Professional Documents
Culture Documents
*
G.R. No. 116863. February 12, 1998.
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* FIRST DIVISION.
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petitioner received the bill of lading. If the notice has any legal
significance at all, it is to highlight petitioner’s prolonged failure
to object to the bill of lading. Contrary to petitioner’s contention,
the notice and the letter support—not belie—the findings of the
two lower courts that the bill of lading was impliedly accepted by
petitioner.
Same; Same; Same; Mere apprehension of violating customs,
tariff and central bank laws without a clear demonstration that
taking delivery of the shipment has become legally impossible,
cannot defeat the petitioner’s contractual obligation and liability
under the bill of lading.—Petitioner’s attempt to evade its
obligation to receive the shipment on the pretext that this may
cause it to violate customs, tariff and central bank laws must
likewise fail. Mere apprehension of violating said laws, without a
clear demonstration that taking delivery of the shipment has
become legally impossible, cannot defeat the petitioner’s
contractual obligation and liability under the bill of lading.
Same; Letters of Credit; In a letter of credit, there are three
distinct and independent contracts.—In a letter of credit, there are
three distinct and independent contracts: (1) the contract of sale
between the buyer and the seller, (2) the contract of the buyer
with the issuing bank, and (3) the letter of credit proper in which
the bank promises to pay the seller pursuant to the terms and
conditions stated therein. “Few things are more clearly settled in
law than that the three contracts which make up the letter of
credit arrangement are to be maintained in a state of perpetual
separation.” A transaction involving the purchase of goods may
also require, apart from a letter of credit, a contract of
transportation specially when the seller and the buyer are not in
the same locale or country, and the goods purchased have to be
transported to the latter.
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259
PANGANIBAN, J.:
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260
The Facts
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3 Rollo, pp. 15-18. The RTC decision was penned by Judge Lourdes K. Tayao-
Jaguros, who was later appointed to the Court of Appeals, from where she has now
retired.
4 Ibid., pp. 17-18.
261
the free time period expired on July 29, 1982 until the time when
the shipment was unloaded from the container on November 22,
1983, or a total of four hundred eighty-one (481) days. During the
481-day period, demurrage charges accrued. Within the same
period, letters demanding payment were sent by the plaintiff to
the defendant who, however, refused to settle its obligation which
eventually amounted to P67,340.00. Numerous demands were
made on the defendant but the obligation remained unpaid.
Plaintiff thereafter commenced this civil action for collection and
damages.
In its answer, defendant, by way of special and affirmative
defense, alleged that it purchased fifty (50) tons of waste paper
from the shipper in Hong Kong, Ho Kee Waste Paper, as
manifested in Letter of Credit No. 824858 (Exh. 7, p. 110, Original
Record) issued by Equitable Banking Corporation, with partial
shipment permitted; that under the letter of credit, the remaining
balance of the shipment was only ten (10) metric tons as shown in
Invoice No. H-15/82 (Exh. 8, p. 111, Original Record); that the
shipment plaintiff was asking defendant to accept was twenty (20)
metric tons which is ten (10) metric tons more than the remaining
balance; that if defendant were to accept the shipment, it would
be violating Central Bank rules and regulations and custom and
tariff laws; that plaintiff had no cause of action against the
defendant because the latter did not hire the former to carry the
merchandise; that the cause of action should be against the
shipper which contracted the plaintiff’s services and not against
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defendant; and that the defendant duly notified the plaintiff about
the wrong shipment through a letter dated January 24, 1983
(Exh. D for plaintiff, Exh. 4 for defendant, p. 5. Folder of
Exhibits).”
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5 Petitioner’s brief before the Court of Appeals, pp. 5-8; record of the
Court of Appeals, pp. 21-24.
262
The Issues
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6 Rollo, p. 35.
7 The case was deemed submitted for resolution on June 3, 1996 upon
this Court’s receipt of petitioner’s memorandum.
8 Petitioner’s memorandum, p. 4; rollo, p. 87.
263
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9 Magellan Mftg. Marketing Corp. vs. Court of Appeals, 201 SCRA 102, 110,
August 22, 1991, per Regalado, J.
10 13 C.J.S. 239. See also Pan American World Airways, Inc. vs. IAC, 164 SCRA
268, 275, August 11, 1988; citing Ong Yiu vs. Court of Appeals, 91 SCRA 223, 231,
June 29, 1979.
11 17 C.J.S. 672.
12 Saludo, Jr. vs. Court of Appeals, 207 SCRA 498, 527-528, March 23, 1992.
264
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“In the instant case, (herein petitioner) cannot and did not allege
non-receipt of its copy of the bill of lading from the shipper.
Hence, the terms and conditions as well as the various entries
contained therein were brought to its knowledge. (Herein
petitioner) accepted the bill of lading without interposing any
objection as to its contents. This raises the presumption that
(herein petitioner) agreed to the entries and stipulations imposed
therein.
Moreover, it is puzzling that (herein petitioner) allowed
months to pass, six (6) months to be exact, before notifying (herein
private respondent) of the ‘wrong shipment.’ It was only on
January 24, 1983 that (herein petitioner) sent (herein private
respondent) such a letter of notification (Exh. D for plaintiff, Exh.
4 for defendant; p. 5, Folder of Exhibits). Thus, for the duration of
those six months (herein private respondent) never knew the
reason for (herein petitioner’s) refusal to discharge the shipment.
After accepting the bill of lading, receiving notices of arrival of
the shipment, failing to object thereto, (herein petitioner) cannot
now deny that it is bound by the terms in the bill of lading. If it
did not intend to be bound, (herein petitioner) would not have
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waited for six months to lapse before finally bringing the matter
to (herein private respondent’s) attention. The most logical
reaction in such a case would be to immediately verify the matter
with the other parties involved. In this case, however, (herein
petitioner) unreasonably detained 19
(herein private respondent’s)
vessel to the latter’s prejudice.”
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267
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fair compensation for delays, is the very reason why it is, and
ought to be, adopted as a measure of compensation, in cases ex
delicto. What fairer rule can be adopted than that which founds
itself upon mercantile usage as to indemnity, and fixes a
recompense upon the deliberate consideration of all the
circumstances attending the usual earnings and expenditures in
common voyages? It appears to us that an allowance, by way of
demurrage, is the true measure of damages in all cases of mere
detention, for that allowance has reference23 to the ship’s expenses,
wear and tear, and common employment.”
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269
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seller and the buyer are not in the same locale or country,
and the goods purchased have to be transported to the
latter.
Hence, the contract of carriage, as stipulated in the bill
of lading in the present case, must be treated
independently of the contract of sale between the seller and
the buyer, and the contract for the issuance of a letter of
credit between the buyer and the issuing bank. Any
discrepancy between the amount of the goods described in
the commercial invoice in the contract of sale and the
amount allowed in the letter of credit will not affect the
validity and enforceability of the contract of carriage as
embodied in the bill of lading. As the bank cannot be
expected to look beyond the documents presented
29
to it by
the seller pursuant to the letter of credit, neither can the
carrier be expected to go beyond the representations of the
shipper in the bill of lading and to verify their
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270
Payment of Interest
Petitioner posits that it “first knew” of the demurrage claim
of P67,340 only when it received, by summons, private
respondent’s complaint. Hence, interest may not be allowed
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31 Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, 234 SCRA 88, July
12, 1994, per Vitug, J. See also Philippine National Bank vs. Court of
Appeals, 263 SCRA 766, 770, October 30, 1996.
32 Central Azucarera de Bais vs. Court of Appeals, 188 SCRA 328, 339,
August 3, 1990, per Regalado, J.
33 263 SCRA at 772.
34 234 SCRA at 97.
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