Tugas personal

Matakuliah Biokimia Dasar

Nama Mahasiswa : VIVI ALQHORINA

NIM : 18035043
Kode sesi : 202010350036
Kelompok : A
Judul tugas : VIRUS

1. Please define
a. Virus
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and vary from 20 to 400 nm in size. They
have varied shape and chemical composition, and at their most fundamental level
are composed simply of protein and a DNA or RNA genome.
b. virion
The complete, fully assembled virus (enveloped or naked). a. Please classify the
virus classification based on International Commitee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

b. Explain the difference between the class

based on Baltimore classification of viruses considers several parameters for the
grouping of related viruses, based on genomic properties including: (1) the composition of
the nucleic acid (i.e. DNA or RNA); (2) the number of strands (single- or double-stranded);
(3) the sense of single-stranded RNA genomes (i.e. positive or negative); (4) the strategy for
obtaining mRNA transcripts for gene expression.
Class I viruses all have dsDNA genomes, which require the transcription of mRNA from
the genome molecule; the virus may use the host cell RNA polymerase II enzyme (e.g. the
Papillomaviridae, which can give rise to warts) or may encode its own (e.g. the
Herpesviridae). A few Class I viruses (those within the family Polydnaviridae) have a
segmented genome but most have a nonsegmented genome.
Class II virus genomes are ssDNA and can be of positive or negative sense, and either
circular or linear. All require the synthesis of a dsDNA intermediate from which transcription
of their mRNA proceeds. Most ssDNA viruses are nonsegmented, but some are segmented.
Furthermore, some viruses within the Begomovirus genus (Family Geminiviridae) have two
genomic segments that are packaged separately into two incomplete but joined icosahedral
capsids.
Class III virus genomes (dsRNA) are segmented. Transcription of mRNAs is from the
genome molecules and requires a virally encoded RNA polymerase that must be packaged
into the virion for transport into infected cells. Only a few members of the Rotavirus and
Orthoreovirus genera (Family Reoviridae) infect humans, but dsRNA viruses are a
widereaching class and members have been found infecting animals, birds, fish, and insects
and also plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria.
Class IV viruses all have positive (+) sense ssRNA genomes that can serve directly as
mRNA transcripts for protein translation, and as such they possess a range of features that
promote this role (Figure 5). Many (+)ssRNA genomes have 7-methylguanine, a modified
ribonucleotide, bound at their 5¢ end. This molecule, known as the universal cap, protects
the 5¢ terminus of eukaryotic mRNAs and promotes mRNA translation by ribosomes in
eukaryotic cells.
Class V viruses all have (-)ssRNA genomes and many have segmented genomes. The
genomes are not translated directly by ribosomes, so protein synthesis first requires
transcription of mRNA from the genomic RNA; a few molecules of viral RNA polymerase are
incorporated into the virion for this purpose. Interestingly, many viruses pathogenic to
humans are found in this class, including the viruses responsible for mumps, measles, rabies,
and influenza, and various hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa fever (the
latter has an ambisense genome).
Class VI virus genomes are like those of some Class IV viruses; they are of (+)ssRNA
and possess both a universal 5¢ cap and a 3¢ polyadenylated tail. There are two RNA
molecules within each virion, but they are identical and both carry the full coding potential
of the virus, hence the genome is referred to as diploid, and is considered to be
nonsegmented. The genomic RNA, however, is not translated by ribosomes on entry into
host cells but instead undergoes a complex replication strategy whereby it is first copied
into a dsDNA molecule and then permanently cloned into the host cell chromosome. These
steps require several virus-encoded enzymes (including a novel DNA polymerase, reverse
transcriptase (RT), and an integrase) that must be brought into the cell along with the
genome

2. Explain the virus structure, type of material genetic and live cycle
A virus particle can be defined as a structure that has evolved to transfer genetic
information (nucleic acid) from one cell to another. The nucleic acid found in the particle is
either DNA or RNA, and may be single- or double-stranded, linear or circular, intact or
segmented. simplest of virus particles consists of a protein coat (sometimes made up of only
one type of protein, repeated hundreds of times) surrounding a strand of nucleic acid.

Virus symmetry
Helical symmetry can be loosely described as having a ‘spiral staircase’ structure, with an
obvious axis down the center of the helix. The protein subunits of a helical capsid mirror the
helical turns of the nucleic acid. Viruses with a helical capsid structure include measles,
rabies, and influenza. Some helical viruses appear to be ‘open-ended’ while others are
enclosed structures where the protein subunits seal the capsid at one or both ends. The
minimum number of capsomers required to construct an icosahedron is 12, each composed
of five identical subunits forming the adjoining corners of the capsid structure.

Virus envelopes
The capsid wraps itself in a coating of lipid bilayer as it passes through the membrane.
Many virus envelopes are the result of budding from the plasma membrane (e.g. measles
and influenza viruses) but some viruses bud through intracellular membranes (e.g. herpes
simplex virus, hepatitis C virus) such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi and these
enveloped virions are subsequently transported out of the cell within a vesicle, hence they
temporarily have a second membrane. Embedded within the virus envelope are a number
of virus-encoded glycoproteins, which are involved in virus attachment to cells and serve as
targets for the immune response.
Class VII contains viruses reassigned from Class I and comprises only (to date) the
Hepadnaviridae, which includes hepatitis B virus, and the Caulimoviridae, which infect
plants. These viruses have only partially dsDNA genomes (some regions are ssDNA) that are
transcribed to mRNA by cellular RNA polymerase II once the genome has been made fully
dsDNA.

3. Base on question no 3, Discuss in your group the virus structure and live cycle of

HIV

From the picture we know that HIV has a diameter of 100-150 nm and is spherical to oval in
shape due to the shape of the sheath that envelops viral particles (virions). The viral
envelope originates from the host cell membrane which is mostly composed of lipids. Inside
the sheath is a section called a matrix protein.

The internal part of HIV consists of two main components, namely the genome and the
capsid. The genome is the genetic material in the core of the virus which is two copies of a
single RNA string.Meanwhile, the capsid is a protein that encloses and protects the genome.

In contrast to most retroviruses which have only three genes (gag, pol, and env), HIV has six
additional genes (vif, vpu, vpr, tat, ref, and nef). These genes are encoded by viral RNA
measuring 9 kb. The nine genes are grouped into three categories based on their function,
namely structural protein coding genes (Gag, Pol, Env), regulatory proteins (Tat, Rev), and
accessory genes (Vpu only in HIV-1, Vpx only in HIV-2; Vpr). , Vif, Nef).

Like other viruses in general, HIV can only replicate by utilizing host cells. The HIV cycle
begins with the attachment of viral particles (virions) to receptors on the surface of the host
cell.

After attaching, the virus envelope will fuse (fuse) with the cell membrane so that the
contents of the virus particles will be released inside the cell. Furthermore, HIV's reverse
transcriptase enzyme will convert the viral genome in the form of RNA into DNA. Then, viral
DNA will be carried to the nucleus of human cells so that it can insert or integrate with
human DNA. Viral DNA that is embedded in human DNA is called a provirus and can survive
for a long time in cells. When the cell is activated, certain enzymes owned by the host cell
will process the provirus in the same way as human DNA, which is converted into mRNA.
Then, the mRNA will be carried out of the cell nucleus and become a template to make HIV
proteins and enzymes. A portion of the RNA from the provirus constitutes the viral RNA
genome. These parts of the RNA genome will be assembled with proteins and enzymes to
become a complete virus. At this assembly stage, the HIV protease enzyme plays an
important role in cutting long proteins into short parts that make up the virus nucleus.
When the intact HIV has matured, the virus can get out of the host cell and infect the next
cell. The process of removing the virus is through budding, where the virus will get a sheath
from the surface membrane of the host cell.