25 + logs 2= logs 54 - 2logs x ~ 2log, 5 = logs 54 — logs2 logs(27)=3 Let logs x =A then 2 -223 az = BY -3h-2=0 = DE 4h +h-2=0 2MA 2) +A -2)=0 = A= 214 208 _ yh? and = loge loge ME» | (| atts | then HIM of rand Bis ®) ‘solut The sum of the solutions of the © [aac fo |ivisibe by 8 | 50g, x + og, 9) visible by 10 | then the value eee Sol. A> (.4..B 3 ,1),C 3 0p.1.9) (A) v a=3-2 = logs logs2** 2 o+p (B) Obviously, x = 2s a solution. Since, LHS is posit” x ~1>0.The equation reduces to log, x* ~ 210g,.4=7 oy where i = logs x= x= 16x # 1 E exo] «, Solutions are x = 2,16 -, Sum of solutions =2+16 = 18 (0) fa =logx,B = logy log, x + log, y a8 Bra Silogy x + log, y) =26 @ B26 Bras JEE Type Solved Examples : Statement I and Il Type Questions "Directions Example numbers 23 to 24 Aseertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples contains two statements: Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select the correct choice as given below. (@) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 isa correct explanation for Statement-1 (© Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 (© Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (@ Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true » 1 Ex. 23 Statement-1 wn=() see digits before decimal. Statement-2 Characteristic of the logarithm of N to the 10 is7 mae ele) BY > logig N = 20(1 — 2logio2) = 20(1 20x 0.3980 7.9660 Since, characteristic of logo N i 7 therefore the number of digits in N will be7 +1, be. 8: Hence, Statement-1 is false an are = 2% 03010) \d Statement-2 is true, $n na facil Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 327 26 5 ~ => wi) and ct += logx + logy = log(xy) = log(64) ‘ a+B i) From Eqs. () and (ii), we get © Ex. 24 Statement-1 If p,q€ N satisfy the equation x =(vx)* andq> p, then is a perfect number. Statement-2./fa number is equal to the sum of its factor, then number is known as perfect number. Sol. (d) x = (Vz) ‘Taking logarithm on both sides on base e, then n(x)" = Inlay" = Yeinx= xin = Yrinx=Zinx 4 => palandg=4 X2x2 9 4414242 .. q is not a perfect number. Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true,gloga js section contains 20 multiple choice questions, question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct 4, flogio 2= 0:3010..., the number of digits in the number 2000?” is (a) 6601 (0) 6602 () 6603 (4) 6604 1 There exist a positive number A, such that logs x + log, x + logy x= logy, x, forall positive real sumbers x. 1th =Wa, where a be N, the smallest possible value of (a+ b)is equal to wie (bss (65 (a) 75 Alfa band c are the three real solutions of the equation jth ogy 2743 2 veel where, a> b> ¢, then a, 8, ¢ are in GaP (0) GP (HP (at +o 4.1 f(n)= TH log, (i +1), the value of 5° f(2*) equals, nt os (3010 (&)5050 (5100 (@) 5049 4 Iflogs 27-log, 7 = logay log, 3 the least value of x, is (a7? (37 (7 (@s” 6 f= logs (1000) and y = log (2058). then (x>y @x x,y >.> xy > m1 > hthe value of logs, 10g.s, log, HOB, Xe" fo on 2 (@) undefined z(xty=2), % yxQytz—x)_y@+x-y) lage loge log x logy then x7 y¥ = 2¥y* is equal to Wet @yxtyt ORY ory 10.1 Toa, then x is equal to andz eet be (aa wat weet A_ hms and Their Properties Exercise 1: # single Option Correct Type Questions 11. If logo, 3(x~ 1) < logogo(x ~1), then x lies in the interval (1) 0.2) O@=) (4) None of the above 12. The value of a* — bY is (where x = ,/log, b and y= logy a, a> 0,b> Oand a,b#1) @t 2 oo @-1 13. Ifx=14+4 log, be, y=1 + logy ca,z=1+ log, ab, then — 2 is equal to xytyetax (@o 1 1 @2 logs NY 14, The value ofa" is (@) logs N (0) logy N (© logya (2) logy 15. The value of 494 +54, where A =1— log; 2and B=-log, 4is (105 ous (125 @3s 16. The number of real values of the parameter A. for which logic x)* ~ logys x + logy, 4 =Owith real coefficients will have exactly one solution is @. (2 3 @s 17. The number of roots of the equation x!" +3" = 16is @ 0 2 @a 18, The point on the graph y = logs log, 24" + 4}, whose y-coordinate is 1 is @an 61) (81) (d) (12,1), 19, Given, log2=0.301 and log3 =0.477, then the number of digits before decimal in 3? x 2° is (a7 (b)8 9 @u 20. ‘The number of solution(s) for the equation 2log, a+ loga, 4+3l0g,, = 0.18 @)two (@ four (@) one () three334° Textbook of Algebra " This section contains 9 multiple choice questions. Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (a) out of which MORE THAN ONE may be correct 21, If (9897-60 < +11 64 then x is equal to @2 4 6 @s 22. Iflog;, x-logs A = log, 5,2 #1,2>0,then xis equal to wa (os ©: (4) None of these 23, IfS={x: slog, V3x, where log, x>— 1}, then, (@) Sisa finite set seo ()S.<(0,=) (@)S properly contains ( +) 24, If x satisfies log, (9°! +7)=2+ logs(3*"! +1), then @xeQ @xeNn (©) xefx€Q:x <0} (2) x EN, (set of even natural numbers) 25. log plog, 4Qlel..p p> and p + 1is equal to (@n on w+ (8) bog 4h") 26, Ihlog, x = 04 logy x =B, loge x= Yand logy x=§ x4, Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 2 : More than One Correct Option Type Questions and a,b, c,d #0,>1, then lofaicg * equals tye etBors a+B+y+d @s 16 Omar 21, If logy 5= aand logy) 3= 6, then (4) Logio8 = 301 — a) 1-a (6) logae32 = (HE 28. 1f is a positive number different from 1, such that (b) log 15 = ) alto these loga x, log, x and log. x are in AP, then (a) loge = 20082) loge) (oga + loge) (b= ae 29, If|a|<|6],b—a< Landa, bare the real roots of the (byb= (et = (acy? equation x? —|or| x — || =0, the equation (@) one root lying in interval (—~, a) (6) one root lying in interval (b, =) (6) one positive root (4) one negative root Ohas (| Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 3 : Passage Based Questions = This section contains 4 passages. Based upon each of the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), (b), (©) and (4) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. Passage I (Q.Nos. 30 10 32) Let log; N =a, +, logy N = a2 +b; and logs N=a3 + by, where ay, a3, a3 €/ and by, bp, bs €[0, 1). ie values of Nis P2sitive integers, which have the charactentatc 2, when t 530 fa, =Sanda, =3the number ointgral values of Wis Pov egos, which have the character ow Oe Om Ot are 4 and oy =5 the largest integral vale of J value of Gis 3s tre, = 60, =Aande, 3 the largest inte Tyee (ies wes 34, The value of KGis (a) (127 (a) 72 (b) 144 (c) 216 (4) 288 (e) 624 92. Ifa, = a2 =4anda, smallest integral values of N, is (2 (a4 (Q Nos. 33 to 35) Let 'S" denotes the antilog of 0.5 to the base 256 and ® os (20 Passage I the difference of largest denotes the number of digits in 6 (given loge 20.301, login 3=0.477) and Gaenotes the mumbo (a+b)spe value of SKG is (oo (b) 17280 (e206 (@) 2304 Passage III (Q. Nos. 36 to 38) e U' denotes the number of digits in the number jor and denotes the number ofexphers afer de sore a significant figure comes in (8)*. If the fraction tuisexpressed as rational number in the low ger logo 2=0:301and logo 3=0477) The value of pis 2 ‘cimal, fest ferm as piq @t 3 (4 1 The value of q is @s 2 3 @4 48. The equation whose roots are p and gq, is 3x+2=0 Te +12 (yx? -5x+6 (a) x# ~9x +20 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 335 Passage IV (Q. Nos. 39 to 41) Let G.0,£ and L be positive real numbers such that log (G-L)+ log (G:E)= 3,log (E-L)+ log (E-0)= 4, log (0-G) + log (O-L)= 5 ¢hase of the log is 10). 39. If the value of the product (GOEL) is 4, the value of (4 (7 If the minimum value of 3G + 2L +20 + Eis 2"3"S”, © where 2,41 and vare whole numbers, the value of YO" +n yis @7 os rs (4) None of these Si itlog (3) and log| (2) are the roots of the equation @xttr=0 (xt-x=0 (ot -2x4 @x-1=0 g Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 4 : ™ Single Integer Answer Type Questions ‘This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9 (both inclusive). Sfx, ye RP and logyo(2x) + logo ¥=2and m logie x? — logia(2y) = 4 and x + y=", where mand n are relative prime, the value of m —3n° is WA line x = intersects the graph of y= logs x and ints of y=log,(x + 4). The distance between the points intersection is 0.5. Given 2 = a+ ¥/b, where and bare integers, the value of (a+ B)is: 4. Ifthe left hand side of the equation a(b—c)x? + ble — a) xy+c(a~b))" * Square, the value of 7 ese) ngta—20+ 0} abce R*.a>0)is log(a— 6) ois a perfect 45. Number of integers satisfying the inequality (on 46. If x>2is.a solution of the equation {log js x~2|+|log, x -2|=2 then the value of x is 47. Number of integers satistying the inequality log, Vx -2logi), x +1>0,is 48. The value of b(> 0) for which the equation 2logy )2s(bx +28) =—logs(12— 4x — x*) has coincident roots, is Sr tre value of 50, If x, and x, (x2 >*,)are the integral solutions ofthe be 2 _ghse 15 qi? equation (logs x)? +logs. (2}=nee value of |x 4x, lis 1 51, If x=log, a= log, b= logy cand =nx"*! the value of mis logs, Org I336, Textbook of Algebra Matching Type Questions Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 5 : * This section contains 3 questions. Ques jons. Questions 62 to 54 have four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column 1 statements (p, qr and s) in Column Il Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one ge on statement(s) given in Column II. 52. Column 1 Column logs263 (ay Ee (p) positive integer » Tog, 2 eo 21086 ()_negnive meg (og 2 + log) © veei(3)" ® rational but not integer (D) 198s16—logs4 (5) prime __10g5128 53. Column ‘Column I (A) The expression Jlogis® has the value (®) 1 equal to (B) The value of the expression @ 2 (logs2)? + logie8: logia5 + (logse5)” +3.is, (©) Let N eoeontne(2) > value of [N] is (where [-] denotes the greatest integer function) Statement | and II Type Questions « Directions Question numbers 55 to 60 are Assertion- Reason type questions. Each of these questions contains two statements: Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select the correct choice as given below. (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 isa correct explanation for Statement-1 () Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 (© Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (@) Statoment-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 55, Statement-1 logy x0,x#2). Statement-2 1F0< x< 1, then log, a> log,b=0 1 >a, then p ean lie in Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 6 : Statement-2 a’ 57, Statement-1 (y < (y 3) 0, then *?? where a>0,a#1and N20 58. Statement-1 The equation x!" ("*)" =9 has two distinct real solutions. Statement-2 a" = when a>0,a41,b>0 59. Statement-1 The equation (log x)? + logx? 370 ‘two distinct solutions Statement-2 log x? =2logx ution 60, Statement-1 log, 3:log, 5 3= logsy(3) has #508 Statement-2 Change of base in logarithms is pos i EEDeusEOGEESSESESEERESEREEEEEESOSy Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 337 glog garithms and Their Properties Exercise 7 : subjective T Type Questions there are 27 inthis setion, ther subjective questions. 69. Find a rational number, which is 50 times its own. 10 ogr12 81624, then ind value of log t68 in logarithm to the base 10. terms ofa 70. Find the value of the expression If logs4= 2, logs3 = 6, then find the value of in a ems afaand. eee BEEP na. nb saeeeet Jog, (2000) logs (2000)* ove the followin ana a? vena 71. Find the value of x satisfying paeet log, {1 + logs + log.(1 + log, x)}}=0. logs ~ V)~ 6logu (3 V2. fat Bec a1 72. Find the value of 4 73, Solve the following inequations. (0 logics 3? <1 (i) logay(x® -5x + 6) <1 (ii) logs(2 — x) < logy 20x + 1) (iv) log (+2) <1 (yy 308 VERB cglonsie“ 4 3, Bete potetet we (at beers watethec23 fay tre g peters y ateabert og £8. rove that logyo 2lies between + and + set (vi) logy a3 —1)? < loge + 5 4, flog2=0.301 and log3 = 0.477, find the number of (ui) logigx +25 log’ x Peet (il) logig(x? -2x -2) 50 as” Gye? G 3) (ii) the number of zeroes after the decimal is 3 (x) log, 25-7 (5. tflog2 = 0.301 and log3 = 0.477, find the value of (0) logy)s * < lo 2 Jog(3:375). (4) logare3** < logare sx +3) a (6. Find the least value of log x ~ log (0.125) for x> 1 (i) log + Slog. «2 og, 316 7. Without using the tables, prove that (ait) (2 + x41) <1 1412 Oe) gga? 1, bo (ip aetna tag shan 27 = 0 + fiou(2) + log. (3) (vy logit =3) 1 | eee 2 75, It is known that x =9 is root of the equation, (ix) xmixe4 32 logy (x? + 15a”) logy (a-2) = logs 7 (9 loga = x where a= 7 find the other roots of this equation. Ce) 1g J gg + 608%) =?SEF eperrececceeeececeeeresnsaseeceCeTTEEEEEERESSna 338 Textbook of Algebra 76. Solve logs(logs x) + log y «(logs y)=Oand xt sy! 77. Find the real value(s) of x satisfying the equation ogo, (42) + logy, (16x) = 4 78. Find the sum and product of all possible values of x which makes the following statement true logs 54 + log, 16 log yz x tosn(4) 3 79, Solve the equation 3 3 ploes(x +2)? +3 loge(4 x)? +log,(x +6)° 80. Solve log, (4**! + 4)-log2(4* +1) = log, af ; 81. Solve the system of equations 2 (3 log. V9 ~ log (3) =256and 82, Solve the system of equations logs y = loga(xy ~2), logs x? + logs(x— y)= £83, Find the solution set of the inequality 9 Blog a(x +5)> 108 1 (9)+ log za (2 84, Solve logs(Vx +1 Vx —11)=logs(4vx 34 4\ve-) 85. In the inequality holds true in (a,b), where a, be N. Find the value of ab(a+ 6). 86, Find the value of x satisfying the equation log, V3x + log, ¥3x)-logs x* pe ee ’ [« oa) he. (3) .e { 8 7 3 g @ 6 87. If P is the number of natural numbers whose logarithm tothe bae 10 have the characterise Pand Qis he number of natural numbers reciprocals of whose 3 logarithms to the base 10 have the characteristic -g, show that logiy P— logy Q=p-q+L Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 8 : Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exam «This section containe questions asked in MEIER, 90°F vale of AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 to year 2017. 88, Let a = logs log, 2and an integer k satisfying reat") <2 then k equals to (a) 0 2 oe ws Aet (x9. Yo) be solution of the following equations (2x)! =(3y)™? and 3™* =2"9, then x9 is [UT-JEE 2011, 394) 1 1 1 @? wi @t — @ @i — ®; 2 (T-JEE 2008, 1.56] Af 3 Soo SCueee eee aa 1 {4-4 sey ss w2V we ree 201, eres 7 “then xequals [Jee Advanced 201331 2ogs2 2 @— 2logs 2-1 ©) 0833 - 2log23 ) 2083 Togs ( Fog23 1ise for Session 1 20 3.04.0) ks) goer 1@) suercise for Session 2 i) 2H) 3D) 8 guercise for Session 3 1) 2 34 4@ se chapter Exercises 10) 2@ 3.0) 4) a) re) &0) — %@) 1D) LG) IDG) 10) HO) ISG) 16.0) 17206) 1) 4) 20.(6) 14(4,0.4) 22.(0,6)23.(6,d) 24.(6,d) 28.(6,¢) lee) 27.,,6,4) 28.(8,4) 29.(6,4) uO) 3@) — @) 3G) HH) 38.06) 3.) 37.60) 380) 39.) 4.@) 4G) 29) 86 464) 456) 460) 47.0) 44) 4.0) S00) SL.) 2.4) 0.8) 8) @), (C.D) © 8.4) 90,8) (9), (> @, 0) (@) S414) 9 @), 8) (), ©) 9, (D) +66) 5O SO |, OB 9.0) iy tN Gy 2 64, 140 (IE Gi) 238 65.0.528 9 OEE cB 64 (140 G16 Gi 238 3 10,1 Giyxe 428 o.@io,t Gree Givyx=8 — (v) 40%, 10) 1 eh 1 (ity ee 5 (ix) x= 20°45 ino 2 (iy 16 worst (vi dees (vii) x22 Gye Answers ni 29 3 n.toze( vena doze(at}va.900.6 venue) ()xEC2NURZ—)~ FLO} (x>6 (i)x€ (#,- UC 5,-DUG~) (vi. x€ 10") U[10?, =) (vile [1,1 V3) U4 V3, 3] cee) (xe) 1 ooze( Jeena, wired]. Gii)xe (0,1) Givyre =, DU) (v) xe 1000, =) (svi) x [- 10,~8) UG, 10) (wvii) xe (=, 0] (svi) (@) xe = 3] 0,0) xe [> (xix) xe 2,3] axe ( ae 75.2215 for 2or}, 2 )LeLovoa 2°? 78,Sum=2, Product =2 2 80.x=0 81.(9,25) and (25,9) 8.26 5-4) UCD 85.3455 86.x€(1,3] — 88.(6) 89.() 90.14) 91. b,0)