GIMNASIO LA ARBOLEDA

PROCESO GESTIÓN ACADÉMICA Y DESARROLLO CURRICULAR Código: GADC-F-019

PROCEDIMIENTO SEGUIMIENTO ACADÉMICO Versión: 001
FORMATO PLANT KINGDOM
TERCER PERIODO PROFESOR: M.sc. David L. Justinico Castro Asignatura: Biology Grado 6°
The Plant Kingdom

Plants are members of the kingdom PLANTAE

Characteristics of most plants:

• Most plants make their own food through a process called

_______PHOTOSYNTHESIS_________________.
• Plants have a _________CUTICULE____________, meaning they have a
_____WAXY________ layer on their surface that protects them and keeps them from
_____DRYING_____________ out.
• They have _____EUKARYOTIC____ cells with rigid cell walls.
• They reproduce with ____SPORES___________ or with ____POLLEN ______ cells.

There are four main plant groups:

Bryophytes: MOSS, LIVERWORTS Pteridophytes: FERNS

Gymnosperms: COIFERS, PINES

Angiosperms: FLOWERING PLANTS
Overview of the Plant Kingdom

Botanists divide the plant kingdom into four groups based on several important features:
1. ________BRYOPHYTES________________________________

2. ____PTERIDOPHYTES_________________________

3. ____GIMNOSPERMS____________

4. ___ANGIOSPERMS_____________

Since 1994, a team of biologists has been studying the __DNA______ sequences of various plant
species. This project has provided strong evidence that the first plants evolved from
_____GREEN________ ______ALGAE_______ that lived in _____FRESH_______ water.

What do plants need to survive?

1. ____SUNLIGHT____________

2. _WATER___________ and ___MINERALS_________

3. ____CO2_____________________________
4. __MOVEMENT OF WATER AND NUTRIENTS _______________________________

Plant Life Cycle

Plants have life cycles that are characterized by alternation of

generations. The two generations are the haploid (N) gametophyte (or
gamete-producing plant), and the diploid (2N) sporophyte or spore-producing plant.
Gametes – the egg and sperm – are haploid cells that fuse together to form a new diploid individual. Spores are
reproductive cells that produce a new individual by mitosis. Some plants spend more time in the sporophyte
stage, others spend more time in the gametophyte stage.
Vascular Plants
Vascular plants are also known as tracheophytes.

What is a vascular plant?

Vascular plants have vascular tissues which distribute water and minerals through the
plant.
Plants with vascular tissue can grow taller because they have a mechanism for the
transport of water and nutrients to plant tissues.
Tall vascular plants can compete better for sunlight.

What is xylem and phloem?

The basic function of xylem (in blue below) is to transport water from roots to stems and leaves, but it
also transports nutrients.
Phloem (orange) transports products of photosynthesis to various parts of the plant.
Plants: Cohesion and Capillary Action

Plants have tiny tubes called _____XYLEM______ that help transport

_Water and nutrients___________ up the plant’s stem. Xylem transports water
and soluble mineral nutrients from __root____ to
various parts of the plant. It is responsible for replacing water
lost through transpiration and photosynthesis.
[Note: ___PHLOEM___________ is the tissue in vascular plants that
transports sugars
and other products made during photosynthesis to parts of the plant where it is
needed.]

Water moves through plants due to three main factors:

1) TRANSPIRATION: As water evaporates through the
stomata in the leaves (or any part of the plant exposed to
air), it creates a negative pressure (also called tension or
suction) in the leaves and tissues of the xylem. This is called
transpiration. (We learned this word when we studied the
water cycle!) The negative pressure exerts a pulling force on the water in the plant’s xylem
and draws the water upward.
2) COHESION: When water molecules stick to one another through Cohesion they fill the
column in the xylem and act as a huge single molecule of water.
3) CAPILLARY ACTION: This is the movement of a liquid across the surface of a
solid caused by adhesion between the two. When you a place a tube in water, water
automatically moves up the sides of the tube because of Adhesion. The
narrower the tube, the higher the water climbs on its own. In plants, adhesion forces
water up the columns of cells in the xylem and through fine tubes in the cell wall.

Here is another illustration of the process of the movement of water in a plant:

1. Water is passively transported into the
___roots________ and then into the ___xylem________.
2. The forces of ____cohesion_________ and
____adhesion_________ cause the water molecules to
form a column in the xylem.
3. Water moves from the ___xylem________ into the mesophyll
cells (in the leaves), ___evaporates___ from their surfaces and
leaves the plant by diffusion through the ___the stomata____
Plant Cladogram

Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms

(mooses) (ferns)

flowers

seeds

Vascular tissues

roots

Bryophytes: moss, liverworts _are non-vascular plants that use

______water______ for fertilization. These are __low____-growing plants that can be
found in _____moist______, shaded areas. The most common bryophytes are
________mosses______. In bryophytes, the _____gametophyte_____________ is the dominant,
recognizable stage of the life cycle. This stage carries out most of the
plant’s photosynthesis.

Ferns & Lycophytes _are vascular plants that lack seeds, wood, fruit and
flowers. Ferns and their relatives have true ______roots______, ____leaves______, and
_____stems__________. Lychophytes are vascular plants similar to ferns but have
unique leaves called microphylls. Ferns have a life cycle in which the diploid
____sporophyte____________is the dominant phase.

Gymnosperms: conifers, cycads _____vascular__ plant. These are the most

ancient surviving ____seed_______ plant. These plants all reproduce with seeds that
are exposed – gymnosperm means “_____naked______ seed.”

Angiosperms: flowering plants Vascular plant with unique reproductive organs

known as _____flower______. Flowers attract animals which transport _____pollen_________
from flower to flower. This means of pollination is more efficient. Flowers contain
____ovaries_______, which surround and ___protects________ the seeds.
Angiosperm
means “_enclosed__________ seed.” After pollination, the ovary develops into a
___fruit________. These are members of the phylum Anthophyta.