1. 1.

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
2. 2. WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE? “The perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting
from sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.” (United States
Geological Science-USGS)
3. 3. LET US RECALL! • Fault or fault plane- where the ground split • Hypocenter- where
earthquake originates • Epicenter- where it occurs at the earth surface • Convergent Boundary-
when one plate is force over another during an earthquake • Divergent Boundary- when plates
drifted apart from each other • Transform Fault- when plates slip by each other.
4. 4. LET US RECALL! • Intensity- earthquake’s property that indicates the effects and damage
caused by • batay sa sa naramdaman ng mga tao at sa epekto sa kapaligiran at mga gawang
(Intensity I-X)
5. 5. LET US RECALL! • Magnitude- a value that tells the reader the amount of seismic energy
released by an earthquake. • impormasyon mula sa instrument gaano kalakas ang enerhiya na
inilabas lindol (M= 7.2)
6. 6. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS  Ground shaking or Ground motion  Ground Surface Rupture 
Liquefaction Tsunami  Earth-quake induced Landslide
7. 7. Measured in the: 1. Velocity of ground motion 2. Acceleration of ground motion 3. Frequency
content of the shaking 4. Duration
8. 8. Ground Shaking Hazard Map
9. 9. THREE EARTHQUAKE SOURCE ZONES 1.West Valley Fault 2.1863 Earthquake (Historical)
3.Lubang Fault 1 2 3
10. 10. West Valley Fault in Cavite
11. 11. WHEN WILL THE “BIG ONE” HAPPEN? No one knows! What science knows is, the return
period of earthquake is about 200 - 400 years and large earthquake has happened in the West
Fault since the 1700s. The last was in 1658 years ago)
12. 12. Liquefaction Hazard Map
13. 13. TSUNAMI “Harbor Wave” or “Seismic Sea Wave”
14. 14. Signs of an Impending TSUNAMI 1. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Zoologist hypothesize that some
animal species like elephants have the ability to sense subsonic Rayleigh waves from an
earthquake or a tsunami. 2. DRAWBACK 3. SOUND SIMILAR TO AN INCOMING TRAIN
15. 15. IN CASE OF TSUNAMIS
16. 16. ALERT LEVEL REKOMENDASYON SA MGA APEKTADONG LUGAR 3 LUMIKAS Dapat
agarang lumikas ang mga komunidad na nasa baybaying-dagat patungo sa mas mataas na
lugar o papalayo sa baybaying- dagat 2 MAGMATYAG Pinapayuhan ang publiko na maging
alerto sa mga di-pangkaraniwang alon sa karagatan; lumayo sa baybaying-dagat at huwag
magtungo sa dalampasigan para panoorin ang tsunami
17. 17. ALERT LEVEL REKOMENDASYON SA MGA APEKTADONG LUGAR 1 MAGHANDA
Walang pinaiiral na utos ng paglikas 0 HUWAG MABAHALA Walang babala. Hindi kailangan ng
paglikas.
18. 18. Tsunami Hazard Map
19. 19. WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
20. 20. BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
21. 21. NDRRMC NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT COUNCIL • (02) 426-
1468 to 79, local 124/125 • Text/Call: 0905-3134077 • Text Only: 0918-9428354
22. 22. CONTACT US: http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph @phivolcs_dost Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS- DOST) Earthquake & Tsunami (24/7): Tel. Numbers •
+632 929-9254 • +632 426-1468 loc 124 / 125 • +632 927-1087 (Telefax)
23. 23. DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
24. 24. AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
25. 25. • Do not use your telephone to call relatives and friends. Disaster prevention authorities may
need the lines for emergency communications. • Do not use your car and drive around disaster-
striken areas. Rescue and relief operations need the roads for mobility. • Check your water and
electrical lines for defects. If any damage is suspected, turn the system off in the main valve or
switch.
26. 26. TRAPPED? • Pray • Check pockets or bags for lighter – anything that will help you scratch,
dig, screw or signal way out. • Make noise (bang pipes, car horn, whistle, etc.) • Conserve
energy • Do not drink urine or alcohol (man can survive 10 days without food; 3 days without
water; no one drinks on the first day) • Mobile phones: text instead of calling, or be concise if

 Earthquake Hazards
1. 1. CHAPTER 4 DRRR
2. 2. An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of
the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that
creates seismic waves.
3. 3. Geologist explains that an earthquake is a type of hazard that depends on the strength of
seismic activity, along with such factors as local topographic and built features, subsurface
geology and groundwater. A large earthquake will always be followed by a sequence of
aftershocks that normally aggravates its effect on human and material elements like
buildings and infrastructure.
4. 4. 1. Ground Shaking or Ground Motion  The earth shakes with the passage of earthquake
waves, which radiate energy that had been “stored” in stressed rocks, and were released
when a fault broke and the rocks slipped to relieve the pent – up stress  If an earthquake
generates a large enough shaking intensity, structures like buildings, bridges, and dams can
be severely damaged, and cliffs and sloping ground destabilized. Perched or stacked object
may fall and injure or bury anyone close by.  Ground shaking will vary over an area due to
such factors as topography, bedrock type, and the location and orientation of the fault
rupture.
5. 5. 2. Ground or Surface Rupture  Surface rupture is an offset of the ground surface when
fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface. Any structure built across the fault is at risk of
being torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip past each other.  Normal – and reverse –
(collectively called dip – slip) faulting surface ruptures feature vertical offsets while strike –
slip faulting produces lateral offsets. Many earthquake surface ruptures are combinations of
both. Structures that span a surface fault are likely to suffer great damage surface ruptures
6. 6. 3. Liquefaction  Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a
soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. It normally occur in saturated
soils, that is, soils in which the space between the individual particles is completely filled with
water.  Prior to an earthquake, the water pressure is relatively low – the weight of the buried
soil rests on the framework of grain contacts that comprise it.  However, earthquake
shaking can disrupt the structure, the soil particles no longer support and all the weight, and
the groundwater pressure begins to rise.
7. 7. The soil particles can move farther, and become entrained in the water – the soil flows.
Liquefied soil will force open ground cracks in order to escape to the surface. The ejected
material often results in flooding and may leave cavities in the soil
8. 8. 4. Earthquake – induced ground subsidence and lateral spreading  Subsidence, or
lowering of the ground surface, often occurs during earthquakes. This may be due to
downward vertical displacement on one side of a fault, and can sometimes affect a huge
area of land. Coastal areas can become permanently flooded as a result. Subsidence can
also occur as ground shaking causes loose sediments to ‘settle’and to lose their load bearing
strength or to slump down sloping grounds.  Lateral spreading occurs where sloping ground
starts to move downhill, causing cracks to open up, that are often seen along hill crest and
river banks.
9. 9. 5. Tsunami  A tsunami also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water
body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a
large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions, landslides,
glacier cavings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the
potential to generate a tsunami.
10. 10. 6. Earthquake – induced landslides  Landslides are frequently triggered by strong
ground motions. They are important secondary earthquake hazards.  The term landslide
includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and
shallow debris flows. However, gravity acting on a steep slope is the primary reason for all
landslides.  Strong earthquake- induced ground shaking greatly increases the likelihood of
landslides where landscape is susceptible to these types of ground failure.  If the ground is
saturated with water, particularly following heavy rainfall, the shaking will result in more
landslides than normal
11. 11. What are the four types of fault? What are the fault lines in the Philippines? Bring
cookies in class (individual activity)