Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AYURVEDA
Bose Anannya , Paul Susanta
Department Of Pharmaceutics
ABSTRACT:
Herbal drugs constitute a major share of all the officially recognized system of health in India
viz. Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Naturopathy, except Allopathy. More than
70% of India’s 1.1 billion populations still use these non-allopathic systems of medicine.
Currently there is no separate category of herbal drugs or dietary supplements, as per the
Indian Drugs Act. The common reasons for tilting of common man towards herbal drugs are
frustrating side effects and lack of the curative value in modern medicines. The purpose of
present study was to document the common traditional medicine practices, assess the local
people’s preference for traditional medicines (herbal medicine) versus other different systems
of medicines and lastly to determine the awareness about the different systems of medicine.
Homeopathic treatment has been shown effective in treating many conditions. Colds and flu
may be effectively treated with aconite and bryonia. Influenza suffers in a double-blind study
found that they were twice as likely to recover in 48 hours when they took homeopathic
remedies. Studies have been published in British medical journals confirming the efficacy of
homeopathic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Homeopathic remedies are effective in
treating infections,circulatory problems, respiratory problems, heart disease, depression and
nervous disorders, migraine headaches, allergies, arthritis, and diabetes. Homeopathy is a good
treatment to explore for acute and chronic illnesses, particularly if these are found in the early
stages and where there is not severe damage. Homeopathy can be used to assist the healing
process after surgery or chemotherapy.
ALLOPATHY:Allopathy is basically a part of western medical system and is spread all over the
world. Its network is very wide. It is adopted by almost all of the countries around the world.
Allopathy is drug oriented methodology. Allopathy mainly depends on three things hypothesis,
experimentation and the outcome of the experiment. This methodology basically depends on
experimentation. In this doctors treat a disease based on symptoms not on the causes. The pill
given to the patient depends on the outcome of the experiment. Suppose one got viral then his
blood is tested to check the type of viral. Depending on the output of the blood test the pill is
given. So we can say that in allopathy there is a pill for a particular disease. There is no place for
individuality in allopathy because the same pill is given to all the patients having same kind of
disease.
The effectiveness of allopathy in emergency is the main reason why people around the world
adopted allopathy. Most of the drugs given in allopathy have side effects. The pill given for a
disease is curing that particular disease and also giving birth to another disease in the body. So
allopathy has this drawback of side effects of pills. For example the person who has fever is
given paracetamol tablet which is responsible to bring down the body temperature to normal
condition but on the other hand it is harmful for our lever. The side effects can be internal or
external. Once your disease is cured then you have to take pill for the side effects caused due
the pills used consumed for the treatment. And then while curing these side effects another
one occurs. So a chain of side effects is created due to the pills given in allopathic treatment. So
this is the area of concern in allopathic treatment.
Allopathic medicine:Allopathic medicine refers broadly to medical practice that is also termed
Western medicine, evidence-based medicine, or modern medicine.
The term "allopathy" was coined in 1810 by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) to designate the
usual practice of medicine (allopathy) as opposed to homeopathy, the system of therapy that
he founded. Homeopathy is based on the concept that disease can be treated with minute
doses of drugs thought capable of producing the same symptoms in healthy people as the
disease itself. Although allopathic medicine" was rejected by mainstream physicians, it was
adopted by alternative medicine advocates to refer pejoratively to conventional medicine.
“Allopathy... Incorrectly regards an ailment situated in the outer parts of the body as a local
disease, thus having a separate existence, beliving it to be cured when suppressed by external
remedies. This way, however, it only forces the inner disease to become manifested in a more
serious manner on some nobler and more important part of the organism.”
Progress in Medicine: The allopaths often speak highly of the progress made by the medicinal
science. In connection with this they often mention (as has already been stated) very
controversial subjects:
b) Treatment of diseases through antibiotics, sulphonamides, corticoids and other drugs with
suppressive effects.
d) Vaccination.
e) The rise of new theories and new branches, such as genetic engineering. With enormous
investments, enormously expensive drugs are being manufactured, which at best will be used
for symptomatic treatment and suppression of local symptoms, while a long-termed negative
effect on the health of the population cannot be presently estimated, just as it was not possible
at the beginning of the era of antibiotics.
f) The quantitative expansion of personnel, the volume of finances and the overall growth of
power.
Only the last point stands the proof in all consequences. Yes, allopathy does move the wheels
of economy at the highest rate. To a large degree it is responsible for the creation of national
product. With its associated productions it is currently the most extensive branch of the
national economy in all developed countries. The pharmaceutical industry alone shows yearly
net profits in the order of hundreds of billions of dollars. Too often people are prescribed
medication only for commercial reasons. The doctors are sometimes directly, sometimes
indirectly bribed by pharmaceutists into prescribing and recommending more drugs. Allopaths
demand from the governments and the tax payers extraordinary sums of money for the
research of new diseases, such as the AIDS, where without any tangible results many billions of
dollars are spent. The prescription drugs administered in large quantities become a factor in the
declining state of health of the population. This reality has been already officially recognised. In
some countries the problem became a political matter and for instance in Germany a law was
passed that imposes limitations on the drugs prescribed by practitioners. There is nothing
wrong with business. It should not however be uncontrolled trade in people's health, in
people's lives, in human souls. Well known in Germany is the book by three doctors, non-
homeopaths, K. Langbein, H.P. Martin and H. Weiss Bitter Pills (BitterePillen), where they
analyse the drugs sold on the German market, according to their treatment values and side
effects. More than 50% of the drugs they declare as therapeutically unsuitable.
Natural Allopathic Medicine introduces new principles and practices of medicine that can be
integrated into all types of health care no matter what kind of practitioner you are. It greatly
increases the throw weight of doctors and healers alike enabling them to more effectively and
safely treat serious life threatening illnesses like cancer, heart disease and neurological
disorders like Autism, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases - without resorting to dangerous
pharmaceuticals, which in reality do little to resolve chronic syndromes. Though this is a
medical text it is also comprehensible for patients, who not only need to treat themselves, but
have to understand what their doctors and practitioners are and, most importantly, are not
doing for them.
AYURVEDA: It is world’s oldest known medical science,originating in India over 5,000 years
ago.Ayu means life and Veda means knowledge so literally,it means the science of life.It
explains how each individual is a unique composition of physical and mental elements.In many
ways Ayurveda is like an instruction manual of natural living for human beings.It provides a
systematic approach to health that includes a proper diet,exercise,seasonal daily practices that
lead to healthy living.Ayurveda can be defined as a system, which uses the inherent principles
of nature, to help maintain health in a person by keeping the individual's body, mind and spirit
in perfect equilibrium with nature.
Origin of Ayurveda:
Widely regarded as the oldest form of healthcare in the world, Ayurveda is an intricate medical
system that originated in India thousands of years ago. The fundamentals of Ayurveda can be
found in Hindu scriptures called the Vedas — the ancient Indian books of wisdom. The Rig
Veda, which was written over 6,000 years ago, contains a series of prescriptions that can help
humans overcome various ailments.
Principle:Ayurveda is based on the premise that the universe is made up of five elements: air,
fire, water, earth and ether. These elements are represented in humans by three "doshas", or
energies: Vata, Pitta and Kapha. When any of the doshas accumulate in the body beyond the
desirable limit, the body loses its balance. Every individual has a distinct balance, and our health
and well-being depend on getting a right balance of the three doshas ("tridoshas"). Ayurveda
suggests specific lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to help individuals reduce the excess
dosha.A healthy person, as defined in SushrutSamhita, one of the primary works on Ayurveda,
is "he whose doshas are in balance, appetite is good, all tissues of the body and all natural urges
are functioning properly, and whose mind, body and spirit are cheerful..."
Ayurvedic Classics: Are written in Sanskrit and are a major source of information:
Major Ayurvedic Classics (Brhattrayi):CharakSamhita by Charaka
SushrutaSamhita by Sushruta
This surgical text, which dates back to approximately 700 BCE, contains seminal content such as
the Ayurvedic definition of health, information on blood, and the description of five sub-doshas
of Pitta and the marma points. This volume also includes pioneering techniques in skin grafting
and reconstructive surgery.
AshtangaSangraha and AshtangaHridayam, dating back to approximately 400 CE, were written
by an Ayurvedic physician from the Sindh region of India. The Sangraha is primarily written in
poetry, while The Hridayam is presented as prose. These texts define the five subdoshas of
Kapha and emphasize the material value of life. The Hridaya is still highly regarded as a primary
Ayurvedic medical textbook; Srikantha Murthy's translation is recommended for English
readers.
SarangadharSamhita by Sharngadhara:This text was written in the 13th century CE, and is
valued for its explanation of the Ayurvedic concept of materiamedica, as well as for its
pharmacological formulations. It is also considered the foremost text on pulse diagnosis.
MadhavaNidan by Madhava Kara: This text was written between 700 CE and 1100 CE, and is
valued for its precise classification of diseases and disease etiology, particularly in the fields of
pediatrics and toxicology. MadhavaNidan is considered the Bible for Ayurvedic clinical
diagnosis.
To maintain the health of a healthy person and cure the disease of a diseased:
Preventive Medicine – Creates and maintains health and longevity of an individual by
maintaining balance of a person's prakturi (or constitution) by creating daily and periodic
regimens. These health routines focus on diet and exercise, herbals, massage, meditation, and
social behavior and positive relationships.
Curative Medicine – Treatments to cure the disease by one or combination of the following
approaches:
Internal measures, including shodhana (detoxification) and shamana (methods used to improve
quality of life via palliative care).
External measures, including snehana (oil treatments), svedana (steam therapy using herbal
steam), and use of herbal pastes.
Ayurvedic Specialties.
Ayurvedic medicine features the following eight specialty branches. These trainings are
achieved at accredited Ayurvedic medical Schools.
Internal Medicine (Kaya-Chikitsa), which focuses on doshic imbalance, metabolic function, and
digestion.
Ayurvedic Medicine is recognized by the WHO and is used safely by millions of people.
However, like any other medical system, Ayurvedic therapies have contraindications and
potential for adverse effects or side effects. This is of particular concern when therapies are
prescribed by unqualified practitioners, are not used correctly and are abused by self
prescription. Ayurveda does not propagate that herbs are safe. Panchakarma (detoxication)
should be performed only by qualified Ayurvedic practitioners who are trained in this sub-
specialty.
Consumers must bear responsibility when seeking Ayurvedic therapies to check the credentials,
training, and experience of the practitioners. Consumers must also communicate, with their
conventional and Ayurvedic practitioners and practice full disclosure about the therapies they
are using.
It is important to note that the United States Food and Drug Administration does not regulate
herbs or dietary supplements. The International Society for Ayurveda and Health (ISAH), a
professional society of Ayurveda in the United States, recommends Ayurvedic therapeutic
herbal use or detoxification only when prescribed, administered and properly supervised by a
trained practitioner.
When seeking Ayurvedic practitioner, ISAH recommends partnering with a practitioner who
holds a doctoral degree (e.g., M.D., Ph.D., or Phys.D.) and has completed training at a
recognized Ayurvedic medical school.
Treatment of ayurvedic medicine:
The field of Ayurveda flourished throughout the Indian Middle Ages; Dalhana (fl. 1200),
Sarngadhara (fl. 1300) and Bhavamisra (fl. 1500) compiled works on Indian medicine. The
medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were also translated into the Arabic language
during the 8th century.The 9th-century Persian physician Rhazes was familiar with the text. The
Arabic works derived from the Gupta-era Indian texts eventually also reached a European
audience by the end of the medieval period. In Renaissance Italy, the Branca family of Sicily and
GaspareTagliacozzi (Bologna) are known to have been influenced by the Arabic reception of the
surgical techniques of Sushruta. British physicians traveled to India to observe rhinoplasty being
performed using native methods; reports on Indian rhinoplasty were published in the
Gentleman's Magazine in 1794. Instruments described in the SushrutaSamhita were further
modified in Europe. Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic
surgery methods and, in 1815, was able to perform the first major rhinoplasty surgery in the
western world, using the "Indian" method of nose reconstruction. In 1840 Brett published an
article about this technique.During the period of colonial British rule of India, the practice of
Ayurveda was neglected by the British Indian Government, in favor of modern medicine. After
Indian independence, there was more focus on Ayurveda and other traditional medical
systems. By 2014, Ayurveda was part of the Indian National health care system, with state
hospitals for Ayurveda established across the country; however, Ayurveda treatments were not
always well integrated with others, especially in allopathic hospitals.
Key difference: Ayurveda uses herbs and minerals to bring and keep a body in balance. It also
stresses a need for healthy metabolic system, good digestion, proper excretion, exercise, yoga,
and meditation. Whereas, homeopathy follows the "laws of similars" which means that to rid a
person of a disease one has to treat the person with drugs that produce the same symptoms as
the disease.
Ayurveda and homeopathy are similar in the sense that they both use natural remedies.
However, they are various key differences among them. Ayurveda is much older, almost 3,500
years older than the much recent homeopathy. A main difference is that ayruveda believes in
preventing a disease while homeopathy
Ayurveda believes that the health of a human body depends on the balance on the three key
components, wind, bile and phlegm. It uses herbs and minerals to bring and keep body in
balance. It also stresses need for healthy metabolic system, good digestion, proper excretion,
exercise, yoga, and meditation.
Homeopathy, on the other hand, believes in the "vitalist" philosophy, that various external and
internal causes disturb the "vital force" which negatively affects the health of a person.
Homeopathy says that the diseases are already present in the body and that like cures like, i.e.
that which can produce a set of symptoms in a healthy individual, can treat a sick individual
who is manifesting a similar set of symptoms. Another difference is that ayurveda, unlike
homeopathy, makes use of some surgical procedures like “Kshar sutra” and purification
techniques like “Panchkarma” for managing diseases.
Ayur meaning “life” and Veda meaning “knowledge” – Ayurveda means “knowledge of life.”
The body is healthy as long as it in balance, when imbalanced it will be unhealthy in various
ways. Uses herbs and minerals to bring and keep body in balance. Also, stresses need for
healthy metabolic system, good digestion, proper excretion, exercise, yoga, and meditation.
“Like cures like… that which can produce a set of symptoms in a healthy individual, can treat a
sick individual who is manifesting a similar set of symptoms." Homeopathic medicine stimulates
our immune system to fight disease.
Preparation of Medicine:
Uses vegetable drugs, herbs, minerals like sulphur, arsenic, copper, lead, gold and animal
products like milk, bones, and gallstones to produce medication.
Uses various plant, animal, synthetic materials, and mineral substances prepared by diluting the
substance in alcohol or distilled water and shaken to pass the properties of the substance to the
dilution. Final medicine contains only a small percentage of the original ingredients.
Issues of Safety:
May incorporate toxic minerals such as lead, mercury and arsenic in small doses.
Contains only water and/or alcohol. In rare cases, has lead to arsenic poisoning and zinc
poisoning.
Ayurveda is a 5000 year old medical knowledge system that originated in india.Ayurveda
derives it’s medicines purely from nature,it’s core belief is that the BODY,MIND,SPIRIT are
intimately connected.When the vadiya treats a patient,say for a digestive problem,he extends
his treatment to include the WHOLE person,his diet and life style patterns and even his state of
mind.
Difference between Allopathy,Homeopathy,Ayurveda:
Allopathy is commonly called as drug therapy. It involves chemical treatment for diseases and
weaknesses. Now allopathy is only a partial cure. This is because the drugs you buy from
chemists are only made to cure the reaction and not the cause. Here only the result of an
infection is cured and not the infection as a whole.
Homeopathy is another field of medicine which deals with the root of the problem. The
medicines given in this type of medication are meant to cure the root of the problem. This
hence cures the cause of infection for example and not alone the result. Also most of the
homeopathic medication is permanent. This means disease once treated completely over a
course period, will not recur again.
Herbal and Ayurveda are the same if I am not wrong. Ayurveda is the science of natural healing.
It is related mainly with the cures available from nature. The Ayurveda is the oldest existing
medication and the most effective. It also deals with the root of the problem and is a
permanent cure mostly. But the main advantage of Ayurveda over Homeopathy is that
Ayurveda only uses natural means to heal/medicate. It is the most eco-friendly way to get
cured. A person treated with Ayurveda not only gets cured but gains permanent immunity most
of the times. It has been already proved that Ayurveda is the mother of all medication on this
earth and every other form of medication is derived form this oceanic science called Ayurveda.
can homeopathic medicines can be taken parallel to Allopathy also. Is there any harm:
Homeopaths usually do not allow their patients to use allopathic drugs simultaneously, esp. for
the same complaint. And basically the idea behind this is correct. For homeopathic medicines
are selected on the basis of signs and symptoms, and the efficacy of a medicine is also judged
by its effect on the quality, quantity and nature of the symptoms. The progression of the
disease towards the positive or negative end is judged by that. And only with this knowledge in
hand can a homeopath decide what medicine to give, what potency to give, when and how to
repeat etc. since allopathic medicines distort the true picture of the disease/patient by
suppressing isolated symptoms, providing partial reliefs, and due to their side-effects, it
becomes difficult to judge the condition of the patient for a homeopath. So u can see the
justification behind not allowing the use of allopathic drugs simultaneously with homeopathic
medicines.
But this is the ideal, not a rule. There are many exceptions
like:
1. When a patient has been taking some allopathic medication for a very long period, it is not
possible to withdraw the drug immediately. Sudden withdrawal of drugs used in diabetes,
hypertension, arthritis, arrhythmias, hormonal disorders etc can sometime prove disastrous for
the patient. In such cases usually the homeopathic treatment is started along with the
allopathic medicines, and as the condition of the patient starts improving, the allopathic drugs
are tapered slowly.
But in such cases obtaining a cure becomes very difficult as the homeopath has to prescribe on
the mixed symptomatic state due to disease and the drugs.
2. When a patient is unwilling to get proper homeopathic treatment for his/her chronic
complaints but wants to get her isolated acute conditions treated homeopathically, then
homeopaths usually do not deny treatment to such patients
3. In pre-surgery, post-surgery, and trauma cases homeopathic medicines are often given along
with allopathic medicines.
4. Pioneers like George Vithoulkas and some practitioners like myself have come to this
conclusion that during the course of a proper homeopathic treatment for chronic ailments, if a
patient suffers from an acute isolated condition (unrelated to his chronic tendencies)(like sick
headache due to night watching, or vomiting due to too much wine etc (indisposition)) then
allopathic medicine for such condition(if is required) can be used. The reason behind this
thought is that often homeopathic medicines can interfere with each others action or can
change the disease picture enough to make the follow-up prescribing difficult. This is not good
for the long term treatment of such patients.
AllopathyVersus Homeopathy:
Allopathy– A method of treating diseases with remedies that produce effects different from
those caused by the disease itself.
Homeopathy – A method of treating diseases with remedies that produce effects similar to
those caused by the disease itself.
The large majority of physicians in America practice allopathic medicine. And while very few
people outside of the health-care industry could define the term, its practice is ubiquitous and
almost fully internalized by the general public. An example of allopathic treatment would
include elevating a sprained ankle and wrapping the afflicted area in ice in order to reduce
swelling. Bandages may also be used to prevent use of the joints. Swelling, the symptom, is
attacked instead of the injury itself.
But homeopaths take the exact opposite approach. They believe that the swelling is the body’s
natural healing method. When tendons, ligaments and muscles are stressed extra blood rushes
to the area to repair the damage. As ugly and frightening as a swollen ankle may look, it is what
is necessary to heal the body properly. Efforts taken to reduce swelling can increase healing
time and may cause long-term damage. Over the next few days a homeopath may recommend
adding heat and light exercise to the sprained ankle to help increase blood flow, quite the
opposite advice from the allopath.
In general, allopathy seeks to fight the body’s natural response system by attacking the
symptoms of healing. Homeopathy, however, embraces the body’s natural response system by
either encouraging the symptoms of healing or attacking the root cause of the illness.
Mainstream medicine, or allopathy, would have us take muscle relaxants for headaches and
nasal decongestants for runny noses caused by the common cold. But these are merely
treatments for the symptoms. The homeopath understands that a headache is a sign that
something is wrong. Perhaps the sufferer has a low blood sugar and needs to eat something. Or
maybe he or she would benefit from some exercise or a change of environment. The list of
examples goes on.
Historical evidence suggests that power players, as early as the founding of the American
Medical Association, have used the heavy hand of government to squelch homeopathic
physicians. Regulations and licensure were used to stifle the growth of homeopathy by
narrowly restricting which schools can produce new doctors and what their curriculum must
teach. Today, students must endure roughly ten years of allopathic medicine education and
testing before being allowed to practice homeopathy. After being taught for so long that
homeopathy is akin to quackery is it any wonder so few aspiring doctors choose to practice
homeopathic medicine?
To make matters worse insurance companies – another tightly regulated industry – do not
cover homeopathic medicine. It is a problem, indeed, for patients who choose alternative
medicine to mainstream medicine. However, so long as individuals may opt out of the
corporate circle there exists a healthy market for homeopathy. In come new regulations
mandating all individuals purchase corporate insurance and few people will have money left for
alternative medicine, such as homeopathy.
With new governmental regulations becoming more asinine by the day one need not try too
hard to imagine a future where homeopathy is strictly criminalized. Our hope then lies in
patients and doctors willing to break the rules to receive and provide truly free health care.
Anarchists of all professions, including doctors, should take the time to better understand the
fascism that pervades American medicine. It will surely serve as an excellent recruiting tool for
potential fed-up citizens of all backgrounds alike. I highly recommend a short, yet scary, book
on one doctor’s lifelong struggle to practice medicine and the history of American health care.
The book is called Medical Conspiracy In America and is available for free online. Its reading
time is roughly two hours. But if you give it five pages I am confident you’ll be hooked until the
end.
Ayurveda vsAllopathy:
MEANING:
1. HOMEOPATHY – Derived from the Greek hómoios- ὅμοιος- “like-” + páthos πάθος
“suffering” which means a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in
healthy people will cure that disease in sick people, or in more simple words ” like
cures the like “.
2. ALLOPATHY – Derived from a Greek word állos, “other”, “different” + the suffix
πάϑος, páthos, “suffering” which means “other than the disease”.
3. AYURVEDA - Ayurveda is a Sanskrit term, made up of the words “ayus” and “veda.”
“Ayus” means life and “Veda” means knowledge or science. The term “ayurveda”
thus means ‘the knowledge of life’ or ‘the science of life’.
3. AYURVEDA – Ayurveda stresses a balance of three elemental energies or Vāyu / vāta (air &
space – “wind”), pitta (fire & water – “bile”) and kapha (water & earth – “phlegm”). According
to ayurvedic medical theory, these three substances — doṣas (Devanāgarī: दोष)—are important
for health, because when they exist in equal quantities, the body will be healthy, and when they
are not in equal amounts, the body will be unhealthy in various ways.
2. ALLOPATHY - Almost no individualization, if two person are suffering from flu then they have
a common medicine for both of them.
Although cost effectiveness is an issue with some of us, but if we want to have a complete,
reliable and forever kind of cure, we have to reach out to the best of doctors, who can cure us
and on whom we can trust. now, as far as the money matter goes i only have to say that ”
health is priceless “ you can blame me for saying this but its all i have observed till now.
Homeopathy is very effective in helping a person recover their health in a great majority of both
acute and chronic illnesses as it treats the root cause of the disease and not the symptoms as
allopathy most often does.
It is true that there are many practitioners who cannot get the results that they claim because
they do not properly apply the principles of homeopathy, but in the hands of a good classical
homeopath, many health issues can be resolved. It is best to check the registered homeopaths
of homeopathic accreditation councils like the Canadian Society of Homeopaths or the North
American Society of Homeopaths. Here is an example of homeopathy's efficacy vs. allopathy
(conventional medicine) in the mortality rates of pneumonia, i.e. death rate, that comes from
Kenneth F Kiple. Allopathy has a very good investigation system - many tests & techniques
including MRI scanning, etc. and also surgery. however, their medication alleviates the
symptoms of disease without necessarily going deeper into the cause & its repercussions on
entire body. there is also the problem of allergies & side-effects caused by the medication. their
system is mass-based. only now are they realizing that reaction to /effectiveness of medicine
differs according to culture/race, genetic makeup, gender, age...
ayurveda& homeopathy are more inclusive, holistic, all-encompassing systems. they believe in
individual differences & treat accordingly. their focus is not merely on medication but an entire
life style which includes diet, exercise, attitude, etc. They go for the root cause of the disease &
try to alleviate that - symptoms will take care of themselves as healing progresses.
however, there are a lot of quacks in these 2 systems and there is shortage of authentic
research work & scientific investigation. there are no proper boards to manage the
practitioners, to regulate/standardize the medication, etc.
Even investigation is highly dependent on the skill & experience of the doctor. s/he may not be
able to pass on this intuitive ability to the students and the "art" dies with her/him. so, the
cliche about having faith in these systems.
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