BUILDING CONSTRUCTION VOLUME THREE METRIC EDITIONNV. B. McKay BUILDING 4.Sc.Tech., M.L.Struct.E. entree CONSTRUCTION lartered structural engineer and Head the Department of Building and ructural Engineering in the VOLUME THREE anchester University Institute FIFTH EDITION (METRIC) Selence and Technology. By J. K. McKay, B.A., BSeTech., ARILB.A,, C.Eng., M.Steuct., RB. ‘With drawings by the authors Orient Longman Fg ira i inca ealPREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION In producing this metic edition the opportunity hasbeen taken to revise and augment cern Setions “Many ofthe ation are to Chapter they ncade ex or coverings and the use of plasterboard for patiions— 2 material which s probably the most widely used iaterzl lining 1 my be exnpasied that this and the cwo previous volumes are esenily concerned with the early syllabuses ‘fs course, and special importance i therefore giren to prncpes and sound methods of construction, chi tea Vinal in character. More advanced building technique, including mechanical excavating equipment piling sel- seo and reinforced concrete; Sire protection; advanced carpentry, joinery and plumbing; internal ise; electri tnd ga ervces and heating aytems ae described in Value IV. 1K Mek. 073PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION “Tns volume covers the latter portion ofthe allabus in Building Construction, Stage Two, which appears app my and to whch verde hy been male te preate VOR ie Te hasbeen tke to exclude from thee volumes details of Construction which are genrlly accepted 4s being tof date. te not, however, afwny cary to dtinguiah between beolete and shusescent type. ‘Much depends upon local practice. For example, the wood rol tunis cosiered by many to be obsolete, and yet King post rool tres Were adopted in some disc in + numberof building erected ust before the war. "At however, the vase postwar building programme which hast be undertaken wil fnlude the ‘einsatement of war-damaged property, and a many students wil be engaged pon this work has been "hoosht desirable to refer fo one or to types of siratares which, although employed extensively in the put are ow gradually fling into dite. iets als rsd tat for some time ter the ae there willbe a shorage of cern building materi, ‘This apples parucalanly to timber, av ost ot imported, and wil be mpeative that timber shall be sted ecanomeal. Special attention should be given therfore 0 the description of plywood and similar rout which ie given on pp. 117-133, and inthe production of whih the rater and more valuable timbers Specialy ave made to go at fr az pone by conversion nto thin veneers ‘Many alternative jlery deta have been provides for compariton and selection. These include both texditonl and contrtporary construction, example of theater being the sh door and the solid balustrade ‘ir deailed Sn Fgu 9 and 42 respect. "The homework programme on p. 156 continues and completes the one begun in Vol. I ‘The author’ thanks are due to his colleague, Mr-E. Spencer, for his valuable asians, expcily in connection withthe ections devoted to woodworking machinery. ‘Thanks are alo extended tthe Duceor at Fore Products Research for permision to refer to several publications ofthe Forest Product Ressrch Boat, othe Controller, HM. Stationery Ofc, for athonty to incude brit extracts fom certs British Standard Spesteations, and to vasous rms for patcslre of new building materials and manufacturing process to which reternces have been made inthe tet Jamvarys94e W.B. McK,CONTENTS SYLLABUS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STAGE TWO 1. Canreeene mien Sine, Common, Seine rain, Dela, Chari, Un, Pepin FSi ‘f Jom tad Barne~Fioo FiberStwte and Slap Parson Sound naltin Doub hd Bulup Route Deep Trees Tonkerog Coin Shoring Sete 1. Jonny “Tramomn, Seminar Head, Gael sod Fhnh Doore—Senicicr Handed and Thee Light Cae ‘Windone= Stig eal Windone and Denr—Des of Sage Fh: ow ysod Opn Ste Wier. ind Specht SepeMinlsce hanna, Chater and Ur ct Pwd, Lamborn, Bobo 1K, Roor Coveanvee : Manuticure and Cherecerinc of Ci, Shale nd Cancee Tie Ae Cartot Shes wd Cored Shectr~ Deaf Pin, Pa, Inn ond Spas Tang, Sone Sang, Stinging ond Copper nd Zin Reco ‘Thaehing oot Islan 1v, Panera HOMEWORK PROGRAMME INDEX * 13 Ps 57LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ee cae + | Se Tm pn Ct ioe * i oe ae ee rapa ees ee ea : | 7 3 | hain . | M4 | 38. SoirDetaie re i | eee = h ‘ = | 2 ay ot a 5 nt Dee a | = So a eearalbe mrtg : | Sareea 7 {| Sect © | Sot'Saoe teed fie Deas 7 | 3 Ghat & | & Sioeteserkan been 7 29, Flash Doo 85. | 38. cooper and tn Roane Dts BH i ‘Sue: UNLESS INDICATED OTHERWISE ALL DIMENS:ONS ON THE FIOURES ARE GIVEN IN MILLIMETRESoy GENERAL SYLLABUS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION STAGE TWO’ Beickwork,—Sxtended decrption of the anufsture and characteris of bret, cements and lime; ime and foment mortars concrete,” Squlnt quoi and junctions and rebated and splayed jms in Enlist an Flemish bonds: pier; cavity wall; creular Wodk relford brickwork raking bonds: garden, cos, Dutch, brith-oe= ge and facing bonds ecesed eliza pointed an rer arches. Damp proofing o bare, dy arene Slope ped foundstions, Concrete oor cnstrucsion Decorsted brickwork. Fiepacs, Bush chinacy breasts asd rusk; byelavs, Sting out, See Chapter One, Vol ‘Drainage —Suficé water drainage. Septic tanks. Dsingipe, bends, junctions, channels, taper pipes, ule, and Intrcpies. Sting out and construction of dis. ‘iainge fo seal bling; ispeetion, strcepton and Venton. See Chapter Teo, Vol ‘Masonry.—Formation and clasifction of stones; characterise ett. Quarrying mining end machine desing ‘Stone dresngrt9 dace and window openings. Comices Stone eps and stay Ske Chapter Thre, Ve. I. Mild Steel Roof Trasaes.—Mil steel roof tomes upto 12.m span. See Chapter Foe, Vl. Carpentry—Euended description of the clusion, svete, conversion, sssonng, preservation, defects, Thratterisic and uses of timbur; preparation of ber and machines employed. Double and famed feos ‘etrination of sie of jot; or finishes, including boards, blocks, plywood, parquet, cork, rubber, there ‘ln les, vinyl aberon le, vingl aber ad les, ayathet resis, pitch mari, atest ement and rubber lates, magnesium oxychloride, ely te, granolithi screed, teresa, nol, payviy!ekovige com Poston blocks, marble es tnd quar. Stoothed teresa concrete, sxdat covet, seated conte, Bisse, piserboard, wond-won! cement, compressed sam, and gla partons. Sound insltion. Double ra boils tunes’ Timbering of deep trenches, cenees up #0 3m pan. Shoring 3 (One, Vo 1 ‘Soe Chapt Joinery—Deor, including lights, semiceuar headed, glazed and Rush. Windows, icclusing semi ieuiae exded boxed frame wth lig sashes, boxed rime with thee light, ard tata,” Stars terme ype, eel ‘equrement: step propenions constuction and dealing of sught Tight dog ep and open well ais; open nd sold alustader; winders; apes sep Mbnfactire,chatacterister and uses of plead, laminbortds, ‘ocbourds, batenbour and compote boards. See Chapter Teo, Vo IT Roof Coverings Plain tls, penis, Talat, Sptssh and interlocking te; aves, edge, hip, valley and verge eae, vertical dling Conrete ie; bestorcement snes and orvugted hese, corrugated ten sheet Stone siting. Shingles, Copper and sine details. Thatch. Ser Chapter Three, Val. 1 Painting Preparation of surface, Priming coat, underonts,fnicing cont dierent surfaces, Techniques. See Chaper Four, Vol. If ‘Types of paint Painting onCHAPTER ONE CARPENTRY Shlaa—anded decrtion of i cmifetion, uve, conenon, stmoing. prerion, date, ccernicg a uso inban, peption of sere ecieum’compontn bec mtle Sym open. Shoring Seas TIMBER ‘Tiss Chapa i devoted mainly eo timber construction but i hasbeen found Eerveien, 18 ill be apparet from the albus, to include oter mbjects Wiesin the materia doar not predominate. A shore introduction to timber topear in. Chap. TH, Vol ‘Cassifeation.—Trees ae clsifed (s)botanzally nd (0) commercial {e) Botan! Claes —Timbers are grouped int fies, each Sarly ting divided into genera (hrge clases) and ech genus into several sper (ester lane) of ee wehich closely rezembl ech othe in een fears ‘Ths, the casteation of the pine family (botanist name Pinan) ft — is) | ga she Ber A lm Lars Onrchen) | La eth” Baap chs 1 epee) | Pl ty Barger | Pigs snobs, yelow pine: Foes, | Sp edt Pi in As showo, the Latin botnial name of ee consits of two words, the ist ‘efies the genus © which i Belongs, and the second the parle specie. These names are now riniveal and indieate the natura relationships of the Sinden sees sty abet tes, ving sheet tnd en synthe en, cs te pa ce nt are {ok'wol em opened ree ogi parton Sou ian Desbe td ba-ap ca Fem a le en Ceo are (©) Commercial Cssfcatin’ Timbers wed commercially are divided int softwood and bardroods “The sftwoods are members ofthe conifer cts or Canna, and nce the pines, firs, spruces, ete These coe beating ten ave edie lenves, tnd with ew exceptions are ere. Min ofthe timber ured for onsrae= ‘onal work sof this clas ain general i suicenly song fr most pur poses, seal worked on acount ft sofas and straightness the ran and [Srehivly cheap. Ala of some of the principal foods i given iTable 1, sd the regions frm which they are obtaned ae shown in Fig. "The hardwoods bong tothe browt-leat cas or Dcatyldene, and nce the outs mahoginis, beeches, brces, ste. Most hardwoods are decidua, ice they shed thet eves in muuma.” They ate chilly wed for decorative Purposes, a for paneling, veering and furitre, and cera of them ae Selected or constructional we beasue of their high rrength snd. durable (quae. "Table IT include a umber of the many Berdwoods wed commer: Silly, and thee disposition ie shown in Fig. Sirvetre.—-Wood has 2 complet cellar structure, The thin tubular cells vary in size and shape in diferent kinds of tec and thee Fanetion (1) esdct water snd soluble sls abvorbed fot the sll by the root to the leaves, (Gh provide storage of food during the winter and (3) give sength to he ree [part logis shown in diagrammatic orm at» Fg... The ei eructarl ‘pars ae indicated atthe ern, radial and tangential sections, "Dhe diameter ofthe trunk and branches of = ee i inreued bythe addition of succiive voular ongentse layers on the outside imma within the ‘ack Inthe temperate climate ofthis county, and under normal condson, + pane t nV, ta he inn of tember et eft and arn is Seni a fe abrentnt on, we sltacdnae htr than ean2 CARPENTRY fresh ig of wood is produced yey, an the term ann ing which apis! tortie therefore deseripcve In the opis the rowel dcr ot abs a= ‘with annual periods and mare tan one rng may be formed annus Se er outh ring i then a better descipin. "A eromsection though 2 1g #3) Show a big variation in the thiknes of the rings; thut, som ng fred Stig droughty seson may be adjacent to a relatvely wide gro fng produced under bere climate condoms An ieregulity inthe thickness of 4 ring wil be caued ifthe ce is exposed to more sun on one side thn theater “The growing ceson in this eauntey is fromm Apri to September. During this period new wood is produced by a thin layer of ells called the cambio 20d Situated between the bark and the over growth ring. Thee embil cell Aivde and subdivide, toring new ells on the iner and outer ides.” The ew Innes eels gradu grow into the new od (xylem) and the en outer cele {velop ita new bark (ba) which conducts the food converted by the leaves 0 the growing parts ofthe tree The wood produced atthe beginning ofthe trowing season, know ss the sprag sod it generally ofan open nature oving fo thecelatvely lng taco the cells aod the tines ofthe wal: that formed towards the end ofthe season, called the summer ood, is usualy denser on sccount of the cls being smaller and their wall thicker (256,388, Fig.) Hence the contesting alternate lighter and darker layer which clesiy define ‘the growth Fings i my umber. Some woods, a8 show a Go 9 show 3 ‘sharp contat between sping wood and surmner Weed, "A costsection through a fully developed wee Wl 362 rale, show a com. paratively dark cloured central potion or aaruood eirounded by s lgher feloured zone called seared. "The heartwood content of a res increases ith ge Thos the logo sn mamatar tres chiedycomposed of npn, the se Gf which are actively engaged in conducting mineral alt sluton rom the 21 fo the lever andthe sap of foodstull manufactured fom them. In couse of ‘sre tis work is performed by the more recently formed pros Hge ans the fallin the inner core become inactive, the heartwood acting ss 2 mechanical Suppor of the ee ony. Each year the inner rng of sapwood i anverted into Ihearteod, and as an addtional outer grow ring has ben formed dui this period follows hat the proportion of sapvoad remains practical constant. Various eubsances, sucht gum, rein and tannin, are formed and deposed inthe heartwood ese. "These substances influence the celous and intese the Aturabiity of heartood. "There sao appreciable dierence ia strength Beteen sapwood and nets "The structure of (2) softwood timber is simple compared with that of (6) acdnocede (G@) Siete of Seftoade— Approximately go percent. ofthe wood consists ‘ot comparatively Tong, vertical when forming the trunk) tubult els elles aaah,” ctose-etin through portion of «growth rng is shown 3 Fig. 1. ‘Ths shows the Roneyeombea ature ofthe tractre, th he tached ange sn rows and separsad a intervals by nays (ee et columa). The texeheids are sent be golagoou shaped when examined under the ice Most of therm are not wale to the raked eye, and ae an example thee ot homn retly enlarged st # is ony oe mm in diate (eet) Thoe ringed zone ave thin walls and atively inne cavities (se Ft ‘Theres the simmer-vood ells have gridutly dianishing cavities 2d Walls (ce © and'0) The function ofthe spring-wood eel is to cond Uo the leaves and th chet funtion ofthe ure wood tached % then the tee." ‘The wood celle are approximately mm long, ae hou the end of the spingenood cel te move rounded than thove af the a wood ex's (compare and}. The ells communicate with each other ‘pits of wich ther are many oiestions Ore form, knows 38 3 or ‘Showa atc and £. Pits in adjacent celle are opposite to each of Permit of the conduction of water, et, From ane tacheld to anc Showa, 2 pit consists of a eieuar ares of unthickened ell wll fom th of whith the wall projets to frm 2 domcal-ahaped covering having {he mide. The continuous thn membrane i ale the mide Lm this thickened atthe cenee to form the fou ce). Another oy, Called ingle pi ia shown st and» me "The mally vey ar srs rass, refered inthe preceding alum ss eright, nar, radia bands ators the rain (ee hand) In they ae hardly able tothe naked eye; thus fore of redwond vary too mim high. A ray conse of cellar tue called porencye fells are thin-waled and rectangular shape. "The ays ae regolt bated, an each nual on ne all wie and sever elle igh a the tangential section at {where the raya can be sen in eeton ‘storage accommodation for fod which is tanenited through simpler ‘he adjacent vera wach or drtibution. As shown at, these ‘hin membranes which ae ether ees, rectangular or silken Resin ducts are present in certain sltwcode, sch a4 Pitch pine, spruce, yellow pine and Degas cet andl) These cane ‘hmparitively soa numer fo the surnner wood and in the vo] "one the resin (vaste profuct) screed by che cel immediatly them, (b) Soncture of Hordsands—This i more complicated than the of sottwoods Te ehiey comprises vestel, Abts, parenchyma sn Vent on Pores Tese are long veri’ tuber compare i nde els which extent down the rank. Thee functions sil ‘he spring wood teaches of softwood in that they conde wat roots tothe evn ofthe ice The size ofthe pore varies indi thir 4 crr-rection through log of eak wll show comparsvly trhich are conspicuous to the naked eye, the pore of Beech are Mp to the naked ee, and thor of box ae dificult to dintinguish even ff maging gla. A pore shown in ection at t+ The ae ‘han thove to eotwood thei acyner the mice e 5 than as “I g eaves an i E > feross secrionsfiuscuce SUWMERHODD # SPRNGNOOD TRACHEDS CROSS SECTIONS SHOWNG STRUCTURE OF A. ‘and ponaus WAKOWOOD (OAR) &'A DIFFUSE PORDAS4 wn i ee el he ee pel ep seat eget geen Mere cpt td ae Ses eal oem dtmcre ois ee? ie dot tegen egos pm pose Tei mit rs cherie sont ee Speen rat St pro era eT rent ra cp te scence mooning te Sociee aiegtece eer ee, en SS TES eee oee Poh oe lla atch er lg cer en rere ee emer cree seen or et rc eat Sree en ee a oe pel ee mae hones ae akon spree Sea ma each cba Soyo seen es fer ee ee ee Hi ama ava cena meen agaeres ee fia eer Sie aes ee See ee Seite sitet stoem pam amen ge "ati eee, ec Soc sonst aa seats dena ctor ee Raasiam rare reseed Sere Eee es SHES Se eae dated CARPENTRY “Toe anpearance of cut surfaces of timber sinned by is structure anf there are several terme ued to expres this appearance. These ince (ee, (ah entare sed (3) gue 1 Grain apis to the genersl diction ofthe Sbres and cellular ute ing selon tthe longieudinal edges ofa pece of wood or the Vert auisaf sree ‘There ate several kinds of grain, fe (2) sta grain, when the bres ae Sy paral (b) real gram, when there te inclines (2) mary or uy gai, nha the fre frequently change direction and produce slterating drhcrand_ fy Tighter wavesike stripes on the surac (such timber when split has sorugated ee sae) (2) ial gai, when the Pore are aranged ep e) tracing [rin, when the fib in sccetve growth singe ae inclined tn pocte cree: 2 Hons; and()dlagonal era, then strip prained timber has bean improper onvertedaa tht the bres are nclines tthe longitcinl edges Regursine'— oft (a) Stsightgraied ther atively strong and cay to works Ibe et only a pli figure (ep. 5. ig (8) Iecolr-eaned tinder reiively weak, is dificult to wor, but give wid a atactive gue (ee p.s) The eregulany is offen due tothe presente at (6) Wany or cur grained timber 6 highly decorative on asount of th of 3 ‘nvegulely curved fibre. i {) Sprangraine timber eof reduced strength pd (6) Imrickingegaied timber nay be weed to excessive twining wes ge ‘being eatoned and not easy to work. "The srength = not esously acted ‘ThesSgure produced i described on. 5. she (Ge Disgovarined tinber reduced in steength owing to faulyar ‘conversion lem "The term end grain eer tothe atangement ofthe expoted fibres om thee rouecut aces ‘thie "Flaum opine tbe is tat which hasbeen converted (ee pp. arts snd 6) 40 thatthe anal Tinga inert the cut face Over lat halt adhe ler than 4g Ite inaccurately described as" fin rain" or "alah grin ‘Tonber ean be enverted quickly, chesply and withthe minimm waste By then ‘method of conversion, eve ‘Quarter or ft sao timber (ee Chap. II, Vol 1) i that which hat beet cogreted wo tha the anil ings ners the Cu face in amy Part st mare hats 450, Teshroks ls in width than ann timber and as ee tendency fete ‘Sup and split. The terms "quarecr grin,” "edge grain,” wert gas ve {nd comb grain ate lovely aplied fo quaee-stwa Umber Eo, ‘When umber fis, due wos britlenes, tis often sad tobe shor in Be gin" "Thiss an inaccurate appiation of pan, athe condone ote a Dy the dicen ofthe bron Whist it may be character of erin timbenmatn Italo dueto improper seasoning and fungoid deny, such a dey ot (sep. i |CONVERSION «Even gin” and uneven grin ae athe (rm which af cert acd (othr oo ened byte diction af the be) to deere inet whet pow sae ees uno i width ("even") or replat owt (Cteren") “Avore scurte expression growth ge repr or Sala with” rman applica othe sie ad order or arngement ofthe cl, Ths, sardwondehoee tre surge pte sor bd ys oh avon en at Sarena och ts bere) hs onal pores war suow rae Bamps, St eereeda pdr ae malady tone etter (Honduras maby) ame trate (ech)._Mox sotwoods ae fe textured on asus ot {Se soa cl a sre Rana eon xpcily 20. Difie-proue Teneo events ue ates) and sf wth growth ig having sight con 1) intron tring peng ander weed ech at white pine) are known Sppoe de ree tbr eg goreus harods (chase) td vofwondsBiving “Grimproperh son cotating tne fring ad sumer wood (ch ax Dog 6 TReplng'~ fens texte "Smee softoods ae ded st" cause pied or rok The Se estrel”) oe gained” (or "Ene tetared”) when te roth ings ave wide andor rapecvely such expres are nt corey the sok, but give hf ing dos noe afer eer gino tate they are bat feed SCpesnted Nwide” or saroweinged "umber Fence pet on the sre of timber formed by the arrangement scout of ose diferet ans and infused by te gan and clr. There ig aiaton nthe qaity of the gure; tun tighgraned timber ha ony Phin fore, wheres aiubly convened ber wil show Bens ings swing whee When freq interocked or wary grained iS aected "The nar ofthe Sgre accede by the matin of conversion, and hen the appearance ofthe onber nen ports emerson sor pancing sing w felior untut the em of conversion adoed shoul expe he carers Cement othe bet sdvantage Thu bts quater node to dorse 1 Svs on tet nge acts of the cospicinun bead ray onthe cate and Tehichge they ocuental gure howe a er grape pine at sel cp. tngeniay sn 0 ep the tet sowth ings of ih ealored pring ‘a tr edeood tnd dat ramet ood ‘ish goin’ Compinou regis inthe ieion ofthe Sr oly give an ate by hharstve Age. ‘The fling te example: Inegle grain oe 10 oma “eves pathes onthe qrowth sign produces Mar fw which Bip sie as blr sn enema ope st pick pete rg pan contig ‘mt moeStounall deyrenin athe govt ings ge the hasceraeBd ne fe ‘tender Stock maple and the bandos gue eal fom regula ars ‘erica piel) eh ig.) in walt led br we Tasch grains ‘cjonae forthe are faa ro we pec Alan abaya 1 shri hitman Pada when Quareraenn sod fo he mowed fre carer ‘sno ale ick bein. New Zealand katie itched grin ns Gaceralan mae ‘ela imtemogny, spl an ter opal tins nts eg, ae oe(ace p14 of he ero srcture, snd toe (nn, tar wits in io 3 ee the Bes a crear era ig darker a 5 sin gin ierape by gina rer band form hats kno Sipe iy aay ray se megs eis sess Sate a apne Nags Baked eo hos tds eo ced neh denies wot rama ed fre egg Seis ure rent fom cnet nes sae om bord eaak aban eh ue ae hate ae dake yea psn foe dct ay Ca te et theaters Els es eae essoned gn iors ts ia apogee eal eats Sedat te braiage tat nanet Cee ns pm ees wowteoe eae ae ete ct mn sae ine facung tee Sens eee Eat ina sine onurmlqey oe arene pines Sag nea woe anions in eb af te Spr and nt he dec veo hh leur af ant wees as ‘isflecks are dncloure brown steaks o pats acasionaly sen in birch, Rhodesian te CONVERSION ‘The phot of coping (*beking done) ibe by a) alto gts pe Oana ar fi one dad song re eed i Cha 7 hing pdr ling on al va The auwing up of» log into bus (aquared ber exceeding 150 my 150 mm) plein ror toughen 386s eRe ert Eerste ae ph aber teh fen eto ee nck ‘Sounds funder go mm thick by te0 mm anid over in with) ser in wide pce) ee SPSises oP thay.” A mance nove saver, Genpact Sal iemermyesonm mnt or sang en ey, ” [Loge mote ‘ewt ‘be cut int converet lengths for handling The reciractin om tae an gases pcg “hte eel pee atbntars wih he ed eke So" Lap p18 14m Samet ean ea ve | ee we ng Fil eee sonal ig bed a 3h ‘ental log. ume swing mache, (6) coed og ol eal rare or ‘se'Morimmal Log Band Mil (we Fig 2)—This conse of « 90 0 259 an een eee ieee oe che me oem pulse Bee tine Gis re Typ Se tuning cateage ron See ade Yr te ais ab proved With bes ln ata) mo fl eenVERTICAL FRAME SAWING MACHINWw mELL ACHINE eee SEASONING 7 Seabee Sra el A PtP BIN Serbs soi en 3 0 3 © per on andthe rate of earn my ach neat ag nM ot du Seem, Agere avi eet ato Feige beta he tarb oe tn vc Bh fn nar la ns Teeenaiee reas mmr eceeene em ar iasbiaa ia ttigtenenas males ait SAN, a tnoun tt rack Fd ee enh nd wed beekng Some eee a eee se nee cel Si ee a a ee Seema th risa nates ee nes ( yardeal Log Frame Sawing Machine Got Figs} The semprine ere ese tasty cue eerie nga ck Rpm ee rer yeti ee erren ne SS Micha MSR ee ean tn anc Hieron dpi Stn octenket oars ‘An introduction to this abject appears in Chap, I, Vol Timber fom s recently felled tree coun tcstre in the form of fee ster inthe ell cavities and absorbed ater inthe cell wall Seasoning ot ‘ondioning is the proces concerned wth the radon (not total liminaton) ‘fis oltre content (" mc") i the ner. Timber required for inter t+ shouldbe condoned fo me approcinng tothe seeage ur af Seroom in whih tis tobe eel (cep 8) e “The mes calculated a «percentage ofthe dry weight ofthe wood 0:— IA amall ot plese or cbrsaon ect off ange of ond before bring seasoned. A the exteme ends of the piece may be deer than the reminder, onal eeu the rosea specimen a about Jo fom ‘need inorder to obtain representative Ggures and length nthe dian of the grain need not enced 12 mm. The seton it once ghd (sul on 3 Physical balance) and hi ie recorded the sr sight The specimen is placed in an oven where subjected to temperature foo C uml the whole ofthe maare hat een withdrawn, Te 43h weighed and recorded a the dry weight. "The perenageminture then clelted fom the formule:— wet weight day weight (6) Moire ates por cet. = SRN (@) Moisture content per cent (ae - ) 100, “Thus, man eximple, uppose the specimen tobe from a «75 mm by 2 tm floor urd, 12 long. ving a inital or wet weight of 42g and Bal Gr dy weight of 30 rm The me = BSP seo gepereat © o me, (2 ) 100 = 40 pee cent, ‘The determination of the min kiln sampler ie rferred w 0 p16. The ‘mc of samples of tbe feshly cu from the lg may vary fom f0 per cent fr more for hardwood to over too per cent fr softwaods, Much of thi roistre must be removed, and the following moisture content of smbe required for aio purpores are recommended Interior piney work, 9 4 percent external ainery work at for doors and windot) #g pr een; food Else carpentry work, 20 per cent (mssimum) and rough capenty wath 35 percent Akbough the fran mf inber in cetaly bested bulge it Sppcosimately a percent, is advil ta reduce the nen timber o be sned fer panelling, ty adjacent tothe beating rditrs to at leat 8 per cea. Teis imgortnt wo nut that timer ick ha than 2 por sent. m6 Ht abl fo come affected by dy rotate Ph. 4-13). ‘Defect or Degrades veto Seasoning —The evaporation of he aborbed sser inthe cll wale ring the proces of sexing dow not commence ut (he whole ofthe lee water in the cavities his nappenred. The ter fre lateation eit ppd when the lat ofthe fre water bar been eemaved and8 CARPENTRY the cell wats ae sill atursted; the mat thi stage vaties fom 25 19 30 pee tect nkage docs ot secur ont ater the free water has been etl ‘Slaaed andthe removal ofthe absorbed water commenced Changi size ‘epintin in ape ther ctu, che maximum shrinkage taking place in the ‘Eipemtal duce (Ley, io the ditection of the growth rings). Tengen Shrnkage s generally approximately double radial shinage (ey at ight eagles {o the anual rings). Thus, approximate comparative figures show’ thet the verge tangential srnhag of tide fr 300 mm of orginal width inves from 1S tosy mm ther the me dures from 14 09 fer ent, ond the crresponding ‘adil shrnkage nreates from 101013 mt Longiudialshikage (en he ‘Gpecion of the gai) i almost negligible. ‘This unequal movement in the several directions is due to the diference in ssueture of the wood; this, a8 the fay cols eins radial dretion ce a, Fg.) anda ell donot vary appreciably in length i follows that che prseace of ry celles ehily responsible forthe felative reduction in radial avahage-The thicker the coll walls the greater the shrinkage. From the foregoing it wil be apprecited that: (1) Quarter "oon teri en Table Co movement thin tht swhich had been pin sa (G) denser timbers usually sbiak and swell more than lighter wood: 28d (3) ‘spring wood is more static thaa the denser summer wood ‘As stated above, timber for iteraal joinery work should have mcs ne a8 posable to the men hunidity of thea nthe portion ofthe builing in which Risto be permanently feed.” Othervn, if comparatively dry woed is exposed {ot dump atmosphere it will absorb masure and swell; conversely, if the me Jn the timber is telatively high and the air of the oom is warm and dry 2 rain amount of moisture will be evaporated and the tinber will shrink "This movement or working thes place when the humidity of the atmosphere ina bulding is ot constan, and serous defects maybe caused by the aerating shrinkage and expansion due to extreme fuctuating atmospheric conditions ‘Such condition are commonly met with in buildings in coureof contrition td eapcally during the winter monthe when the humidity ofthe tmasphere EE veatively high. Tear tirefre adele to defer at lng as pole the fg of framed ork, suchas paneling andthe lying of od Bok ad intlar flog Ui he bulg as eo wel dried. Every effort shouldbe made by sei heating and other means co dey newly constructed buildings ax thoroughly a practicable before at lear the more expensive woodwork introduced. Defects due to seasoning include sheckng,epliting and warping. These degrades ae eaveed by ahnkage, Seen ste tn Sragrearsen se etree oes ee ries oetice oie Sear ga eaie Setraeatee Sins ‘the ends; this reduces the rate of end drying. Ed a ny ae a a ‘e Mgeesti Che ‘Shear candi fe eatin of te re ih urd Rg the arr of tnt ft oretbne ye pet on (0) Shine Soatnag A care desde of place fender. Ty 0 Fre Hind od ti i ae! oin hc er eh esa "deBry FANS and G1 contain 1 ning oy Nawal Stvnng(e Chap Ul, Vl. 1 These files throw ofthe rin a ih Retina pw vag Be he Sen AE eRe errno pe este of ‘wen Pyaar soo he tenet ot ‘edbes the numba af bas is eesy see pe The ple Seance ith egeuney ded.” Co i of ecco mi Pe} (bn one the agi thc rd spt rm 0m npr cep the ane Seceales hs ote piea dow so pecan ough dig ao ng rds 3 2a, See med te in soul ot be —Sferewraed ral Bouse SECTION ‘D0 7s KAN W OFT FORCE ORAM ETERNAL FAN CONPARTENT TYE SARS Bove 7O THE REOUED IVEEATUREb RUMISTY BY FEN WACH OMTANS STENMES ARD SHAY I. TAS CONDTIONED ARS Foner wy THE ras ANG TH CEATRAL ILE UCT #) © ETERS TH RUN THROUGH THE OFNNCS AT FOO, yt aFtex CIRCULATING ROUND THE "IMGER THE AR NTRS THES RETR DUCA 64" RETURNS TOF FOR RECRCULATION. is REGU BAST ‘AI BeuED TikOUes THe OUTLETS SH ES ARS ADMITTED AT THE SIDE OF THE REATER. SEASONING ii re Ties Foon 3 FOR BOALST AIR TIMBER PLECARPENTRY fur erin eth 9) len tht condo ber a hs end he ner he uy far gern Ira mh Sit Ry ara ss ened a Seer gd tp tae ote before being ee Erered or fxmed together une the required ha ‘ond ie a ‘Soy betel Band Peer a erga fr craic oer ee re foregty pea and) deta oe tet ng Thien i emploed oa rile 8 oe = a ah serum at spore in eae nerdy one Baal Fon ei nua Fa Cope Ki sn ‘ag a trou pre Bi Tig une Bitee2Sule SW raqued EM ot Se eamer of PRESERVATION code achat peetaeamacrm teeming SES a Beanies ache ugha tircred ie fe, meee sce pre a et fad SEES He LY ne tea te ace SG ee eo Gin th Seka opie ape See ea ee tennessee een ey ‘Sores oR cide med Ut aed techn RPS Maes ltd i ger ne Wh te ed arte, SER es pero pening wr a en FEE aa et unt Ts Bea ee eel pen Ht Toe aN Leos ND SES Cs Cee cece elt ar soe en ene oh olloing magne Iie ed a ening sitar eae sd hin perl ro ot eats ‘Rusby hn Cantal long the length cf thei above ine fee colng at Fe foe os tee ec ald Gling on bath nde cf ee att inbecy Slow the ane pe he feqstd eure The tae Eee tadte ef SX Sth amnval ka ected we ticese ‘pining Winco ber Te intl ead fos pe Gumped othe ht uct OP fm fn nh ei pe nd {Op ewe ar ini mesa he and ns Gh Pag ama scar cera wa at Pe puns acm WS mop Win cry ha ped Shite tna mae ced om ee Ae ‘Tiga ee aarp Ei eS Soe ee isgttos a des aren hatte ey deecneranp tnd ‘Behot mes: arin he ip hay nh opgone testing he rave of the i oer eter ee cee Sagi a hater ramen emcee meena des Se Tarra rnraererene tae & Sigs aseehiRea Rteg ge) earth wma 0 es me mbes es Sk ede AEN SSS A eas more ae So Seas brn ien ev meatal ote ae Same ore Seritereees sree tmgrar reas aie Soe ance ctor ater are iadirtant diets neste canal ap fpeatieuae cece eaten ata ears Se ce eeeerae Sei nanan wien Gea evecare Tay ioe Rimi mice cece paceman Sea Pee em maven nea es eee ae Soe PERS eer aan enna Sorel A aire citeaca tite mines rat RErLSnca Sete oe event neseRvarion Decay in timber used for eernn porpoes can oly be prevented itis subjected tw an efccve procs of preservation. ‘Thuy timber required or ply lepers, ces and pte, wal plates and ends of for jot bul nto alls for filets parally embedded in conree,wenther-boarding, efor Temporary bulldings and unprinted external woodwork, shouldbe weated \Tisome frm ofpreservng age B.S 968, Pg Timber Preservation is evant ‘Fang (plants ofthe mushroom tribe) ae the principal cae of decay in sine tae inthis county (oe p41). Thi low form of he requresoe aaa cee te ae ee ee ee et eae em a ee cae oe ere eas ino 6) te inter ent eee (og iim of Se aan md ames ay nin a lg der ee yr wg ha ct eps he cern eta aa ciate oe ae Cento eee fe ena aoe a ere a a nee rene ea eee eee ae eee Ronse erro ia et oa eee eer ae eee ramet cena aera cane etc emaee mie a ra etree vases meoramri tae poate tama es ome eater ern eee ada ee eee Sea cece oes Tabs Sefer one capeesce ony 2 hence jean ule eee rie ee SEE Pernt toes CARPENTRY als, weated surfaces can be painted or glued; evaporation = negligible: the Tigi is odours and non-ly 5 Water Soluble Preservatives These ate not stsfctny for external 8 nea hey ae lable tbe removed from the timber by in hey ae, Bom ser, very rouble for imerior work, at they ate comparavely odour ad folourlee, and timber so preserved can be pated. ‘They are obtained in centred form and require tobe dled mith water give om 20.5 pet ent. solutions. Osher preservatives of ths clas include mercuric chloride St (Goroive rblimate an copper sulphate, bu neiter is much wed 3h hip founey athe former is highly porosour to aman beings, the Inter ix ot ferianent, and both have a hemes ction upon met = There ares umber of other patent preservatives avilable. Some consae pesonaus chemale (euch as chlorinated phenol and aaphenic acs) disoved ia volae oi." When each «preserve agent is appli, the o es nd ons the sami hese Thor Nigh oe Hn "The timber shoul be seared? before being subjced to 2 preserving ss, a the presence of mosture impedes the petrton of he preserve To be elective »prserntive mut saftey penetrate the timber Thee ston ef the penetsaton depends upon the conditions which the meri Ie jected than, ist be abmerged in water or ered im the round it shold he thoroughly impregnated wih the gveeceaive, whist sora femal woodwork ety be given aust protection hy surface eaten Droeratves ae applied By (1) premie,(2) ponepesure and (3) superhon "Pressure Proceses.~There tc several presse process sn hes t _scsualyadopeed for treating tbr on are clear pene Gf the preservative rents ftom presute restment In each ofthe even rncthods the tmber is plaed na strong sel elinder, 5103 diameter a9 * (Pe to.6 m lng, and ving ight fing door at each end.” The einer DP iced vison at ground levels and strage tank contain the preset fad scum cil for heating i) connected tot The tnber is ether plana tety ia the einer or sacked fn gies ad ru int ie ‘om Canating ion of the main pressre-proceses, 2h, 48 pie, crn is the preserve used There sre ovo methods of application, (a) full Procest and (}emprycll proces ersepatee se erPRESERVATION 3 in sa eg ene rer, pte he id cin | hls eB ms eh penn pm oe oy nde mesa cen deta tots mises | ite i, More 6 ond on eng rei seginible he Soke fin ars ns atin noinae rica amaget ane | irises ae man ST a cca meee | as Aig el aed Weitere en the ay for exter he ming reads td eat Water tere | Te” aa eae ne ieee “They ate, hows MON Sen SET ean arr rar 8 (orp hrawoot) soos Gar | expe; m Sec GB eat he te tend he 4 odourens and comin cero) Fea 85 emir tamac iam tnrtabertetse te iemored | sbesuniy troual ey are obtnined in eum AF ep ar timber fed in wet pouionn, fer pic eegroph ole, | be drined before rom 2 ts per Dorcas of Ge ett am the mos es Se nd wa ablageeio Srnen yO derraie rie ei cena gerne cout | ma eran er ter blll er Sis, re meena rea et é - ieprociany 5, ed vo a presure of about a ge of compresed ir, This | Tide ge ect pctad har at ar hich ny ¢ geareet: | eat fn peed cates a, td Some consist se ei or heed respotes sarated andthe ender hur ben complies | etal se um th ips ene Ceti eke ue eae aes iphtnene tide C24 atte 9 igen actor! a prema © apped for sppomimants | Scnde'wht' had‘ he cee tt Seite HBetse ee chien 2 dct ietaccoene feaielied cemmer sear | fay see wets eae teres pul a he coe a the ir. im the umber | demands, « long tank, subdivided into compartments to ast in Ng oe an pa cee ran ea beter Aaa at nae Te os procrinleaay Be Epc Aeumnber. Th a "the timber is Wel ed nthe epee oem fr abot in ove ‘inthe prune afte oh Lae ne Wasi ae pete pean glen SOUR Eoetlnte She Tecra“ Sp? Sa cine + i 12) Hot Suing Tig bs ben ae ayped by he mae iin, ike ised Sing on coe ne meget A (3) supertich sm ad sne hina SPE fata Ufone Seon sand these Spel aes Sn Sond cg Ok St cn? {pam Peotneg| a Nom-Prature Processes ~The treatment is nown st sping, sohing 2 ctr at sen tank ands ape foe tlatvely smal guts of timber when Tice prsire plan inntsalabie.. The pparstur simply conn of restanglar 1 ee gh tan, opens the top, and fn 078 ors mw, 0 42m dep SINS Ripe pap 37 10 4 m log,» phd wage revo of simile capcty Semin provided ison Thee sr thes tehady fav () hac plc, rece! eping (0) bot eying od () ad epg ston) fle eee ee ese "igo Poa Wap T pera ned in hs eto cao su etl sl of which te Se Taranto Me ee $y ean rt re wn el) or ed sa cor ep eget SEA fhe mle remap te Scie tusensis Pana ‘eal aborted es ey cic Tei eopted chy anda ee i ii of he ree ee, nunigeaia eee cameras ares Rei cd aaa ae dey: ner Seta ec % Processes —These include (2) dipping, ( spraying and (2) truth aplication, None of thee surface restnencs a elecive a the resure fd opentank sytem, 8 the preservve only slightly penetrates the Cimber. ‘The wood must be serone, and the rurace should be dry before aplication. | Gesregetmn en outer pedo sy cote ed7 CARPENTRY ee eee ee ag es ee ip i ce | ee ee ete eRe rh aston ctatcmyndirean | tycinneteecadchag” een. ee ee oSREFE eee eat ee | einer me a Cee Gara sees ic ocecomented Lemme ctbg meet | ce png Armes pope oa ngs sally on Se tl gh ‘the Eonar owe elf te cand hed ‘ia emerval work such a fencing, Weuer-bourding, umber eulogy te ire-etasing—Whilt timber cannot be made repron, chee ate several ‘chemi solutions and proprietary punts avalable fo rendering it Bre-enitng (One ofthe most elective te zetadants is ammonium phosphate The material is pplied by any ofthe methods described for preservation ‘The timber should be wel seaoned before weatment in order thet maximem penetration may be chested. Detects due to rezoning ae eefered toon pp. 7 and &. Other defects are eseribed im Chap. TH, Vol I. Defecta® casod! by fongh and insects ae ‘eseribed below: thas ben sated on p. 11 that Fanglaze the ee cause of decay, thatthe development of fangus is dependent pon foo, enoisture and oxygen, and tht the abnence of one uf these proven decay, A table temperature is sho ‘uel for fngoidgroweh. ‘The principal decay of building timbers dy roe. ‘Dry rot—Thisioesse, which i highly infesious, cases 4 amend amount of destruction in tnber. ‘The eecny ie ented by several fang, that most frequen found in bulge being the Meraliaslcrymans Partly feasoned wood feed in a Watn, damp and badly ventlated poion very lable to ack by this fungus “The spores (germs or seeds) ofthe fungus develop \unde dhe above favourble conditions and minut ky hollow hres or tes (called dypha) are thrown out. ‘These rapidly spread over the surface ofthe ‘Wood as am open network or at clay interlaced eavering or ahert hich it ‘rey coloured, relieved with blue and/or yellow patches. Under very damp Conditions especial the hyphae may be arranged in eatonool like maser {uch a election is known as a myelin, and ie color is anowjowhite with ‘eeasjonal righ yellow patches. Tn course a ine the myecim develops into 4 tough, Berhy substance called a rizomorph. Each of these "mushroom {romhs may credo"; in ameter rs fs Brown o ar red colour with & trite edge and its surface resembles a sponge, it Beng corrugated and pitted ‘sith mal holes Countless mmbers of pores ae produced on the surface, snd "Pre esting craton the je f Chap 1, Va 1 nt bing hee maine ia hie nd er) which re tthit grey coloured strands which spread in all retons over tbe, ork, pater nd ste, and may pas though macarons sad ataly pore thik wale consisting of soft bricks or stone. “These sands hich mas ‘0 6smm thick, are capable of conveving water fom he damp onginal ite 2 (ey rot to comparatively dry timber, remotely stated, thereby proving. tle conditions forthe extension ofthe dee Dry eo earamited | ( ‘one for to another inthis manne and so may srend to every par of a bal ifthe mac i vigorous andthe conditions suite i During the development ofthe fangs the hype stack the bres @ wood sadfeed upon the substance of the cll wall which are gradual Adova.. "The decayed wood becomes rable and fall to powder under re, ‘by the Singers ti ry (hence the same applied tothe a) the earache uneven, and racks extend both with and aos the pain dvi nto ge pices.” The colours brown or dts re, the wood i reduced i Weigh ge, Tie stength and the member ultimately clipes, Somneumes The da ce ia internal and there is no external eden a E Prevention ~The folowing precautions shouldbe taken t prevent Pe oom becoming afested by dry tot ° 2. all ime shouldbe sound, well-sestaned suf of good quali important co noe that tier having + mostare conten of less than 2c pe «woke to become stacked by the dase orp.) and therfore le © required for building purpats should nx eens this percentage of ma * Content ‘Timber may hve besome infected during worage im che Md ‘hips or when pled a tber yard, but adequate Kip senoning detron © infection 2. The veer must be kept diy hence an addon reson why dito in buildings must be avoided. "The abyence of eiient damp proof court, site concrete as bee requeot case a dy tot in groundebor tibetan ‘ese ducts dlecive caves query ul-ppess rot coverings and drain Aseay Gutter and fatroftimbering bar aho been subjected 1 rot be he penetration of roistute thigh parapet walls Infected Brewood be in damp eelaryo¢ simular accomadation may be the means of iets ‘he den Butlin timbers sich a eal plate, end of or ont ee (ef {the waliate of cai conraction ee Chap, Vol 1) should beat treued with s preservative sali. ound foors mutt be provided = Moguate dpe. membrane, A aarvow band of bite abould be apf, foe face of an iternal wall which has 4 ld fase om one nde and™ od Boor on the the.DEFECTS 4. Adequate ciclaon of fcsh sit round al inher must be provided, stathmin parucvlry favourable to the powth of dry fot Provtion seem ferfre be made for efi shogh veslaton under all wood fos, ey prsnd ue tmerent Bors (re Pg ye, Val and Fig ao VO. 1) ‘Feet or ring shuld hve suet clr opening orn Arinimu> ioc apenas promi rn of walsh beled tis ped Sincinm by yo nmr bier are provided a¢r8 mitra Dead pokes AUIS te seied and crou-cusns of we mos be induced, nee he ned ter honeyeed sleeps and prion walle tow thea eens ough {reve the ocr allo be unabated. Ifa sold floor preter hs by porting canter sclery fora the ct wood lvingeoom oa) iis etext So embed 7g ov #00 mm dames horzntal dr pipes dng he xy Fa 3 se enaes Boo at bm internals Retna opening te dion OH Sed ventana te ote bask wall" Av i bk or ope, most be ack the Snes ted each une 10 btn Se ciclaon at the ors Though ‘re ruil wines underwood Moose hls aad corr sgn omted and ‘der erp [agus noe of dye AIF pct ru ends of btn foo sta shold be he suet Lx profded Que Sand, igs o/¥l, 1), This ao apes to the ower ens of 5d ims fu sta exemvedemage 0 roo ier ath eaves hn Bom cared {eedin weighs ering (opel when the wal ae hick ad ls hough the rook ‘cues tt Je eaeing have extcd damn) preventing te erelason ofa Toue he inte Day srt wall paeligs and sheng slay eed by Spo ea to preven pene ough cuter wall sfectng the page ad proumds tnd Spending Die bot of exposed wood 1 Ske conrete should be wl runed and pcos of wood, shevings, entre before the Baring of ground Sore Exe. Outbreak bate been ‘din afeced debi ofthis deson whi sable dampers Tench serra agente bor ating pes sold sho be tenarehs RECON fe il__§ Linoleum and similar covering should not be laid on new mood Aor, “at dtevapeteely wood covered concrete for, before the have had ms Yo dey our ind inet ad secanals beap, “toate which oe layman. tr ability © pra Saver timber, febacealy pene ss which mayb ‘prin! ste ¢ £ good gual es than 39 pe sd therfore a cemon hy dns TSS i sR ees raat eres np ot oun rs oe tere ea ca ter a ate aed Ohta a nae es a, sates mt Ap) Ss" aa Tied frond pe i ce a de om us encore ames aciesne a mn tae san of iy he ew te eg Saha Jd besin” ah eee neh oa retells Mem en Th a ald be ap mes arlene "HN Ech Seti ‘ne side and ePcnred 5 4, Tonal te ale Sng ne pel ee Sie Ta ea Nee as Soy ee 2c i a ay gine me Sie cies Spec arheeag a arate oat ene i Sorbet 2 Sree re fe wae ad ie concen felons ‘Toi gsi shrine «planets Sow amp soe ine he eed sect, Ts deere Bini ci Or tc fy ae ee it Saher fons Aner cee tet ees SRD Sec ote! Sone hd wth oly 1 Fay ha fe tine hina eof rar hed ined cent arnt to tan pt Seed et CURIE peters tarp seis Coulee at Spe monary te igh pee accede oh te ey ie IAD tbe ta Sl i ue pt eer GRAPE AIS Soret aa alee el Sensei ermine” Eagrtne teen dural elon eb Sie ett Eoin Se aly Sa at "tte els wich pac eyo in ing inte Crore ce cai ace ei ca Saree ag Stine ioanatened maha abetcae ae ‘Sccyed woods much darker han thar cued by Mere onde cri age manly SPA rn Attest shen Was e Sonate tte Sygate petal Sd ak SEE T RTOS PRO AITE Aa Insect Atack:—Weod-boring beetles te the insets which ene most damage to tier inthis country, and ofthese he (1) Deathwatch Beetle, he (2) Common Furoiure Beetle and the (3) Lyetus Powderpost Beetle ae the Tow importer. (See aa fotnate +, p14 feferring to mane borers)16 rattan di tans nd yas wmnned te terse Beate oer stmt to ee tenet Soares Ses Gatton Ee ear Se et ee ee ereenneend Poteet Betrer rs EPA acee cc at “My acacia te See a in sng ih of raga il ee cm gk Sl yn ratchet ae Se ee Se tamed a sect) ac fe rea cece See eg piece ci eee St eat a et et Sites Seo A tg er elite, Gey ft SSR Seer ot i case aero eae SSieegas etn ocred sn pp pf ees Ti Pade ot Bre cd —C of he bce erie sete att feu cyecta a aay cele tte (Gat ny nk ed wi ajo wah tates ee fee ane wel SEER ancisteg aeeratersiedeemenaetrcan ia raaia ge menviveet ad aliecauar aon Soa babii freien uroneen ewes Selec: teat dar eevee aetna eet Fier arto ce ae reagan et ees Sete Se hy a nit eee hat Se a neck Seamer as CHARACTERISTICS AND USES OF TIMBER BS. Code of Pretice 1:2—~The Structural Use of Timber in Buildings — laf structural cttwoods into thre groups: Group $1 Douglas Fir, Long leaf ich Pin, Shor lea Pitch Pine wd European Larch; Group 82 Canadian ‘Spruce, Redwood, Whitewood, Wester Hetlock and Seats Pine; Group 83 ropean and Sitka spruce, Wester Red Cedar, Each groupie divided io ‘basi grade and four other grades of difering strength Table ran extract from the Code, i showe some ofthe perminble stresses when the more ‘content is 18 pe cee Re CARPENTRY al SS Ss a There are two methods of determining he strength or sess grade ofp of imiber.()by i inapeton an (3) by mechanical ean Method (1). CP. 113 se out an claorate system of visual examination It lye the dees timber ans ves the guaity 498s espa oul and not very satsfctory sistem of grading Method (2). The Code also allows for mechanical stress geadig where rice of timber passe though # machine which provides fora small load» Pa Enylied to Ht over sucesive shore spn (1) thoughout the length ling detections ae moore = cpt ad rom he the 8 a nd hear tenth deduced at tcvale At each ensures > tein abort spay of ealour nich dies according tothe grade ahi Sethe ead ofthe piece eves the vie is dyed with a longer band oF othe weahst ade noted the pec then santo be of thi sess eae ‘There are several hundred species of comoesil cimbere se pin numberof sftwoods aed inthis Souris are cased in Table {ands BE fhrvoods are ited in Table 111A few of the characteris anus ao givenin thesetables. ‘The density of timber varies wah the moisture con Se tnd the proportion of wood tasuet voids the greater the mc. the grea sity. The weights given inthe table ate the average when the Mc ng ferent. The me. aso nfuencs the strength of timber, and wellse ai ‘oot stronger than that in he green conisen ae The map shown in Fig. 4 shows the ditibution of most ofthese tie and may be a convenient rfrence Many ofthese elected species af in'the United Kingdom and other countries of the Beth Commonwek Nation.CARPENTRY. 7 Sree | Bornes Ne a a oat rm i cea, Weyey,_fot | Tae He eh Gem Wa | as | Rel wm wig egy ai ‘tnd Sa ata ea ep pcs iat ri Dt | Pras mis | Ci, ee el i bon el eo on SEISAGORES | paso ait | ta Srp ripes pay tas | flag “ppc ot | | Tepe Es Ese | aca adn a | ores gst Wanner | Pree hire |B Catntin, Wane |g | Pc zw: die pow sn nt thee; | OME ys bo teem tesa Uae ceva yeas tees | Cera AY eeieniecectsaer| files A ays, New, tated | Ahi merate |New etn rizysonglgetne tens Seatitina | GR fiery, inoe ms aaron tol Fae gat | PR ae hg at pd on Ba |” Seen eR ora | meat ae sh Quenaand | ath palmer | Queers, Aurea | 0 | sili, but sf than, NZ. Kaa, ol eS oe NE Re alent emt | chines | emerssrtan| se | AER ytracNte aae | Sa ae a tres capability oleate a Se ek | iat, ca Seem) Sl SECRETS rae ean | Prone cans Norte USA! se |S for fe En: ind w e| Ife crpni gen ut the length. | _lomigrade redwood (ve below SS ae rn Pek Po pt seater usa — | oy | gn ey dn wot og oe wy | Sa at et Surenent ep Sascaediycasencine te" any: | Kalan ce es a. the rae seh | | Sea pio ey Seria ae cog bani oe | Sh ee — SAS inter 8 Sa ah ga | Pn arn po | scl Aine ih pe fe nas bales its ahd pl EERE | me rene sie | Lid dh yl Imo ey | Si ron themobtareco Sat Sees eee mehr peste mbt | Ear, wien, Stan tan | esi, a Ina fate A, god abe AO atg eh eis | sl roe Boge | Pim lanterns | Calforia, USA 452} Resrbies Crain yellow pine oe bio). __| Gener intra jlnery. vot of these 8 fd epeses we commonest [NorE—Sime tink av ai on by he nae pring wit te rcs i he ot annCHARACTERISTICS AND USES OF TIMBER Boras Nae |CARPENTRY 19 | Fismewena Exner Canada, USA. | 7° sinc: erwin Tings cine, ey lens | "erks damtucs ene, Be ae {eee SEE ‘then eaponed! Se, "arliber"a0a golaies | Sion’ eSiyetaar | SEE Mtn Fp nr nine | MOREE DH | chmod igure; oueh rong. eat | — Sat Sr hopes Paraonh aicomt ae er wd ey. | ied ite | of Boal iia ae cra te Tog own fe tenure; nt | Ceara intro ier ben Meda te ie) ‘nlahen Sd rel ee Catamipermam orale | Rav ts | Pate town sake wih grey own ty “epee peng 2 | i ‘mech Fagus tice eh en, Cee ‘whi ope brown: alum pores, pares sey sheet A erin tc) | Fa seth Ene Conde, Se area os Te eet: samper : ar Ronse USA, ‘cher ore oy Hl ly dae Fr at sted — | Nett mint | New end oo | PRSUSEL iy ast nea bie Alaa incading Bate |g go rn er Sr Ses, Cuan Yalow | Beebe South Cua, Ne Mond, tong fant pee Moor Mice, Geshe “ateand, Norbstar | 700 | MELAS SAM Sent fas tee: fouph: kad | roplane Soci Sorat a ose | Sage ee toe ean | actemmante | nos |p| ln ate ot | eh ey etre Ame | Cre menine | Cut Ameen, to | COAaAMCI REARS nia, | Posi amin; te pd ‘seater Caan acs TA rea | SES Se ee yeaa veins, eae er loge genaianes| oo | SRE heSny | Sep ios ‘er en tp nen |": Pils oeCHARACTERISTICS AND USES OF TIMBER ae eee eed oe [Bm eee, | Bec ie [ag [Maarten sruectercg [ee cera | | Ee" daginhs "Duh, i rere a | “Seo | aah: reddish Grown (eyehr pier wit geen | Weethercbowrding, _fureL.au SS oan Pate ee an © [oe ee eS eee Seis ie) ‘Basten Canada, fanwem | 25 | Producing Seative wavy Bigore sgoeawnere i cheb : Sie sree tea s a hematoma ae me ORR eke othe antic | Ha ihn weet So |e tty | mime [ong Spt ome) om UE oma ER a pt nce, ca ee age rece | Me ef Seereceteeeeetraae $ cmt oument [ems [ane longi RE LTE nay crm | een re ee | a em ee | eee ee oe a Seems eis | Stine, Sa Gente (ace gases) | Cranes thompeoni Wet Aton to | Reed to roe muhogaey (Susi), Gare: | Supers joinery, pende, Sie Sete | Ca | Sta Tat haa (ahaa: | “ey. cece, SSG | heen, ae a eee ee ee laces ae a ee | ao | vt my cma: cnt | Pa. ae, [ae te, Ava! crminnmae |tvomasin | wo | gOS Ree gn ree] sees | aera Eucalyptus marginate | Western Austen | ih brown bentewocd lighter sapwccd gener-| Carpentry, fleorint, te | t eee tes i ed ey Kony, mane wok ot iE pemnry | merayvee (ar | nr a rin res mares “zmng, go We Penson tore Slfens nse | omit ae Stan fee — | catia elt rusmet est 4 (BRD, Efe, Mens | Stn epi Sa Resort | Far | ee ‘an | "oridee det jcensand | Pindriabrayleyens Koad io ae ray ate it | se eho ae ‘ac | secon. pps ane SE BES Ne ote | Be & “i Temaian | Nota amigo ent. CARPENTRY ‘Eta nde ume ining th "tose Bes Pee eenins Asin | | | | a done ‘Nett—Some Binh li on as nas wig ii ta i ot eas Canscraaene Superige decorative orks | wee ue ph Pf dat reds bromn: dillve porous with | Subsite Tor ‘enh fad eps eis pests as |S ‘ugh own fe dep cht S fet cle Ste, ba eo Eid oD a Fia et tt ect ey Se: nln ote a cay | ‘inling ne wry gle, ba eter Woodeanig ey tin, a we rg ten pr | pens arb, | See eee eden ot | Satan keeway | ee SSEELAE piece aaa | Coat grew | ec a ga erms int mm | ee ugh aterm: ih sy dios | Pouring sie ed eee Ear rc | BL i ah | | cite 6 Saulnd_ beCHARACTERISTICS AND USES OF TIMBER (On, Arann Rad nk, Ameran Waite One, epa os, Siey On, eum (i | Our ra 9. rai, Oe ee, urn era Psp ina, Promcarasdberpitr | Andaman ands, In Reser marnras | Burma Dales rec Deg we Gre ag nts Ge | ts | i. aren a lene 25 cerual! Bastien | oe \ eee “ srs | \"s Neier 3.CARPENTRY 4 semusie | tmnsee | ae | os = | Besenood, Tpaing | Dao tvoie | tae tos. | Silay Hondurs sewn; nso fur | An above, acladog para Ee a la el ee | RASS Sacer] Bost mm ieee | sage nt | choi mts | ita |_| ORES rt tn rt | ste erro DEL ii imate ct | | Eee jane ett in| at, rn) g/l ata a | oo wo | rit ance one] Ma Ste ie ' SAS See) Se | rem inmis |r etait |g | fn cry ihrer] SE el eat Font | [ees Seeemeer eee uaeyeeec tea | meee | ETT matin | tonnes — | amin miter | gy | Rll ey win, ag | Hc i jace. Wat Cg az | Ilan ra pe ining Bath vate oud Sites da an on ae eee eee Pub FES, | aa 60 | Spacer rege gure j : | RAPE, eh tewt er a c | | | ae Expand eee eatartacriea, et| eta aciae iy angen | Law Name | Wa ti sw | oe ed wt nn | Sp Sere wet on | | SST wane Anat Bct | unin usa sex | Setar elle" saat | smi tgah ant Di Saal we Sita ee a HETERT ] wac,ud | atte tnt | Qt Aras | ye | phn rym | i Ste a ah a | fens, aia Gaeds | ieee, a | rsattd nereed, Canary| Ledeen wire | UA |g | EE Ea geen | ne, pirt Me pe Eaton nd seed, Ste | Henn ete |} oo | ah Sereatetaeret tae | Mea mit ute oe | jaca |e ‘None—Some tink ae ay Ab hv nome oper ain errr ee,Weapons Hon Waal oN Gecsi ie Ha enseaiO yer saa Ta Rau a6 Ciara le Ou Naga OsHe THE PRINCIEPAL BUILLDING TIMBERS NOTE THe TERS neara5 SPINDLE MOULOER TAND SAWING MACHINE CIRCULAR SAW BENCH PLANING 6, FURFACING now tpn nae ng id fot, oping, ee 4 ei Sea ce af trae = prowess he fee ile ie % © tad ed by he carpenter nd jones re dese in Chap. 1, Vo) | Sama h re ldee d ee ~sanansns {Mose ofthe abouts required in the preparation of tnber are pertormed by ‘Bicone pachine. Corsnof the Reaver machine wed in the conversion of mbes hase deed on pp $188 7. ‘The folowing ae rome of the machines which {e wed in the preperation of teber: (1) Cucuar saving machine (2) band eect i int dc floc hake or age ue tn ena hes fg vir go oe ‘Treparlew the plane af the sw Gunns nipping ond perpen cate, eStart te oe ie maa Shot ono penn ser i ad own om SOSTTAD he aol arte roe Pree ode eta Wrehitancta tte ah ay | ok The ae must be “isa age nd wel unde to retore ie tnGus ‘ST sting of fr an a ene he cat oh free i nas he eee te ee Bee ET Nee {Ente "Th fo, wich paral tothe aw, ina the Sane ecween ts] Heber" Sind ie be easing he apd rong at web Wet peur ung eed te wits ich he umber to tearwm” Some | clarce mut bengal op ech Sof pling oone se eh siete shades sng leno | ts pose eet lp ot ete eg pepe ac sen bats ee aes re, | sight aol ccc’ Sythe xe poe pry over ashen and ving machine. (3) pling and surfacing machine, (4) suracepaning nd Fesoasing machine (3) ane planing and thicknessing machine, (6) mauling Gittaw aching, spindle moulder,() pling and mstehing machine, (9) mors Jaci, 10) tenoning machin, (1) double dimentions saw bench, (12) dove Sing sachine, (1) lite, (14) miteing machine (15) snd papeing machine, BAB ener wo-weie and (7) sharpening tinsPREPARATION OF TIMBER é RO bee iaaa eR cney: oe tt HESS ne Prete P “werent chcia ne iar Q "Keren Wo FOOD Ries ke ein Frame (2) Suge St—The point of ac ty sigh eat een es Lee | eae re sacar: qi] eee sees eae ee camticiee eee | gece eei 2 22 200 ef into tele Tey E rc te uri Tg eh pre i ee td Se ET gece another sousmaspaie,, stich sane iat "paren Ra Gat 5 SREIP a Ps cen sales Act i ye Re Te I ata se fave eek dies meson ie et ed Saal ae yi ne paces ig crit ee mean rare red ont sw a bathe ofthe sade wth Gt Sep brraie peeing ta ite ehceich ara ie meee seca Sea pe Neila erariana cette stich ughtag te St eee ip cee dot ae crag poche od Re agcdeatyici afar toca stat ny attr foetal ecomete cnet eae ec hides med ct crate Ste can oe eh wt eis pea tee oe oe 4 wb, Sea rng so n't rd a yi fo te pret ecru cn beng eddy arneig oe iS —The sped fae sow depends uonn tape, se ono mood sa3compur run, “Tobin see, aide by the rcamfrence af he, Sai (oc Tehtted tems aren poe el pr qc che Nod a, Seats She in stn agi peda eee ate ta ite actrees md Sag ane Pe in ky hog 0 FE ges sosncurtolnds Seochurtuaikttie, wnmrngees fer AE Sip Sigal Sees Sis rere es rind tale "Eee" Bt ae cd hela en eed z STi eth coe fis ad lah eed + et we ne cuca ie ee tm a, see ee cient stone 2s ieee i CARPENTRY shoring the oxting eon of etc cues i shi cate ae above he smb) shown See SAtee a oma een eee {iat the plied urlce 9 compel of wes oy ioe: fae quay af the mace Improved’ tenure fen o he Saco aa iw aero eke oan etn nes eas eke ue spar iT coma re pied orem tone eos (ee E808 Sour abr oyeeuies cesar permet a Eon Straus rian or eeeterpaee st wh fed Neg Gog Tr eee sg ee hae ae eae ae ae Ses nee enti aucu unas: Toca sain nt ry es cree osararene ts as, Meera cera emt cea ere ae mia wy diego ein nin nn Se Fe PS Ase eremecmiriem Eee resis ler ete er ier cs ae ae pee ae acer reer eae pa Ea rap eg aa tg ptepeteets Sachi ee ee ie wero SSL IRS RE eee tea are ep able, ECoG NT Ae Piel de ec ene Oe ‘etn eb a hsm ys ml coofon OP rtens Cater treat hee ie eben eet ek ot ‘SMecTegdttag elder oe Sewn onto tt pee wat ‘ft etm mana ih upto mw ack” The atin, eng. PREPARATION OF TIMBER sexe lr he pe gen in thm of hr The ree a ftir ache provided with two cateblocks, bottom ane (ot table sey ta ie, nop cuefleck neat the uc Two vnen a bebe eatin on ol nnn amosied aes. "Re cuttin Sd anarnele na pide es sete aged + See eld len canter pohca A mug ota Se enaey see Ha gee tates bi ec recat Sian eanat anata aon Beate tas eras Sewadne idence Sree pe oir ees ed hace Soar gia mack Sea ee TRIE eta ce a te ged rt se Sire i cade raat Rae Pees Se Se Sree e iticgteaim gene mae Lem eee tee meat eh enya nee ce eantiat econ eer Genre he, eid er tin Le fom eS eesti sain eae soaps ee Re} Mea oe hgh "id ng mis sia et See aes ere pe mee Te etn pa pees Soba hate ean Gilets ati eel Emioe ty cetony md atin ied Sd cas ra ERE fe oe ew totey alta ties ctor tas SERS Gersctietceamenta tema name fees SHEE fo ieee teen eg a ee rd exces of that of the machine, a petpes SS ccm ene et es ES torut Gem tam mace mamecore ‘Gmber: "Too adjuetble spring pressures are fed to the stright fences for bolding the Sse es Scie Renin elma oc eer eeiees nee See hire cnctiacibes ay hachteoka wren Teoma ete eee eb ar alae ee EA tn Co ee erigparect eae nlc Sia arate ona Secveedene Steet at id i a presares x i brake ernunted below the Roe 1S: Xga- cute planing ap match Spike tnmuie hes td (Roa redued tothe resumed co ovCARPENTRY 29 Seperate) nets pr on re anh asia EE econ byte simple tos of hadeer machines lowering be | Neel agg ie ser ea Metal ant | Ses Siete ha farce serene Bea ae eee Camps Be kesh Merete ese tesla it | Lovtes Wea ielmates wa fed She a eas tones cn gma re fee ee yn reece | ROEan Clg antares fl ks seta io Sept ie tac ain fase | tee Sent nt Sines fester estar Sire wisn a ast aimee cans pene riatapieartads cremated te het at ey i era tb ere tt i att Pac riata eae eae or wa wang eof et aie RES | scott Se eae eerie me inert tigen doe wooning of rember of far ‘yi tec lad "ure boeken fe some cee ae ee Leuccatimni Suerte tie cccl | ORE Bi 3 B recneat ite ag Ss thee aera act ean Pans wich, meer mn td oc (SB inde, Sede Oe yeti fo are ue i of re theseand ‘nd fe grade the thd” Tete rary re supenenpened see they Inch, Wich nay com of trea caer, "he tbe faced onthe be ef * wife Sckens oietbcoae | Sse ni Sad Sneed Tota a night Denledmanion rnc uel dmmetuoncat, | fiBorSmeens RE Cessts SRCker 2 nto tam egret eens Sect eS | wile esc tcerres arieeon tick its ee ctcuily ant waigeiticea Reina yawns | Bie ™ttectoa fdas.) a tung age Se MESS Ace ar Coa waetture/ ia mags | gggtnn vey Son’ Ti icant rn Rene UE le Rnd meric ae pom prin fee an | and opamp Tener ml ee nd pees oa ceiig ene ea Ste ad SUE ins ST caedTE Sensis | RSUEENUL te water nt Vel uric Paid stern gpaea sn tng ite Paes hsb tebe enens Than | wee Pekin gate faa a fea ees Beco soinariane id auras gene Ser hi oe Jag nie a bande Ne sentir staat eee a tions th ‘over the abd® PYicing. "One typeof tulupae span anaes sian te end ced» ti” prc ee ‘The bobbin, which & covered with sews paper, wall for curved work ‘8 Univeral Woodworker or Genera Jeior "Tha penwrliy maine3 ton mks Ta te a cee a te eats ah aes wn ae Shoe create arenas aatoenire dar ee ree erem cect nena ame eer iy tenet SSD Ree A, Prat Tattg tia gtan oes rR a chad arn te ne Bet cael ght aertas cen 0 te Gee Feel gecee Siete oie yaks eaten tes "f Stapeine chin The uo ‘ead the operant premeditated le a teat ec err ah wed x heigl an. he Sandy pra machine whe utouenly gute te wel pale fet oo see spe te Shortie, Ceuta on a ome Peaces earch to Seeker ree tad et se Reet ponte wegen iatacis adm ane stten caitateer pet Se oun aa hesrwcaren sores WEEE indecent see Fae ee atin rR Cay, GT ie rnd tt Fonds in amr es wick gd cee nied Tot Bed neat c Presta teehee naanessa FLOORS sls tae er Ciel Orne i ener mi fet Sete ch hil, oy FLooRS ‘ Single floors are detailed in Chap. 115, Vol, 1. The other two th bourded and oat oor there refered to, ¢, double and raed Boor, tow be debe, : Double Fioors.—It is usual to limit the clear span of softwood brid areca arc aay aa a eee rece eee oy eal ee eer eee erate Timber flor ost coco is inl here fort rato (0 0 sho these of a tiner ot clealted and (3) eau in aeration wrk age Binders are often sncunared and ne neds ob abl ta chok he eg of A sag the mombor Pha, sections and dtl of «double or are shown 4 8,9 6,5 vi Fig 7 The plan ata shows te Poor dade ito tree Baye the pe ftw binders With a view to reducing the overall depth of the foo aCARPENTRY iam sa secing an exomy in the ikon theca of oor a et gions we coped ote badan(et Fona ma matin ot tc ot enced twit he ap a he ee ere uld nt eased 2p mim nhs ch eo a a ee lth bint, provided the morranap'@ sued eh ated ef ang Sb a ya en acs pared ne ph oie see Pacey eu bale tothe bacon ss 2 noe Tin ara eens Dl nave choo eae i cco elton or und endo often a aa me pc shown vasa eee be contd we des Tithe ceing of the rom ie equted 1 be us with the soft ofthe binders, ‘Sad srting ofthe bridging joes i sometines resorted to 2 shown at ‘Suis an ney be dpenaed with (ee Chap. II, Va. Py expecially ve other two tpl tetany cearoction a shown, Small fle, oot more than Some by “od ramed Rook Pm arched tothe ies ofthe binders ae Pand Wand plugged tothe ire and) Avahown, the ends ofthe too mm by go rmm ening jie fosched to thee fet and'naed_ Several alternative deal showing the ing tached tothe bring joists, appear in Fig. 8 ee pp. 3 and 37). A eal incorporating rolled rid ee beam 8a binder in ie of «wood ub doun sts Hig. Mi tne ch stronger tan timber (he ble bending tess tein of ole id stel beams x65 Nan an in 8, grade Og sotwond i 0-3 Niu (Table) and therfore the sie of tl Bek se than tat «wood binder he 20 mn by Hoa mim by 353 cea shows 1 wl suppor the sre laa the 380mm By 200k index (compare M with £) One test of this ceduton ins ioe sponding decease in the amour of wang, equfalent in ths ate to ocimatly to courses of brekwork of softwood bri ceed thi gue {einroduced to nse hus and are placed Towa tos mini, JOLT) herd. Soged ye rs nt mle cn wih nes yaad for tne ba ES ti ange ars i deen ce ed pl opty of Cnet santas aeficeenare WA mcr tere sel men Lady cnt ti re put a sgeacbiseae ea te het ect sao: 1 ts te Shale see ryt of ee ation wth lee isto ae bose as re apn see OE ae sigur le ico tare s Saw cota Stes ne oe Re canes St ge GS Mae Ae a eta tanc0, 65 Le acdc rt eh fre fo ge opie pone ae cn he dete a SCR Koc Aa SP st oe ae a eae unas iron spend ora ded. ea in ecordance with CP 3, Chapter V he inom EV Tae ee |RSS eee | Liat ae | one tr eeates | “Coleg ‘and school dawsroom | 30 | 306 = 25 Sriceea seen ey Saastaere t | | spree) wae maen | eeResigetamad aaticigentenaces | siete maiden ynce Sipe ees lat Faieiatanae soe ares Senate | Sia s et mene ae moe ge veinte ne | pate SA USING Mas try tt TRIG ean am gt md ne ici i miei a@ epee, ee ae trd ERE Geet pmrt pou nc ota on Tepper 2a eee iS Cov ray 8 de inter ong lemon tee cao cra ees RES AE Seanap FLOORS Feat Sed by ee Ae hal Ma ig mene in is Tema bps co Nemonn = 28 Hence thi cate he tl dnd nding becomes 9 EE erg bam wo, it sear ening men ane "Pon me SS bite WR rade ots ‘Tin macnn ee ert 200m we ide oe od an BEF Ee mee a oe ok enti seojoneram Lee group 83. sae 2 ie ‘ oor hea cased By the nde ate fh te zu GqPot yy WO Oo DY 6 0 x BF A OM Lanse aa vas Ets 12 aooe en ¥——_— >LOOR ee of eo mn se. binder orf aoe CEE ean aad ning 90 tnt Tere Nae ‘Toul lading 558 ANI onting to Bade DF ma xasexas6 ‘Teeefore, ager ate flow E re eee SEES Ee F paete tril gees yay Martane 5 te floctalnits Nin pre fe raat eee _Theseaion at Fig 7 shows the tes! biner with the bridging ite notched supper fange and ruppored on so mm by so mm bearers which ae sevired the eb of the binder by 16 mm diameter bolts at 750 mm centres In js deal, wnlke that a the bring joints are covered with plwterbosd qf nse, and the Binder i utaly fished by firing (or rig). ving Hosts of two vertal 25 oF gp um thick pices of wood nal tothe sides of go ie od ar ringed whe de oe er ease ace se ae Framed or Triple Floors —As implied ple or const of thee ste “Gini, bridging jit, inden and ides. Tn the past the binders and flere were of solid ood and the fers wet framed cr tenoned othe er. Dirds are now made of gad laminated tnber or box pad comitrton oe ‘to 10 Geen) hon long emt excaor, st rel and reinforced conte Bn ie led in framing le for A framed for may be adopted when the ates ‘pin excendo7 mad the superimposed (ive) land israel hey Plan, sections and deal of ferme or ar shown a, 3,0, @, EEEEEEEE), 045 Fig'7. The plan shows portion of large room, the width of whe i * Foam. Ste girder span the foom st jm ent These support two ood linders at onetied pots (2-g¢ m center), andthe Inter erty the Bridging I ay PENTRY - 35 ‘sits and cling jit, |The details at» and q show the binder notched over ‘he top flange ofthe girder and supported on 90 mm by 6§ rs By 10 wm mld sel angles secured the web ofthe girder by 20 mm diameter est 386mm tees.” “These angles sls support the 75 mm by so mm bears to which the erading is mall." “Atached brick pers are formed on the 25m thick inner lef of ech ofthe long go mm cavity walls o provide adequate suppor forthe concentrated loads trtsmited by the ste girders which are bedded ‘upon hard stone pad. ‘This constuction and the eslwork are mote cles) shown in te skit at The seth ats shows the cradling and other detail, ‘he former consisting of se mm by 42 mtn fing at goo tu centte finge forth plasterboard (and pte) ‘The dels of the binder, bridging jis and exng jit ae simile to those afthe double or. Each 3oo mi by 1521mm mood binder may consist of to joomm by 75m tbe together ar shown Fig 8, the double row fof bols beng rnggered the ue of such eck snc nay be prefered ifthe eget Single member ae not enily avaiable If desired, the bieders maybe lowered nd supported by wood bearers bolted tothe stl girder: the dtal at @ would ‘hen resemble tht at o, alternatively, at shown st, Fig. 8 "The plastered ceiling may be atached direc tothe Degg oat aad the ‘binders maybe then deat wah suggested in some ofthe dtl in Fig 8. “ftel is se istend of wood fo the binder, canbe shown by clelation thatthe site ofthe steel binders aed only be 152mm by 89 amy 7-1 bg RS. ‘The use of sel would greatly empl the deal, atthe 190 mm by 75 mt ‘ding iste would jt be notched at both ange of each steal binder, ad 4 fish eling would result by simpy aaling the plsterboard direct © the joa. Ifthe bridging jot are cut carefully and ited thy between the wees ofthe binders, ao other fixing ned be provided forthe forme, The advantages of etl ober wood for gid wl be appreciated whe a com pari been thee of ond and sec members sae. Th inbor grr outed to separ the same lad as tha ake by he 352 mm by 17) a by 45 A ‘nioosal beam ould have tbe appreinatly soo mm by 300m or eae, (nds igh wld be a leat 00g "The sites ofthe various members ofthe famed oor illotrated in Fig. 7 ‘were determined in the same way a8 for the double foo. “The double and framed Roos shown n Fig 7 have te ceilings lsh wth the soft ofthe binders. Eeonomy resus if the cling jot ae dispensed with nd the lateral csling i ed direct he bridging jomts a shown inthe ‘veralaternatve dea shown in Fig. and Geacribed a flows ‘Detail shows the bridging jot copged toa wrought binder andthe lths supporting the plaster ald wo the ots To preveot unsightly shrinkage gas, the binder may be grooved to recsve the pase, os shown a the let of sal quadrant bead or cover mould may be introduced (ee the right side ofthe Under)” The lower atrer of the binder may be chamfered or otherwise roulded. "Note that Giber lathe sre no longer used in plasteringCARPENTRY Desi» shows the binder consisting of two undressed deals which are bolted peat ram intervals and glued te upper bots aggring ith the TT Tivo methods of eovering the binder ate shown, That st hows = Fe en hee edgar te ie he oy ig cas sing tte cre Sat ad pr. ERS Pine binder desires. -Aternaively, the ining may be Sued dec © Moder an show att The las between the side and soft lining boards eer bat ited ongued mized (ce deal to or, preferably, lipped 1S ee deal stn). An alterative cating, consisting of plywood, shown (Sse anpe beads provide an effective nish atthe sree rye minted beam dtl a, consisting of reaivel thin stip ofthe, bed below. hick beam ot binder it ahown at 2. Short lengths of oor boards, oF iret, are nailed 0 altermate joins andthe framed casing is fred to thse onsiracsion doer not ofcourse, strengthen the Roo, but i i wometines or dividing the eeling into bays. Denil t shows a vacation which is an alternative to platerboord and Jf Expanded moa ating (XPM) ia maled to the Underide of the of ro recnve the plster, The X.PIM. intake round these! binder which Jf) = fovo mm da longieainal steel ods placed slong the bottom face ofthe 7 1 ange give + hey the plaster boind the lating a his place Hive deal at rie altemaiv to that shown ato, Fig 7 (on p35). The Loy ber are sapporeed on continuous Bearers which ze notched over the lower A ofthe sel girder and bolted tite wed, eae Beams. —Solidimber section reste than 300 mm by 300 mm 2 az Felten obtain burt is posible to ld up berms of considerable depth by 2 SY Petogecherenvty thin section, Ina glued laminated beam the econs ually about 25 mim thick; they can be placed oriontaly a8 atc, Fig 8 om Bra deep beam is required. Alternatively the laminae ean be plced fez fiesly for beams up t about 30 mm deep in which case the permissible ing ess may be up to 28 percent. greater tha ithe bear were of sl 0 ther ‘The thin amineions ae joined snd glued a their ens by a satin Dig «slope of bout 12. An example of lied laminated timber portal § Lenin Vor IV. {= Plywood Box Beams.—These ate used to make timber beams for lege Fue thither incorporate tp and bottom solid timber chords to which plywood 2 ae glued and ales down each de 0 The par elevation a x, Fig. § shows « ypcal example for» 9 span; tng Ba beam, placed at g'm centres would support a normal dernestic Root 4 "Smal timber dor bridging jst wold span between the ears and %>_ Hon timber fillets scewed and gived tothe plyrood webs © ae The bor beam shown has 12s mm by 75 mm top and Bottom chords with {bm plywood webs glued and pane t ther, —_ “erie! brace af the same 7 section a the chords are placed within the sb st 9 rm iets The ‘ostrution is shown clenly ato, rand i those at 0 and also show the onmection to a timber column made fron io f00 mm by 75 mm timbers ed and pinned together "The fastening is made by making the piymood ‘seb project 90 that they lap the sides of the column where they are rales. ‘The ends of the Bens are sengthened by cranked metal plter made fom ‘75mm by 1o mm steel which oust cown the brace and ace cranked over fort Gistnce of 100 mm, “Another type of box beam an be made by using botrdinginstend of plywood for the webs; the Boarding is placed digonally andthe conrtrtion would resemble that shown at» and, Fig 18 ‘Fireresisting Floors Referens it made on p. 30 to the fe-riing® {3pes of Boor contruction now employed, in whic ite, ian. ibe ise ‘Whilst a close study of such constuction i outsie the seope of the second yest uriculum, itis thought desirable oie some ofits det ere inorder hat 2 comparison may be made between the older and relatively modern types of floor, 1 Fg 9, shows a partplan ofa typical oor ofa seamed building on which the Stal members ae indicted in outine. "This sometimes calle = nip Boor, si consists of three sets of beams, filler primary, necndary ‘nd man beam. The file Beas, urvally spaced at oe ore than 760 enutes, are encased in eoncete and ate ether sored on, Wt ne xe the top anges of the secondary Beams or ae sevared to the webs of heater beans. ‘The secondary beams have ste angle sles riveted or bolted a the ends ad ‘these cleat are aecured in similar manner othe webe of the main beams. The later are either veted or botted to the wel pars Such connections may be ‘welded (gee Chap” Il, Ve. TV) in le of lta and rivet or ols. The cross fection of» pillar esi to that of «steel Beam In ation to the ler ‘beams, the secondary bears, main beams and pls must be encased in concrete or other sable non-combustible material. ‘The nea of the varius sel ‘members epend upon the lad be supported, span, method of fing, ee ‘The method employed of determining the sae of the beams is given Biel ithe esmpleon pp 32and 35 Desai af this Boor ae shown a cand the sometsic sketch a, Fig. 9. In les of filler beans enened in concrete the oor may const f allow covert or fea bela or beams supported onthe concrete haunches of ee ems Oneexaple of such 4 ore shown at, Fig 0. The steel bars are provided to res tenion and shear stress “Another typeof Sre-eniting floor shows at, Fig 16. This potion of « reinforced conrcte dori knowa aah” Such » Boor nay feeble ome= ‘wha hat shown a Fig. 9, with ramevre bar reinforcement a clove spacing Inliew filer beams Another et of bare, called dtrtingo login bart replaced as reste tance apart mmedatly over and wired tthe transverse Thr cretion eed rer ta in Vo WVFr vious forms of teinfxcement—nuch a shat of expanded metl— a Va crue vo he above sea bate expanded metal 28 acthowa ot ig. 16, VOL Il Te ene oo sacar wy Fea ner Thus, the secondary and in ben are feo ot enn Sd ‘bars and the concrete play ave sonar but vera Taner carte pilar ey eee eanguancetangularorsrelar pla. “The folowing coverings wi dered) wood bord, () wood block, (9) sweat hr () en, (abe, ()sermoplse les (vin {Sheets yy bet snd es, (2) sete en, (1) peas {Gay mesic pha (1) cement and fubber ex (exis) (1) apres etre, (1) cay les, (9) grnohe een, (9) oo, 1) acu, {ep emmprion Weck, (0) mie ths and (2) guar. Note ha t's teoran that al ground Ror cone sabe should incorpo 2 p= over {hele ste, aifough the it may not be wea dpe” evel sop ‘ing nour’ Sendeich for conrtoncomproing wo aye af ocr critic apa in wo coats (ee Chap. 1, Voli) efenabed Tn be of pha there are now cern Sd propremry bituminous pin which ae ihmed be eect Woo Board A dessin of hie ering appa in Cap 1, VoL Astana sit uses or mew bande te etrsed fr S-as wor dockerin cos varying fom ja 5 eum we by 35 038 hk he Sh ofeach sttnod Dds wed for gel work ae fo 1959175 Sink ecg vay om tom Anstracve Boring obsned yee tf ardutod wards of rndors width, bu these mast Be well enone othe once monure conten iexcesveshainage tb vided." Tonge and fpooved ons are cy employed; movt sre nse ended, bt some Othe Erood burs (ng Cinadan low bch ree aap athe ends 1 dou for (= dente bearded foo” Chap. If, oly pow much, {avout te ta ub oor 3g mm eguaeelged (ort and §)soood ening, ad agonaiand covered with sot 7 tm we tarod boards hich areonlytommm dick Th tinand aro covering, wich hes ery $racve spree koown st plot the bed and ge Ser and ene and ae ws acres led" One advange os cosSl Poor {Sar plerng cn be comped and allowed to dy bf the top fooing 5519; common ce of fuage wo the ished Boor thus ead "Toe simbers wed for flooring icude the follwing sotwcoa: Douglas 6, whiewon, redwood pith in, ah pine, western hemos aa ka pact the folowing herons” Eagan, American, Tasmanian snd lopanese ‘mpl, beh bse, teak, gon ah seria and pmb. Wt ton ofthe enn Pale an ih Subsort of cncte which ae fied with wood boards ae refed 0 in Chap HN, Vol 1 The bunds show male sped Hs bearer, Frills embedded in the ert FLOOR FINISHES An addon metho of agcuring the bearers is 9 crete by meats of flo clips. "Po pent oar lps are the Ball Dog” shown in ig. 100" sand respective “The Spearpoie clip made of i hick tel, hich is either avined or sherndined to prevent corosnn, Ie sn rept, hing 0 shaped anges lege ebich tensed in Upper naling flanges or eats Between the conten neroepiee ant hc te ved hearers ae ned lex hs tree projecting holed Bow hich ait in increasing the bond he conctete and mia tis obtainable withthe cae bet down 398i tins es f1 38, 50,75 and {00 tn ide bearers the usual ie employe ‘he average lori that designed ta vvsve go min squire bearers. The fe spaced in owe at 0 too rm certres. according 1 te thickest, foe boards and the weight fo be spores. and st 4oo mm centre 0 Ceasutng fo Fine sie eta draenei RN Bae ee eh pce hed a ep om Complete circulation of sir round the betes ase the central sa each lips lightly above the conte ae Fig atough ithe st te Imperfent the space erwcen it srt the Bearers led wth erent hs this metho offing an svoceme npn thit decribed sskere paral embedded filets sre smploedIncdental the us rons na saving inthe hikes of weed. It copied thatthe hunt be dy bere the bearers av sad the later shouldbe sound a ‘csoned, and, aan «8a pretauic against the meet of ey vot, thes te tented ith preservative before hey Bred “The Bul Dog clip uot nth sherndaed sheet metal and isof H (Gee, Fig. fo) "The standard lip has 40 rom long lege, hut he scr Tees than 8 mm thik, clips baving yom long lege ae obtainable. “They are fied atthe sae distance apart nid ita omnenrhat sar mat that deseribed above. Belore isetion, the to eats ate folded over [—" “| =