OPEN ACCESS at journalijcir.

com

Research Article ISSN: 2395 -5775

PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL

ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT IN RAMBUTAN FRUIT (NEPHELIUM
LAPPACIUM) EPICARP AGAINST THE HUMAN PATHOGENS
Nethaji R, Thooyavan G, Mullai Nilla K and Ashok K*

Abstract
A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and
are also used extensively by the tribal people throughout the world. It is now mostly thought that nature
has given the cure of every disease in one form or another. Plants have been known to cure people from
various diseases in Ayurveda. Effects of crude extract of the Nephelium lappaceum epicarp were studied
for the antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The research showed that the methanolic extract were more
effective. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract were carried out using DPPH which showed
better antioxidant properties which could be very useful against reactive oxygen species that are formed
during oxidative stress.
Key Words: Phytochemical profiling, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity
medicinesfor primary health care needs [5].
INTRODUCTION
Rambutan fruit is one of the most interesting of all
Rambutan fruit is one of the most interesting of all tropical fruits widely known and revered in South East
tropical fruits widely known and revered in South Asia as the” King of Fruits”. The fruits are distinctive
East Asia as the” King of Fruits”. The fruits are for its large size, unique odor and a formidable thorn
distinctive for its large size, unique odor and a covered hersk [6].
formidable thorn covered hersk. The custard-like flesh
has an exquisite flavor and is at the same time The presumption of world health organization is that
aromatic and sweet with a strange balsamic the edibles, particularly of plant derived,
taste.Rambutan has been claimed that the fruit empathetically indicates that these items have
possess great rejuvenating power. The Rambutan medicinal values [7]. The drugs are derived from the
fruits from the genus Durio belonging to the whole plant or from different organs, like leaves,
Durionaceae family. In the 1920s, Rambutan fruit stem, bark, root, flower, fruits, seed etc. Some drugs
products, Inc.,of New York City launched a product are prepared from excretory plant product such as
(Dur-India) as a health food supplement selling at gum, resin and latex. Not only, that plant-derived
US$9 for a dozen bottles, each containing 63 tablets drug offers a stable market worldwide, but also
[1]. Several medicinal investigations on the validity of plants continue to be an important source for new
this belief have been conducted with varying drugs [8]. The scientific study of traditional medicines,
conclusion [2-3]. derivation of drugs through bio prospecting and
systematic conservation of the concerned medicinal
The custard-like flesh has an exquisite flavor and is plants are thus of great important. Many
at the same time aromatic and sweet with a strange phytochemical found in fruits act as powerful
balsamic taste. Rambutan has been claimed that the antioxidants that give them color, flavor, odor and
fruit possess great rejuvenating power [4]. protection against human diseases. Rambutan fruits
Traditional systems of medicine,ayurveda were the were used as good sex tonic and its fruit sap is very
basis of the health care system in India until early useful in treating more than 50 common diseases. But
years of twentieth century.According to an estimation there is no scientific study on the antimicrobial activity
of world health organization approximately 80% of of the extracts of the Rambutan fruits [9].
people in developing countries rely on traditional

Zoology, Presidency College, Chennai- 600 005, Tamil Nadu, India.

Correpondence and Reprint Requests: Ashok K
Received: S e p t e m b e r 2 5 , 2015 | Accepted: November 5, 2015 | Published Online: Nove mber 28 , 2015
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)
Conflict of interest: None declared | Source of funding: Nil
 Ashok K et al.,

Nephelium lappaceum Linn., commonly known as search for new antimicrobial compounds with novel
rambutan which belongs to the family of mechanisms of action because there has been an
Sapindaceae, is an attractive tropical fruit widely alarming increase in the incidence of new and re-
distributed in South-East Asia, especially in Malaysia emerging infectious diseases [15]. A numeral
and Indonesia [10]. It is a potential fruit to be commercial variety of rambutan (Nephelium
commercialized since it is widely planted all over lappaceum Linn.) exists. In Malaysia, red and yellow
Malaysia. Rambutan has been used as traditional rambutan fruits are available in the market. The fruits
medicine for centuries especially as a remedy for are ovoid, with a red or yellow pericarp covered
diabetes and high blood pressure [11-12]. Rambutan with soft spines that vary in colouring from yellow
contains a large variety of substances possessing and red. They are different in taste. However, so far
antioxidant activity, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, there is no comparative study have been reported in
carotenes, xanthophylls, tannins and phenolics [13]. rambutan varieties, though various extracts of
They also exhibit a wide range of biological Nephelium lappaceum have been reported for
activities including antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic as antibacterial activity [16-17].
well as antiproliferative, and many other biological
activities have been attributed to their antioxidant The main target of our study is finding of
properties [14]. phytoconstituents from epicarp methanol extract and
Table1 Phytochemical analysis of Nephelium lappaceum to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial
epicarp methanolic extract efficacy of Nephelium lappaceum epicarp methanol
S.No. Phytochemicals
Nephelium lappaceum extract against the human pathogens.
epicarp methanolic extract
Carbohydrates
1
Molisch’s test
Present MATERIALS AND METHODS
Alkaloids
2 Present
Dragendorff’s test
Steroids and sterols Collection and identification of Nephelium lappaceum
3 Liebermann Burchard’s and Salkowski Present
test
Glycosides
Fresh Rambutan fruits (Nephelium lappaceum) were
4 Present purchased from Koyambedu fruit market, Chennai,
Baljet’s test
Flavonoids Tamilnadu, India and were authentically identified by
5 Present
Shinoda test.
Triterpenoids Prof. P. Jayaraman, Institute of Herbal Science, Plant
6 Present
Tin and thionyl chloride test Anatomy Research Centre, West Tambarm, Chennai,
Tannins
7
Lead acetate test and gelatin test
Present India, as Sapindaceae with voucher specimen no:
8
Proteins and aminoacids
Present PARC/2015/2126.
Biuret test and Ninhydrin

Table 2 Antibacterial activity of Nephelium lappaceum epicarp methanolic extract

Zone of inhibition in mm
Name of the
S.No. Name of the bacteria 10 15 20 25 10 µg/ml 10 µg/ml
extract
µg/ml µg/ml µg/ml µg/ml Norflaxin Penicillin
1 E.coli 9mm 10mm 12mm 14mm 18mm 11mm
2 Klebsiella pneumonia 8mm 9mm 11mm 13mm 18mm 0mm
Metanol
3 Pseudomonas auerogenousa 0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm 18mm 13mm
4 Proteus vulgarius 9mm 11mm 13mm 15mm 19mm 11mm

Table 3 Antifungal activity of Nephelium lappaceum epicarp methanolic extract

Name of Zone of inhibition in mm
Name of the
S.No. the 10 15 20 25 Ketconazole Nyastin
fungi
extract µg/ml µg/ml µg/ml µg/ml 10 µg/ml 10µg/ml
5 Methanol A. fumigatus 10mm 11mm 13mm 15mm 7mm 0mm

Table 4 Percentage of scavenging activity of Nephelium

lappaceum epicarp methanolic extract Extraction
Concentration % of scavenging activity
(µg/ml) Ascrobic acid Methanolic extract Nephelium lappaceum epicarp were cut in ½ inch
0 0 0 pieces and dried in air seven days and finally in
1 35.26 34.789
10 41.632 38.061 mechanical drier at 60-70ºC. The dried samples were
20 45.98 44.162 grinded to course powder with a mechanical grinder
30 55.252 57.509
40 56.292 55.87 and extracted with methanol for 7 days with
50 60.59 62.49 occasional shaking in a beaker. The extract was
Medicinal plants represent a rich source of filtered and the filtrate was dried at 50 to 60°C and
antimicrobial agents. There is also an urgent need to the yielded percentage was calculated.

International Journal of Current Innovation Research, Vol. 1, Issue 9, pp 201-206, November 2015 202

Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activity of Methanol Extract In Rambutan Fruit (Nephelium Lappacium) Epicarp
Against The Human Pathogens
Phytochemical analysis
The phytochemical analysis of Actinidia deliciosa of
the fruit extracts were carried out to identify the
constituents, using standard pytochemical methods as
described by Gomathi et al., 2012 [18]. The
screening involves detection of secondary
metabolities such as carbohydrates, alkaloids,
steroids and sterols,terols, glycosides, flavonoids,
triterpenoids, tannins, proteins and aminoacids.
Fig1 Antimicrobial activity of Nephelium lappaceum epicarp
methanolic extract (1A- E.coli, B- Klebsiella pneumonia, C-
Pseudomonas auerogenousa, D- Proteus vulgarius, E- A. fumigatus), (a-
10µg/ml, b- 15µg/ml, c-20 µg/ml, d-25 25 µg/ml, e-
e Ketconazole (10
µg/ml), f- Nyastin (10 µg/ml)
Test microorganisms
The test microorganisms used for antimicrobial
analysis were clinical isolates of Klebsiella
pneumonia, E. coli, Pseudomonas auerogenousa,
Proteus vulgaris, and Aspergillus fumigates. The
bacterial strains were maintained on Nutrient Agar
and fungi on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar at the
Medical Education Department, King Institute of
Preventive Medicine and Research, Guindy, Chennai,
India.
Fig 2 Radical scavenging activity of Nephelium lappaceum epicarp
methanolic extract
In vitro antimicrobial activity
Determination of zone of inhibition by disc diffusion
method
In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities were
International Journal of Current
Cur Innovation Research, Vol. 1, Issue 9, pp 201-206, November 2015
E
examined for methanol extract of Nephelium
lappaceum epicarp. Antibacterial and antifungal
activities of methanol extract of Nephelium
lappaceum epicarp against pathogenic bacterias
(Gram-positive
positive and negative)
negative and fungi were
investigated by the agar disk diffusion method [19].
Antimicrobial activity testing was carried out by using
agar cup method. Purified methanol extracts were
dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, sterilized by filtration
using sintered glass filter,
lter, and stored at 4°C. For the
determination of zone of inhibition, pure Gram- Gram
positive, Gram-negative,
negative, and fungal strains were
taken as a standard antibiotic for comparison of the
results. All the extracts were screened for their
antibacterial and antifungal
antifu activities against
the Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and the
fungi Aspergillus fumigatus. The sets of four dilutions
g/ml) of Nephelium lappaceum
(10, 15, 20 and 25μg/ml)
epicarp methanol and standard drugs were
prepared in double-distilled
distilled water using nutrient
agar tubes. Mueller-Hinton
Hinton sterile agar plates were
seeded with indicator bacterial strains (108cfu) and
allowed to stay at 37°C for 3 hours. Control
experiments were carried out under similar condition
conditi
by using norfloxacin and penicillin for antibacterial
activity and Ketconazole and Nysatin for antifungal
activity as standard drugs. The zones of growth
inhibition around the disks were measured after 18 to
24 hours of in incubation at 37°C for bacteria
bacteri and
48 to 96 hours for fungi at 28°C. The sensitivities of
the microorganism species to the methanol extract of
Nephelium lappaceum epicarp were determined by
measuring the sizes of inhibitory zones (including the
diameter of disk) on the agar surface around ar the
disks, and values < 8 mm were considered as not
active against microorganisms.
Antioxidant Activity using radical
radical-scavenging method
The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract
Nephelium lappaceum epicarp and the standard
antioxidant ascorbic acid was assessed on the basis
of the radical scavenging effect of the stable 2, 2-
2
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
activity according to the method described by
Chanwitheesuk et al., 2005 [20]. The methanol
extract with different concentrations (1, 10, 20, 30,
40 and 50 μg/ml)
g/ml) were prepared using methanol.
Ascorbic acid was used as the standard in 1-50 1
μg/ml
g/ml solution. 0.004 % of DPPH solution was
prepared in methanol and 5 ml of this solution was
wa
mixed with 5 ml of methanol extract solution and
standard solution distinctly. These solution mixtures
203
 Ashok K et al.,
were kept in dark for 30 min. The degree of DPPH
purple decolourization to DPPH yellow indicated the
scavenging effectiveness of the extract. The
absorbance of the combination was determined
at517 nm using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and
ascorbic acid was served as a positive control. Lower
absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated higher
free radical scavenging activity.
% DPPH radical scavenging = (Absorbance of control
-Absorbance of test Sample) / (Absorbance Of
control) X 100
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Phytochemical screening
The phytochemical screening of the methanolic
extracts of Nephelium lappaceum epicarp showed
that the leaves are rich in, carbohydrates, proteins
and aminoacids, steroids, alkaloids flavonoids,
tannins, triterpenoid and glycosides. Flavonoids are
most commonly known for their antioxidant activity.
They are transformers which modify the body‘s
reactions to carcinogens, viruses, and allergens. They
show anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and
anti-allergic activity [21-22], and may be useful in
therapeutic roles [23]. Alkaloids are organic
compounds that contain nitrogen, and are
physiologically active with sedative and analgesic
properties. They are used in relieving pains, anxiety
and depression [24].
Alkaloids are toxic due to their stimulatory effects,
leading to excitation of cells and neurological
dysfunction [25]. Glycosides are compounds
containing a carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate
residue in the same molecule. In these compounds, the
carbohydrate moiety is attached by an acetal
linkage of carbon-1 to the aglycone. They all contain
steroid as aglycone component in combination with
sugar molecules. They are important in medicine
because of their action on heart and are used in
cardiac insufficiency [26]. Thus, cardiac glycosides
are drugs and can be used in the treatment of
congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.
They work by inhibiting the Na+/Na+ pump, resulting
in an increase in the levels of sodium ions in the
myocytes, which then leads to a rise in calcium ions
level. This inhibition raises the amount of Ca2+ ions
available for concentration of the heart muscle,
increases cardiac output and reduces distension of
the heart [27-28]. These glycosides are found as
secondary metabolites in several plants and animals
[29]. However, some glycosides, such as ouabain, are
toxic as it inhibits active transport of Na+ in cardiac
International Journal of Current Innovation Research, Vol. 1, Issue 9, pp 201-206, November 2015
muscle (sodium pump inhibitor), which results in
inhibition of translocases during electron transport
chain, and leading to death [30]. Also phloridzin
(toxic glycosides) blocks the transport of sugar across
the mucosal cells of small intestine and also renal
tubular epithelium; it displaces Na+ from the binding
sites of carrier protein and prevents the binding of
sugar molecule and produces glycosuria [31-32].
In vitro antimicrobial activity
Antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of
Nephelium lappaceum epicarp was tested against
the different test microorganisms are shown in the
table 2 and3. The methanolic extract of Nephelium
lappaceum epicarp showed higher antibacterial
property against Escherichia coli, Klebsella
pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris but no activity was
observed in Pseudomonas auerogonesa and in
antifungal activity methanol extract showed
moderate zone of inhibition against Aspergillus
fumigatus as shown in the figure 1A,B,C and D. From
the primary phytochemical screening, we have been
able to identify that methanol extract of Nephelium
lappaceum epicarp has got phytomedical property it
may be due to the nature of biologically active
compounds present in it whose activity are enhanced
in the presence on methanol and also methanol has an
stronger extraction capacity which could have
produced greater number of active constituents
responsible for antibacterial activity aswell as
antifungal activity. The antimicrobial activities can be
enhanced if the active components are purified and
adequate dosage determined for proper
administration.
In vitro antioxidant activity
DPPH test is based upon the ability of DPPH, a stable
free radical, to decolourize from purple in the
presence of antioxidants. It is a direct and
dependable method for determining the radical
scavenging action. Ascorbic acid was chosen as the
standard antioxidant for this test. The DPPH radical
contains an odd electron, which is responsible for the
absorbance at 517 nm and also for a noticeable
deep purple color. When DPPH accepts an electron
donated by an antioxidant compound the DPPH
becomes colourless, which is quantitatively measured
from the changes in absorbance. Highest scavenging
was observed with Nephelium lappaceum epicarp
methanolic extract followed by Ascrobic acid known
antioxidant standard.
Scavenging activity of DPPH radical was found to
rise with increasing concentration of the methanolic
204
 Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activity of Methanol Extract In Rambutan Fruit (Nephelium Lappacium) Epicarp
Against The Human Pathogens
extract of Nephelium lappaceum epicarp.
Additionally, it has been determined that the
antioxidant effect of plant products is mainly due to
radical scavenging activity of phenolic compounds
such as flavonoids, polyphenols and tannins [33]. The
antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is mainly
due to their oxidation reduction properties, which can
play an important role in adsorbing and neutralising
free radicals, reducing singlet and triplet oxygen, or
decomposing peroxides [34]. Oxidative injury now
appears as the fundamental mechanism causing a
number of human neurologic and other disorders such
as autoimmune pathologies, inflammation, viral
infections and digestive system disorders including
gastrointestinal inflammation and ulcer [35]. The
present results suggest that all the tested plant
extracts have moderate to potent antioxidant
activity. Subsequently a variety of constituents are
known from the four crude extracts which we studied
therefore, it becomes very difficult to ascribe the
antioxidant properties selectively to any one group
of constituents without further studies it is impossible.
Thus further thorough investigations are necessary.
With the increase in absorbance there is increase in
reducing antioxidant power. So with high amount of
extract there is increase in absorbance and with the
decrease in extract quantity the absorbance is
lowered.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the above results showed that
methanolic extract of rambutan fruit epicarp are
good candidate for further investigation of
antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials. Furthermore,
the isolation of active constituents which are
responsible for the activity is necessary for broad
investigation.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankfull to Sterline Bioscience,
Chennai for the technical support.
Conflicts of Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest
References
1. Anagnostopoulou MA , Kefalas P, Papageorgiou
VP, Assimopoulou AN, Boskou D. Radical
scavenging activity of various extracts and
fractions of sweet orange peel Citrus sinensis.
International Journal of Current Innovation Research, Vol. 1, Issue 9, pp 201-206, November 2015
Food Chem 2006; 94:19–25.
2. Azargohar R, Dalai AK. Production of activated
carbon from Luscar char: experimental and
modeling studies. Microporous Mesoporous Mater.
2005; 85:219–225.
3. ChenW, Huang,Y, Qi J, Tang M , Zheng Y, Zhao
S, Chen L. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted
extraction of phenoli compounds from areca husk.
J. Food Process 2012; 12: 312-315.
4. Dash K, Thangavel K, Rao SV, Karunasagar D,
Arunachalam J. Ultrasound-assisted analyte
extraction for the determination of sulphate and
elemental sulphur in zinc sulphide by different
liquid chromatography techniques.The Analyst
2005; 130:498–501.
5. Derringer G, Suich R. Simultaneous optimization of
several response variables. J. Qual. Technol.
1980;12:214–219.
6. Maran P. Ultrasound assisted extraction of
bioactive compounds from Nephelium lappaceum
L. fruit peel using central composite face centered
response surface design. Arabian Journal of
Chemistry 2013; 1: 31-35.
7. Eren I, Ertekin FK. Optimization of osmotic
dehydration of potato using response surface
methodology. J. Food Eng. 2007; 79 (1): 344–
352.
8. Giusti MM, Wrolstad RE. Thermal degradation
of betacyanins in juices from purple pitaya
[Hylocereus polyrhizus Weber, Britton Rose]
monitored by high-performance liquid
chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric
analyses. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2000; 219:377–
385.
9. Jayaprakasha GK, Selvi T, Sakariah KK.
Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of grape
Vitis vinisfera seed extracts. Food Res. Int.
2003;36:117–122.
10. Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK.
Antioxidant activity of grape seed Vitis vinifera
extracts on peroxidation models in vitro. Food
Chem 2001; 73: 285–290.
11. Kabuki T, Nakajima H, Arai M, Ueda S, Kuwabara
Y, Dosako S. Characterization of novel
antimicrobial compounds from mango Mangifera
indica L. kernel seeds. Food Chem 2000; 71: 61–
66.
12. Khonkarn R, Okonogi S, Ampasavate C,
Anuchapreeda S. Investigation of fruit peel
extracts as sources for compounds with antioxidant
and antiproliferative activities against human cell
lines. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010; 48:2122–2129.
13. Ma YQ, Chen JC, Liu D H, Ye X. Effect of ultrasonic
treatment on the totalphenolic and antioxidant
205
 Ashok K et al.,
activity of extracts from citrus peel. J. Food Sci
2008; 73: T115–T120.
14. Nawawi A, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Kurokawa M,
Shiraki K. Inhibitory effects of Indonesian
medicinal plants on the infection of herpes simplex
virus type 1. Phytother. Res. 1999;13: 37–41.
15. Negro C, Tommasi L , Miceli A. Phenolic
compounds and antioxidant activity from red
grape marc extracts. Bioresour. Technol. 2003;
87: 41–44.
16. Okonogi S, Duangrat C, Anuchpreeda S,
Tachakittirungrod S, Chowwanapoonpohn S.
Comparison of antioxidant capacities and
cytotoxicities of certain fruit peels. Food Chem.
2007;103: 839– 846.
17. Dickert H, Machka K, Braveny I. The uses and
limitations of disc diffusion in the antibiotic
sensitivity testing of bacteria. Infection 1981; 9:
18-24.
18. Gomathi S, Shanmugapriya A, Bharathi V,
Gayathri G, Karpagam T. Antimicrobial Activity
and Phytochemical Studies of Aqueous and
Ethanolic Fruit Extracts of Tribulus
19. terrestris. IJPI’s J. Pharmacognosy and Herbal
Formulations 2012; 2:48-51.
20. Thitilertdecha N, Teerawutgulrag A, Rakariyatham
N. Antioxidant and antibacteria activities of
Nephelium lappaceum L. extracts. Food Sci. Tech.
2008; 41:2029–2035.
21. Chanwitheesuk A, Teerawutgulrag A,
Rakariyatham N.Screening of antioxidant activity
a. and antioxidant compound of some edible plants
of Thailand. Food Chem. 2005;92:491- 492.
22. Ribeiro SMR, Barbosa LCA, Queiroz JH, Knödler
M, Schieber A. Phenolic compounds and
antioxidant capacity of Brazilian mango
(Mangifera indica L.) varieties. Food Chemistry.
2008; 110: 620–626.
23. Rosenberry T L, Sonoda LK, Dekat SE, Cusack B,
Johnson J. Monitoring the reaction of carbachol
with acetylcholinesterase by thioflavin T
fluorescence and acetylthiocholine hydrolysis.
Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2008; 175:35–
241.
24. Ross J A, Kasum CM. Dietary flavonoids:
Bioavailability, metabolic effects and safety.
Annual Reviews of Nutrition. 2002; 22: 19–34.
25. Rufino MSM, Alves RE, Brito ES, Morais SM,
Sampaio CG, Pérez-Jiménez J. Determinação da
atividade antioxidante total em frutas pelo
método deedução do ferro. FRAP 2006; 2: 12-
16.
26. Rufino MSM, Alves RE, Brito ES, Pérez-Jiménez J,
Saura-Calixto F, Mancini-Filho.. Bioactive
compounds and antioxidant capacities of 18 non-
International Journal of Current Innovation Research, Vol. 1, Issue 9, pp 201-206, November 2015
traditional tropical fruits from Brazil. Food
Chemistry. 2010; 121: 996–1002.
27. Rufino M SM, Fernandes FAN, Alves RE, Brito E S.
Free radical-cavenging behaviour of some north-
east Brazilian fruits in a DPPH system. Food
chemistry 2009; 114: 693–695.
28. Sânchez-Moreno C, Larrauri J, Saura-Calixto F.
Free radical cavenging capacity and inhibition of
lipid oxidation of wines, grape juices and related
olyphenoli constituents. Food Research International
1999; 32: 407–412.
29. Santos CA. In situ evaluation of fruit yield and
estimation of repeatability for major fruit traits of
umbu tree [Spondia tuberosa (Anacardiaceae)]
the semi-arid region of Brazil. Genetic Resources
and Crop Evolution. 1999; 46:55–460.
30. Santos LP, Morais D, Souza NE, Cottica S.M,
Boroski M, Visentainer J. Phenolic compounds and
fatty acids in different parts of Vitis labrusc and V.
vinifera grapes. Food Research International.
2011; 44: 1414–1418.
31. Sato Y, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, Ogura J,
Kobayashi M, Hirano T. In vitro and in vivo
antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid and
caffeic acid. Internationalournal of Pharmaceutics.
2011; 403: 136–138.
32. Satpathy G, Tyagi Y K, Gupta RK .Preliminary
evaluation of nutraceutica and therapeutic
potential of raw Spondia pinnata K., an exotic
fruit of India. Food research International 2011;
44:2076–2087.
33. Scherer R, Godoy, HT. Antioxidant activity index
(AAI) by the 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl
method. Food Chemistry 2009; 112: 654–658.
34. Silva B M, Andrade PB, Valentão P, Ferreres F,
Seabra RM, Ferreira MA. Quince (Cydonia
oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel, and seed) and
jam: antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry 2004; 52: 4705–4712.
35. Silva M, Santos RP, Mendes LS, Pinho PG,
Valentão P, Andrade P B . Dracaena draco L. fruit:
phytochemical and antioxidant activity
assessment.Food Research International 2011; 44:
2182–2189.
36. Souza OVS, Oliveira MS, Rabello SV, Cunha RO,
Costa BLS, Leite MN.Estudo farmacognóstico de
galhos de Vanillosmopsis erythropappa Schult. ip.
- Asteraceae. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy
2003;13(1): 50–53.
37. Sun Y, Hong S. Effects of citric acid as an
important component of the responses to saline
and alkaline stress in the halophyte Leymus
chinensis (Trin.)P lant Growth Regulation 2011; 64:
129–139.
206