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...8...
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˛¶Õ>™. ∂m >ÚD p ¸kVtÔπ[ √V>∫Ôπ_ vÔÈ
zwÕÁ>Ô”D Ô™√VΩÔ”D ƒVi¶V∫Ô\VF Â\¸ÔV´D ÿƒFm
º\u√Ω ¸kVt\ÁÈ zwÕÁ>ÁB Ô¶VH¬Ô ºkı|ÿ\™
∏´VÏ›]¬Ô p ¸kVtÔ^ >[ kVloÚÕ> ÿku§ÁÈ >D√ÁÈ
ƒVuÁ≈ ∂¬zwÕÁ>l[ ÔıÔπ_ ctw, Ôısa›m JÏflÁƒ
ÿ>πÕm ®øÕ>V[. ∂>uz© ∏[ p ¸kVtÔπ[ \ΩloÚÕ>
Ô[MÁÔÁB ÔVs_ÁÈ. ÷m s≠BD ÷Õ> ∂§°
ÿv·‘√–¬z ∏´›B≥\V•^· ∂–º√VÔÿ\[º≈
ÿ>ˆs¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. g™>V_ ∂©√Ï, ∑Õ>´Ï, \VˬÔkVƒÔÏ,
ƒD√Õ>Ï x>ÈV™ ÂV_kÏÔ”¶[ p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ”D ŒÚ
ÿ√ˆB E›>AÚ≠´VzD ®[√Á>•D vÔÈ∏´VËÔπ¶›]KD
÷Õ]´V] º>kÁ>Ôπ¶›]KD EksibkV] ÿ>Fk∫Ôπ¶›]_
tzÕ> ∏ˆB √¬]•^· ŒÚ \ÔV›\VkVz ÿ\[√Á>•D
BVkÏÔ”D ∂§B ºkıΩBm ∂kEBÿ\[Æ
∏´VÏ›]¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
∑√\¸m.
÷∫Ù™D,
Áƒ>Vº√‚Á¶ÁBfl ºƒÏÕ> º\È\VD√ÈD ˛´V\›]_
÷Õ]´ yϬÔV¸´\›]_ kE¬zD
c|©∏ s¤ºBÕ]´ yÏ›> ¸kVt˜
16.11.1940

...11...
 c
xÔ°Á´
÷DxÔ°Á´l_ ƒˆ›]´›][ ∑Ú¬Ô›Á>© √u§ ÂV[
®ø>ºkıΩB ∂kEBD Œ[Æt_ÁÈ. ∞ÿ™M_, p ¸kVt
EkV™Õ>Ï ∂kÏÔ^ x[–Á´l_, p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔÁ·© √u§
s¸>V´\VÔºk ®ø]lÚ¬˛≈VÏÔ^. >s´°D \«V \º«V
c√V›BVBÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ºk.ƒVtÂV>FBÏ ∂kÏÔ”D, c|©∏
s¤ºBÕ]´ yÏ›> ¸kVt˜ ∂kÏÔ”D ®ø]B ∏[, ÂV[ ®ø>
ºkı|km Œ[Æt_ÁÈ.
ÂV[ ]ÚÿÂ_ºko ˜_ÈV ÿÔ∫ÁÔÿÔVı¶V[ ˛´V\›]_
º\u√Ω pk›v ºÔV›]´›]_ 6ákm √´D√Á´l_ ¤M›>k[.
®[ >ÕÁ> p z©AƒVt y≥>Ï ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ kw∫˛B
p.´V\∑©√V y≥>Ï ∂kÏÔπ[ >ÕÁ> p ƒ∫Ô´ ÂV´VB
y≥>Ï ∂kÏÔ”D p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔπ[ >ÕÁ> BfiºB¸k´
Ek[ ∂kÏÔ”D ƒºÔV>´ÏÔ^ (Œº´ >VF klu§_ ¤M›>kÏÔ^)
÷›>ÁÔBV™ ÿÂÚ∫˛™ √Õm›ktÚÕm ®™m 54ákm kBm
kÁ´ ∂[™Vˆ[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB•D, \˛Á\ÁB•D
∂§BV\oÚÕ>m ®[ mÏ√V¬˛Bº\.
ÂV[ ÿƒ[≈ 1939áD kÚ≠D n©√E \V>›]_ EÈ
ÿ√ˆºBVÏÔ·V_ ¸kVtÔπ[ sÚ›>VÕ>∫ÔÁ·¬ ºÔ‚¶m x>_
∂[™Vˆ[ ƒˆ›]´D xøÁ\ÁB•D g´VFflE ÿƒFB
ª¬Ôx¶[ xB[º≈[. xB[≈]_ 1914áD kÚ≠›]_
∑kVtÔπ[ ∂ΩBVÏ ]ڬ̂¶›]_ ÷Bu≈©ÿ√uÆ ∂kÏÔ”^
ŒÚk´V™ p ∑Õ>´>VvÏ ∂kÏÔ·V_ >fiÁƒl_
s›BVsº™V]M ∂fl∑¬ ̶›]_ ∂flE‚| ÿkπkÕ>

...12...
A¸>Ô›]oÚÕmD, 1925áD kÚ≠›]_ ∏ÚD\p B.V.ÔVº\¸k´
∂FBÏ ∂kÏÔ·V_ ÷Bu≈© ÿ√uÆ, Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶l_ ¤™t›]´[
∂fl∑¬ ̶›]_ ∂flE‚| ÿkπkÕ> A¸>Ô›]oÚÕmD,
1938á1939áD kÚ≠∫Ôπ_ √´o p ÿÂ_ÁÈB©√ ∏^Á·
∂kÏÔ·V_ ÿkπl¶©√‚|^· “ ºÈVºÔV√ÔVˆ ’’ ®[≈ >tμ
kV´©√]©∏_ p T.K. ´V\√›´ ƒÏ\V ∂kÏÔ·V_
®ø>©√‚|^·]oÚÕmD \uÆD ÿƒ[Á™ ∞ÔVD√º´¸k´
∂¬´«V´›]K^· ÌϤ´ ∏´V\ÏÔ^ JÈ\V•D \uÆD EÈ
ÿ√ˆºBVÏÔ^ JÈ\V•D ˛Á¶›> s≠B∫ÔÁ·•D Œ[Æ ºƒÏ›m,
]ÚÿÂ_ºko ˜_ÈV, Ô´E∫ÔÂ_ŸÏ ˛´V\kVE•D ÿƒ[Á™
Áƒ>V©º√‚Á¶ œflƒÏ¸ ÔVºÈÎ c√V›BVBÚ\V™
p.K.pMkVƒFBÏ ∂kÏÔπ[ c>sBV_ ®ø>©√‚| ÷©A›>ÔD
ÿkπl¶ xB[º≈[.
>s´°D ÷flƒˆ›]´›Á> g∫˛ÈB √VÁ≠lKD ÿkπl¶
Á\ÈV©ØÏ p V. ÂV´VB ∂FBÏ M.A.,M.L., k¬ˇ_ ∂kÏÔ^
>taoÚÕm ÷∫˛‹¥_ ÿ\Va ÿ√Bu§lÚ¬˛≈VÏ. ∂m°D
ÌΩB ʬ˛´›]_ ÿkπkÚD. º\ºÈ ̧•^· ÿ√ˆºBVÏÔ^
BVkÚ¬zD ∂flE¶ c>sAˆÕ> Ô™kV[Ô”¬zD ®[ ∂[√VÏÕ>
Â[§ÁBfl ÿƒK›m˛[º≈[.
tÔ°D E≈©A º\[Á\•D ÿ>Fk›>[Á\•D kVFÕ>
\«V[ p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔπ[ ÷flƒˆ›]´›Á> ®_ºÈVÚD
E´›Á>•¶[ √Ω›m, ~flk´ √¬]l‹|√‚| ÷Ô√´t´ıΩ–D
º\[Á\BÁ¶Õm ¸kVtÔπ[ ˛ÚÁ√¬z© √V›]´ÏÔ·VzD√Ω
ºÔ‚|¬ ÿÔV^˛º≈[.
15, z©Á√FBfl ÿƒ‚Ω ÿ>Ú, √ÁwB \VD√ÈD ÷∫Ù™D,
]BVÔ´VB ÂÔÏ 25.12.1940 ˜.ºÔ.∑©√FBÏ
...13...
 ÿ√VÚ·¶¬ÔD √¬ÔD
x>_ ∂›]BVBD 16
ÿ√ˆBÿ´™© ÿ√BÏ ÿ√ÆkÏ BVkÏ, √V´>ÂV|, ∑Õ>´ˆ[
∂k>V´D, zÚ c√º>ƒD.
÷´ı¶Vkm ∂›]BVBD 23
p ∑Õ>´Ï Ek™V>_, \V\™Vˆ[ ØÁ¤ ∂–¬˛´«D,
÷_È≈xD Â_È≈xD, QV™VEˆBÁ´ ÂVΩ c√º>ƒD
ÿ√≈_.
J[≈Vkm ∂›]BVBD 27
yÏ›> BV›]Á´, zÚ √´D√Á´, c›>´º>ƒ BV›]Á´,
\Vı¶kÏ *ı¶™Ï, Ek™Vˆ[ m≈°.
ÂV[ÔVkm ∂›]BVBD 32
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^, ÂVu A>ˆ_ WiÁ¶
\Vº>k[ ∂[™D ÷|>_, ÿkÕ>w_ k´kÁw›>Á\,
ÿÂ_ÁÈl_ È‚ƒ y√D, E›>D ÿ>πB ƒV>™D Ek
√¤Á™.
nÕ>Vkm ∂›]BVBD 38
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔº· \«VvÕW>V™D,
\ÁÈ√\ÁÈ >kD, ƒÏkD Ek\BD,
\«VvÕW>V™›][ Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ s¤BD, ¸]ZÔ^
QV™D ÿ√Æ>uz cˆBÏ, ÷´ı¶VD ÂV^ √‚™D,
Euƒº√ƒˆ[ ʈB cÚk©√¶D, >[ ÿƒBK¬z {Ï
∏´\VD, ]ÀsB ´>D, ]Ú\ÁÈ º¤V],
∂–√k´v\fiƒˆ ∂Ú”>_, √´\Ekº™ ∂π›>
√fiƒV[™D, ºƒm BV›]Á´, ∂ˆ\· s¤BD,
EkflE[™D, √fiƒV‚ƒ´D, ÷´ı¶VD È‚ƒy√D.
g≈Vkm ∂›]BVBD 51
∑kVtÔ^ \mÁ´ s¤BxD \V‚E•D ∂[™t¶
gu≈©√´m #m, ÿƒ[Á™ s¤BD, ƒ©>¸>V™
zD√V∏º≠ÔD.
...14...
 ÿ√VÚ·¶¬ÔD √¬ÔD
∞wVkm ∂›]BVBD 57
Ô∫ÁÔÿÔVı¶V[ zD√V∏º≠ÔD, √¤Á™
´VbkD, ∏ÚD\ ˇÁ>¬z s·¬ÔD. >tμ ÿ\Va
ÿ√BÏ›>_, ∑Õ>´D ∏^Á· ƒÕ]©A, yÏ¬Ô >ˆƒ™D,
W¤V™Õ> sÈVƒD ÷Bu≈_, ∂ˆ\·D kÕm ∂Ú”¶[
ÔÈ›>_.
®‚¶Vkm ∂›]BVBD 62
kV–√k© ∏´\VD, EÈ ]ÚsÁ·BV¶_Ô^.
Œ[√>Vkm ∂›]BVBD 67
p ∑Õ>´ \«VvÕW>V™›][ ˝sB \˛Á\,
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔÁ· √ÈÚD ∂§BV>º>[?
±u E≈©A 69
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ ¤V>ÔD, ÁkÁB ´V\ƒVt
nBÏ ∂kÏÔ^ ÷Bu§B º>V›]´∫Ô^, ]ÚÿÂ_ºko
\VkΩ p E>D√´D ∏^Á· ∂kÏÔ^ ÷Bu§B ÿkı√V.
√¶ s·¬Ô∫Ô^
ÿkπ ∂‚Á¶ x[ √¬ÔD p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔπ[
º>Vu≈D.
x[ ∂‚Á¶l[ c^ √¬ÔD º\_ √z]l_ p.∑Õ>´
¸kVtÔ^ ؘ›> ˇw©√Á™RÏ p ∑Õ>´ sÂVBÔÏ,
p.∑Õ>º´¸k´Ï \uÆD √ˆkV´ ÿ>Fk∫Ô^.
x[ ∂‚Á¶l[ c^ √¬ÔD ˇμ √z]l_ p.∑Õ>´
¸kVtÔ^ ÿ>FTÔ© √B™D º\uÿÔVı| √B[√|›]B
ˇw©√Á™RÏ √›Á>.
ÿkπ ∂‚Á¶ ∏[ √¬ÔD ∂ˆ\wD p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^
∂]i¶V™›][ ®a_tz ºÔVA´ º>Vu≈D.
∏[ ∂‚Á¶l[ c^ √¬ÔD ∂]i¶V™›]_ c^·
√V™ o∫Ô›][ ∂wztz º>Vu≈D.
¸kVtÔπ[ \uÿ≈VÚ º>Vu≈D.
...15...
 c
p ÔºƒVB Â\:
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ mÁ
ºÔV¶ÔÂ_ŸÏ p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ ]ÀsB ƒˆ›]´D

x>_ ∂›]BVBD
ÿ√ˆBVÿ´™© ÿ√BÏ ÿ√Æ√kÏ BVkÏ?
kV™V˛ \ıV˛ kπBV˛ ÿBVπBV˛,
ª™V˛ •l´V˛ •ıÁ\•\V l[Á\•\VF¬
ºÔV™V˛BVÿ™™ ÿ>[≈k´ kÁ´¬ Ì›>V‚|
kV™V˛ W[≈VÁB ÿB[ÿƒV_o kVμ›mkº™!
÷À°È˛_ ∂º™ÔÏ √u√È s>∫Ôπu ÿ√ˆBkÿ´™©
ÿ√BÏ ÿ√ÆkÏ. ÿƒ·ÔˆB›>VKD koÁ\BVKD, ÿ√BÏ √Á¶©º√VÏ
EÈÏ. Ô_s› ]≈Á\BVKD, ÿƒV_k[Á\BVKD AÔμ ÿ√Æ√kÏ
∂º™ÔÏ. ÿ√Úfiÿƒ_kD √Á¶›m ∂Á> ¿] ÿ§lu ÿƒÈs‚|›
>Ú\∫ÔπBu§ k^·ÿÈ™© ÿ√BÏ ÿÔV^ºkVÏ √ÈÏ.
∏≈ϬÿÔ[º≈ >\m c¶KlÏ ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·› >›>D ÿƒFm >\m
ÂV‚|¬zD º>ƒ›>kϬzD ∞u≈xı¶VzD√Ω cÁw›m©
ÿ√B´Á¶√kÏ √ÈÏ. g™V_, ÿ√BÏ ºkı|D, AÔμ ºkı|D, ∏≈Ï
ÿ\flƒºkı|ÿ\[≈ ÔÚ›m¶[ cÁw©√kÏ ÿ√ˆºBVÿ´™© ÿ√BÏ
√Á¶›>VKD ∂m g[\ÈV√›]uz© √B[√¶Vm. >\¬z¬
˛Á¶›]Ú¬zD ƒ¬] ~ƒ™V_ ∂Ú·©√‚¶m. sØ], Â[Á\, ]Ú,
koÁ\ ÷Ák ®kˆ¶›]u ÔV©√‚¶VKD ∂‡ÿ>_ÈVD ®™m
º>¤L[ ŒÚ EÆ √z]loÚÕm kÕ> ÿ>[≈§ ÿB[Æ
Ôı∏´V[ ∂Ïh™–¬z c√º>E›>√Ω ÿ√ÚÁ\ ®[√m
ÿ√Ú\VM¶›]M[≈[Æ ºkÆ ®Às>D ƒD√s¬zD? gÁÔBV_
∂k[ ÿÔV|›> ]ÚÁk, ∂k–¬ºÔ ∂Ï©√D ÿƒFkm Â\m
Ô¶Á\ÿB[Æ cÆ]BVF ÂD∏› >\m Ô¶Á\ÁBfl ÿƒF√kÏ>VD
ÿ√ˆBkÿ´™›>zkÏ.
...16...
 ÷›>ÁÔB ÿ√ˆºBVÚD g›\QV™D ∂Á¶BV>kÁ´¬
ˇμ©√ΩlK^·kÏÔ·VÔºk \]¬Ô©√|kÏ. >[Á™B§Õ>kº™
º>kÿ™V©√k[. ∑kV–Ø]lu≈[Á™ c‚ÔıVȧÕm
ÿÔVı¶k[ º>kÿ™V©√Vÿ™[Æ ÿƒV_km ÷akVzD. ∂kº™
º>k[. \u≈kÏ ®Às>\V™ ÿ√ÚÁ\ kVFÕ>k´Vl–D ÂVº¶VÆD
cı¶º>•ı| TVÔ kVV‚Ôa©√k´VkÏ. Â_ÈkÏÔπ[
]Úÿk_ÈVD √º´V√ÔV´›][ ÿ√VÚ‚º¶ÿB[≈ ÔVπ>Vƒ[
]ÚkV¬˛[√Ω, >\m ÿ√VÚ‚ÿƒ_kD ]≈flÿƒ_kD ∂]ÔV´fl
ÿƒ_kD BVÁk•D ∏≈Ï√|D m[√›Á> sȬzk>uºÔ
c√ºBV˛›>º√V]KD ˝kºÔVΩÔ·Á™›Á>•D mBˆM[Æ
¿¬Ôk_ÈVÏ ®k´Vkm c·º´V? ~ƒ[ ]ÚkÚ‚√Ω >›>\¬ºÔu√‚¶
∑Ôm¬Ô∫ÔÁ· Bk´kÏ ∂–√s›º> y´ºkı|D. ∂Às>
∂–√k›>V_ \™D √¬zk√VÔ\Á¶Õm ÷fl¤[\›]ºÈV \Æ
¤[\›]ºÈV ∂>uºÔu≈ vD¸ÔV´›Á>BÁ¶•D. gÁÔBV_
∂NDÁv•D √º´V√ÔV´xD ∏≈Ϭz ∂√Ôˆ©√Á>s¶ \™›Á>fl
∑›] ÿƒFm √¬zk© √|›mk>uz© ∏´ºBVƒ™\VzD.
\™D ∑›>©√|>ºÈ ∂ˆm. ®Às>fl ∑›>\Á¶Õ>VKD \™D
\™º\; z´∫z º√V[≈m; ∂Á>¬Ô‚Ω Ák›]Ú¬zD º√VmD
Ôlÿ≈‚|\‚|D z]›mÈV°D; >™¬˛B_√V™ ºƒ‚Á¶ÔÁ· s¶Vm;
∂m ®∫˛ø¬˛≈º>V ∂∫ºÔºB Â\m ƒZ´xD ÔÚ\∫Ô”D
ÿƒ_KD. gÁÔBV_ \™›Á>› ÿ>VÁÈ©√º> sºƒ¶D. g™V_
\™›Á>› ÿ>VÁÈ©√ ÿ>[≈V_ ∑È√\VÔ¬ ÌΩB ÔVˆB\V?
Ô_s•D, sºkÔ O‚√xD, ∂≈ÿ§ Œø¬ÔxD, ŒÚ∫zkVFÕ>
>V•\V™ ∑kVtÔº· ‘√VwV™ ÿkı\™D zsB ŒÚ >Õ]´D’
ºkı|ÿ\[Æ Ô>≈s_ÁÈBV? ÿ\F\≈Õm AÈ[Ôπ[
ÿƒBÈuÆ \™m ÷≈Õm >Vÿ™[ÆD ºkÿ≈[ÆD
mÁk>√Vk\uÆ› >M© √´fiºƒV]BVÿBfiE W[≈kÿ´kº´V
∂kº´ ~ƒ–¬z WÔ´VkÏ. ∂º™Ô ¤[\ vD¸ÔV´D ÿ√uÆ
]ÔD√´™VF xBuE›m, √ÔkV[ ˇÁ>l_ ‘ÿkz∏≈©AÔπ[
xΩs_ g›\QV™ \Á¶Õ>kº™ ®[Á™BÁ¶˛≈V’ ®[Æ
∂ÚπB√Ω g›\QVMBÏ º¤V]BVF› >M›m Wu√VÏ. ∂kÏ
ÿƒFkÿ>_ÈVD ∏≈Ϭz Â[Á\ √B©√º>BVzD. ∂kÏ
ÔÁ¶¬ÔıV_ √VÏ›>VKº\ ∂¬ Ô¶V‚ƒ T‚ƒD ÿ√u≈k[
\Ú^ ¿∫˛ >V–F•D ka•ÏÕm ∂Á>¬ ÁÔ¬ÿÔV^kV[.
...17...
∂kÏ «¸>\¸>Ô vDºBVÔÿ\[–D xÁ≈BV_ >\m ÁÔÁB
ÂDº√VoBÏ >ÁÈl_ Ák›m› >¶s¬ÿÔV|›> \V›]´º\
∂kˆ¶›]oÚÕm ÿkπ©√|D ƒ¬]BV_ ÂD \™›>ø¬zBV°D
¿∫˛© AM>´VÔÈVD. ÷Às>D \˛Á\ ÿ√u≈ \ÔV[Ô^ Â\m
ÂV‚ΩoÚÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. ∂kÏÔπÿÈVÚkÏ ∑Õ>´
¸kVtÔÿ·[Æ kw∫Ô©ÿ√u≈kÏ. ∂k´m ƒˆ›]´›Á>fl E§m
sƒVˆ©º√VD.
√V´>ÂV|
÷ÕWÈ°È˛[Ôı tÔ°D ÊÚD E≈©AD kVFÕ>m ÂD
√V´>ÂV|. ÷ÕÂV‚Ω_ >V[ g≈§° √Á¶›> \VÕ>Ï BVkÚD >\m
sºkÔ›]™VKD E´›Á>BVKD >VD sÚD∏B
√B[ÔÁ·ÿB_ÈVD ®π]_ ÿ√uÆ cF•\VÆ kVμ¬ÁÔ xÁ≈
kz¬Ô©ÿ√uÆ^·m. ∏≈ º>ƒ∫Ôπ_ √È ∏≈sÔ^ ÿ√uÆ© √È
ÔVÈD ∂ˆB ÿ√ˆB ÿƒB_ AˆÕm ∂Á¶>uÔˆB
ÂÈ[ÔÁ·ÿB_ÈVD E´›Á>ÿB[–D Œº´ ÔÚs ÿÔVı|
÷ÀÿkVÚ ∏≈slºÈºB ®π]_ ÿ√Æ>uzˆB Âu≈k xÁ≈ÔÁ·
kz›>mD Â\m >VF ÂVº¶.
>Ú\ ÿ§ÁB¬ ÔÁ¶©∏Ω›m© ÿ√VÚ^ ~‚¶KD, ∂>™V_
ŒÚ E§m ÷[√D ÿ√Æ>KD, √´D ÿ√VÚπ[ º√´V™Õ>D ÔÚ],
∂Àk≈D, ÿ√VÚ^, ÷[√D ®[≈ J[§Á™•D s|›m, ∂©√V_
>V[ ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ÚD º√uÁ≈ á º√´V™Õ>© ÿ√Ú kVμÁk á cȺÔVÏ
BVkÚD ÿ√ÆD kıD Â_ka ÔV‚Ω ®πB \«V[Ôπ[
]ÚkΩÔ·V_ AM>D ÿ√u≈ Â[™V|D ÷ÕÂVº¶, ÔÚ\D ®[≈
∂ÚDAD, √¬] ®[≈ \ÈÚD, ºBVÔD ®[≈ ÿƒ∫ÔV•D, zD ®[≈
y∫ÔM•D WÁ≈Õm √_ (ƒVÁÔ) Ôº·V| s·∫zD ºk>V
sÚ≥›][ *m ∂>Ï\D ®[≈ A_KÚsBV™m ®©ÿ√Vøm
®ÕºÂ´›]_ º>V[Æ˛≈º>V, ∂©ÿ√Vøm >V[ ®™m ®[–D
\VÁBÁB kƒ\VÔ¬ÿÔVı| ÷À°È˛_ º>V[§ ®™m ∂k>V´D
®[–D ÔÚsÿÔVı| ∂©A_KÚsÁB ∂≈ºk Œa›m, ∂›>Ï\
Ô_√Ô sÚ≥›Á>fl ∑>Õ>´\VÔ k·´flÿƒFºk[ ®[Æ
ˇ>VƒVÏB[ √VÏ›>–¬z ∂Ú^ AˆÕ> ÂV|D ÷mºk. ∂Õ> v›B
kƒ™›Á> ÿ\F©∏¬Ôºk º√VKD √È \«V[Ôπ[
∂k>V´∫ÔÁ· ∂|¬Ô|¬ÔVÔ© ÿ√u≈ ÿ√V[™V|D ÂD ÂVº¶.
...18...
 ∑Õ>´ˆ[ ∂k>V´D
Â_ÈVÁ´¬ ÔVı√m°D Â[º≈ ; ÂÈt¬Ô
Â_ÈVÏÿƒVu ºÔ‚√m°D Â[º≈ á Â_ÈVÏ
z∫Ô^ cÁ´©√mD Â[º≈ ∂kº´V|
÷∫˛ lÚ©√mD Â[Æ.

÷›>ÁÔB ÿ√ÚÁ\ÔÁ·© √È ±Æ gı|Ô·VÔ© ÿ√uÆ

kÕ> ÷©AıËB º>ƒ›]_, ÿ>[ √VıΩ› ]ÚÂV‚Ω_
>≥Ô∫ÁÔ ÿB™©ÿ√BÏ ÿ√uº≈V∫˛B >Vt´√´Ë Â]l[
k·t¬Ô y´›]K^·mD, A´V∫Ô·V_ tÔfl E≈©∏›m¬
Ì≈©ÿ√u≈m\V™ ƒV‹kVΩA´D ®[–D ]Ú©ÿ√BÏ kVFÕ>
]ÚÿÂ_ºko º≥›]´›]uz k¶√V_ ŒÚ ºBVƒÁ™ #´›]_ E≈©A
t¬Ô E›]´Ô∫ÔV y´›]_ g™Õ>k_o ƒº\>´VF p
ÁÔÈVƒÂV>Ï ]Ú¬ºÔVl_ ÿÔVı¶Úπ Tu§Ú¬zD Ô∫ÁÔ
ÿÔVı¶V[ ®™© ÿ√BÏ ÿ√u≈ ]ÀsB Ekº≥›]´D Œ[Æ·m.
Ô∫ÁÔÿÔVı¶V[ ®[√º> ÷À∆ˆ[ ÿ√BÏ ®[–D Ôı
÷wÕ> ŒÚk[, ÷Á≈k[ ∂Ú·V_ Ôı ÿÔVı¶m √u§ ÷©ÿ√BÏ
kÕ>m ®[Æ g[º≈VÏ ÌÆkÏ. Ô∫ÁÔ ®–D ÿƒV_, ∏≈s©ÿ√ÚD
∏ËÁB ¿¬Ô›>¬Ô √ˆ∑›>D ÿ√VÚÕ]B yÏ›>D ®[≈
ÿ√VÚÁ·¬ z§¬zD. ®™ºk, >™m ¤™™ ÔVÈ sºƒ≠›>V_
\VM¶ kϬԛÁ>ºB √ˆ∑›>D ÿƒFs¬zD \«VM[ ]Ú
∂k>V´›Á>› >[–^ ÿÔVı¶ Ô∫ÁÔÿÔVı¶V[ ®[≈ ªÚD
>™m ÿ√BÁ´¬ ÔV´©ÿ√B´VÔ© ÿ√uƬÿÔVı¶m.
\«V[Ôπ[ ∂k>V´∫Ôÿ·_ÈVD cÈ˛_ ÔVÈ
÷BuÁÔBV_ ®_ÈV s≠B∫ÔπKD á x¬˛B\VÔ ÿ>FTÔ
\˛Á\ÔπKD á >™m g›\ ƒ¬]lKD ÂD∏¬ÁÔ xuÆD ŒaÕm
nBD ®[√º> zΩÿÔVı¶ ®πB \M>ÏÔπ[ Û[B
NÚ>B∫Ôπ_ #B g[\ sÈVƒ\u≈ ÷Ú‚ zÁÔÔπ_ >\m
∂Ú‚˛´∫ÔÁ·© √´©√ºk ∞u√|˛[≈™. ∂ÀkVÆ
~ƒ™Ú”¬z© √V›]´ÏÔ·V™ \ÔV AÚ≠ÏÔπ_ x>[Á\ ÿ√uÆ
s·∫˛BkÏ p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^.
...19...
 ÔVfiE ÂÔÚ¬ÔÚ˛_ ∂Á¶B©√ÈD ®[–D ˛´V\›]oÚÕ>
gflƒVM y‚≥>Ï ®[≈ E≈Õ> √ıΩ>Ï s¤B ÂÔ´›m ˛Úi
º>k´VBÚ¬z¬ zÚkVlÚÕ>VÏ. ∂kÏ ÔVÈfiÿƒ[≈ ∏[ ∂k´m
nÕ>Vkm A›]´Ï p ´∫Ô´V¤Ï zÚkV™VÏ. ˛Úi º>k´VBÏ ˛.∏.
1529á_ ÷≈Õ>mD ´∫Ô´V¤Ï E›ƒº√ƒ™Ú·V_ 1554á_ tÔ°D
∏´E›] ÿ√uÆ s·∫˛B ∂©√FB y≥>Á´© ÿ√u≈VÏ. ∂©√FB
y≥>Ï ƒÔÈ ƒV¸]´∫ÔπKD k_Èk´VF kV¤º√BD x>oB
BVÔ∫ÔÁ·•D ÿƒFm xΩ›>kÏ. ∂kÏ k¶ ÿ\Val_ ÷Bu§B
˛´Õ>∫Ô^ 104. ∂ku§_ Œ[Æ>V[, ÔVÕ> Û›]´›]uz ƒ∫Ô´
√VÔk>Ï ÿƒF> √ViB›]uz ∂kˆB§B √ˆ\·D ®[≈
sÚ›]•Á´BVzD. “√Ω›>V_ ∂©√FB y≥>Á´ √Ω©√Á>©º√V_’’
®[Æ ÂDx^ kw∫zD ŒÚ ÿ\VaºB ∂k´m ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zfl E≈Õ>
ƒV[≈VzD.
>ktzÕ> p ∂©√FB y≥>´kÏÔπ[ ÿ√ı
kaflƒÕ>]l_ p k›v ºÔV›]´›]_ nÕ>Vkm √´D√Á´l_
∏≈Õ>kÏ >V[ p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^. ÷kÁ´ ]Ú¬z\V´™VÔ©
ÿ√ÆD √V¬˛BD c›>\ z∫Ô^ WÁ≈Õ> B¬ºQ∑k´ Ek[
®[√VϬz¬ ˛Á¶›>m. ∂kÚÁ¶B ÷Ú z\V´ÏÔπ_ ∑Õ>´Ï
÷Á·Bkº´. ¸kVtÔπ[ ]Úº\MÁB› >™m klu§_ >V∫˛©
ÿ√uÆ ®|›m k·Ï›> ∂[Á™ ÔV\VH ®[√V^. B¬ºQ∑k´Ï
ºk> ºk>VÕ>∫ÔÁ· Â[z ÔuÆD >D√V_ ÔuÔ kÚºkVϬz Â[z
cÏ›m√k´VF zÚo∫Ô v∫v›ƒ∫Ô∫ÔπKD Œ©√u≈
\™xÁ¶Bk´VF s·∫˛™VÏ. ∂kÏ >Ï\ √›]M
ÔV\VHBD\Vπ[ ÔVÚıB zfl ÿƒBK¬z sBÕº> º√VKD
p ∑Õ>´Á´› ]Ú¬z\´™VÔ© ÿ√ÆD º√uÁ≈© √´º\ƒ[
∂[™VϬz ∂Ú^ ÿƒF>V[.
÷›>D√]Ô”¬z x[Á™© ∏≈s √Èku§_ xB[Æ
ÿƒF> xø› >k›][ √Ⱥ™ {ÚÚÿk|›m kÕ>Vuº√VÈ, Ôo
ÂVÈVl´›m›ÿ>V^·Vl´›m x©√›] J[≈VD gıΩ_,
ÿÔV_ÈD 1007áD gı| Ô´ kÚ≠D ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ \V>D
÷Ú√>VÕ]™›]_ (3.12.1831) ∂\VkVÁƒB[Æ ∂–≠
‚ƒ›]´›]_ ÷¶√ Ȭԙ›]_ √´\ ÔÚVW]BV™

...20...
p √´º\∑k´º™ {Ï \ÔkVF ∂k>ˆ›>VÏ. sÁ·•D √lÏ
xÁ·lºÈ ÿ>ˆ•D ®[√>uºÔu√, zwÕÁ> ∏≈Õ>°¶[ s·∫˛B
∂w˛B º>Vu≈º\ ‘‘∑Õ>´D’’ ®[≈ ÿ√BÁ´› >™¬z cˆB>V¬˛¬
ÿÔVı¶m.
÷D\Ô° ∂k>ˆ›> ]ÀsB]™›]_ E›]´ Ô∫ÁÔl[
]Ú›yÏ›>D >™m ¤[\ ØtlK^· Ek\] Ô∫ÁÔBVD ®™›
ÿ>πÕm s·∫˛uÆ. gı|^· √_kÁÔ© ∏´VËÔ”D
÷[√kVˆl_ ]Á·›>™. B¬ºQ∑k´ÚD ÷D\ÔsÁ™¬ Ôı
zπ´ ºÂV¬˛ ∑Ôxu≈V´Vl–D, cÈ˛Bo[√Ω E›]´ Ô∫ÔV Â]lu
√ΩÕm ¤V>ÔÏ\V]¬ ˛ˆÁBÔÁ· ºk>∫ ̧BkVÆ Â¶›]
ºÔV>V™D, Ø>V™D, ¸kÏ>V™D, x>oB ∂º™Ô >V™∫Ô”D
ÿƒFm, ∂ˆB \VM¶© ∏≈s ÿ√u≈>™VÈVD √B[ ÿ√uº≈Vÿ\™©
ÿ√Ú\˛μÿkF]lÚÕ>VÏ. ÿ>Fk WB]ÔÁ· ®π]_ cÚD
]≈Á\ ÿ√u≈ ºƒV]¶Ï BVkÚD ÷¬zwÕÁ>BV™m Ø> c¶È›>V_
∂wzÿ√uÆ s·∫zkº>º√V_ >™m Œ©√u≈ ÿ>FTÔ
c^·›>VKD QV™›>VKD cȺÔVÏ º√VuÆD ∂wz kVFÕm
s·∫zD ®™¬ ̧™Ï. ∏[™Ï, ∂[™©∏´Vƒ™D, ÿƒ··D
x>oB ˛ˆÁBÔÁ·•D ¶›] ∂¬zwÕÁ>ÁB ∂[º√V|D
k·Ï›m kÕ>™Ï.
÷ÀkÚ∫zws ÷·D ∏´VB›]_ sÁ·BVΩB
sÁ·BV‚|¬Ôÿ·_ÈVD ºk> A´V∫ÔÁ·•D Áƒk
gÔ\∫ÔÁ·•D ¸tÚ]ÔÁ·•D Â_ÈVEˆBÏ JÈ\V•ÏÕ>
∂[√ÏÔπBu§kÚD EkØÁ¤BV] c›>\fl ÿƒB_
º√VȺklÚÕ>™. ∑Õ>´Ï >\m º>VwÚ¶[ sÁ·BV|Dÿ√Vøm
\«Vº>k ÂV\√¤™D º\o‚| WuzD. EÈÿ√Vøm √›\Vv™D,
ºBVÔVv™D x>oB™ ÷‚| ∂\ÏÕmD E›>›Á>fl Ek[√V_
ÿƒK›]•D, EkºBVÔD ÿƒFkVÏ. ÷ÀkˆB ÿƒFÁÔÔÁ·¬ Ôı|
ÿ√uº≈VÏ sÁ™l[ √B™V_ √]ÿ™ı\] WÁ≈Õ>
÷¬zwÕÁ>ÁB s‚|© √´Ô]BÁ¶Õ>™Ï.
∑Õ>´Á´•D, ∂k´m J›> ƒºÔV>´Ï z©√VËEk[ ®™©
∏[ kw∫˛B ÷´V\∑©√FBÁ´•D ∂kÏÔ·m \V\[
...21...
ÿk∫Ô¶∑√FBÁ´•D >\m ª´V˛B √›>\Á¶¬z
∂Áw›mflÿƒ[Æ ∂∫ºÔ ∂kÏÔÁ· k·Ï›m kÕ>VÏ.
∑Õ>´´m nÕ>VD gıΩ_ k¶ÿ\Va ÿ>[ÿ\VaÔπ_
k_Èk´V™ {Ï c√V›]BVB´V_ ∂kÚ¬z ∂≥´V©∏BVƒxD
ÿƒFs¬Ô©√‚¶m. >VD ÔuÔ› ÿ>V¶∫˛B ±_ÔÁ·ÿB_ÈVD
∑Õ>´Ï >VD x[™º\ºB Ôu≈mº√V_ gEˆBÏ sB©√ ®π]_
sÁ´Õm ÔuÆ k_Èk´Vl™Ï. ∞wVD ∏´VB›]_ \VmÈ´V_
c√ÂB™D ÿƒFB©√‚| ∂À∆Ï ˛Úi Ô™√VΩÔ^ ®[–D {Ï
Â_ÈVˆ¶D ∑Õ>´Ï ºk>V›BB™D ÿƒFm kÕ>™Ï. ÂV·Á¶s_
Ek©∏´ƒV>›>V_ ºk>√ViB∫ÔÁ·•D, A´VD, ¸tÚ] (>Ï\
ƒV¸]´D), >ϬÔD (ª«D) sBVÔ´D (÷ȬÔD) *\VDÁv
g´VFflE, ÷]ÔVƒD (A´V ƒˆ>D) x>ÈV™ ÔÁÈÔÁ·•D ∑Õ>´Ï
>Vº™ ÔuÆÏÕm, ∂Õ>Õ> ƒV¸]´∫Ôπ[ k_ºÈVÏ kÕm
kV>fiÿƒFm º>V_s•uÆ k∫˛© AÔøD√Ω ∂k´m AÔμ
]ÁƒÿB_ÈVD √´sBm.
zÚ c√º>ƒD
>\m A›] O‚√›>V_ ®_ÈV xÏÕ> ∑Õ>´Ï¬zD
cÈÔxÁ≈BVÔ ŒÚÿ√ˆBVÏ√V_ ÿƒ[Æ ºk>VÕ> ƒV¸]´©√luE
ÿ√≈ºkı|ÿ\™ {Ï ∂kV ®øÕ>m. ®wºk, T´kÂ_ŸÏ ®–D
Â_ŸˆºÈ kE›> √ıΩ> Eº´V\ËBVF º\ºÈVˆ¶›m √¬],
x]ºBVÏ √V_, ∂[A, ˇºwVˆ¶›m¬ ÔÚÁ, cÈÔ©
ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ¶›m Œa°, ∂kVs[Á\ x>oB ˝k[x¬>
È≥∫Ôº·V| ÿ√Vo√k´VF¬ ÔV©√‚¶ p ∑Õ>´ ƒV¸]ˆÔ^
√V_ ºƒÏÕ>VÏ. Â\m ∑Õ>´ÚD ∑Õ>´ z∫Ô^ W´D∏B p ∑Õ>´
ƒV¸]ˆÔ·m ∂[∏uzˆB \VV¬Ô´V™VÏ. ƒÏk ºk>VÕ> WflƒB©
ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·•D >[–^ ÿÔVı| s·∫zD ∏´D\ `›´
√ViBD, c√ W≠›][ º√ÚÁ´, ˇÁ>l[ sˆÕ> ÔÚ›m ®[–D
∏´¸>V™›]´B∫ÔÁ·•D ƒD∏´>VB©√Ω E´kD ÿƒFm ƒVÕ]
√V¶D ÷Bu§ √¬]•¶[ √´\VƒVˆBVˆ¶›m ∂–\] ÿ√uÆ©
√›>\Á¶ kÕm ∂–]™xD ∂[Á√ k·Ï¬Ô Û>vDNÁ>ÁB©
√V´VBD AˆÕm kÕ>VÏ.
...22...
 ÷´ı¶Vkm ∂›]BVBD
p ∑Õ>´Ï Ek™V>_
{>o[Â[º≈ ºk]BϬz Œø¬ÔD ®[√>uºÔu≈√Ω,
∑Õ>´Ï W›]BÔÏ\V–i¶V™ ÿ§l_ xÁ™Õm s·∫˛™VÏ.
∂]ÔVÁÈl_ sΩB nÕm ÂVaÁÔ¬z x[™º´ ®økVÏ; ¸ÂV™D
x>oB™ AˆÕm W›]B ÔÏ\∫ÔÁ· WB\D >k≈Vm
WÁ≈ºkuÆkVÏ. ÿÂu§l_ ∂ËÕ> sØ]l[ Œπ•D
]Ú¬Ôø›]_ mÈ∫zD Ek Ú›]´V‚≥ \VÁÈ•D Ôıº¶VÏ
\™]_ ∑Õ>´ cÚk¬ ÔV‚EBπ›m© √]Õm WuzD. ∂–i¶V™D
xΩÕ>mD Ek >ˆƒ™D ÿƒFkVÏ. ƒZ´ ÂÈ›Á> k·Ï¬zD ƒV›TÔ
cÁk c‚ÿÔV^kVÏ. ‘‘®fiEB ÿ√VøÁ> ∞[ TV¬z˛[SÏ”
®™ cȺÔVϬz© AÔ‚|ºkVÏ º√VKD ®fiEB √Ôuÿ√VøÁ>fl Û>
vDNÁ>© √¶™›]KD ÷´Ákfl Ek √¤™›]KD Ôa›m kÕ>VÏ.
÷ÀkVÆ ∂ˆB Â_ÿÈVø¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ∂–iΩ›m kÚD ∂kÁ´¬
Ôı| ∂À∆´VÏ BVkÚD \˛μÕm, “÷kÏ Ekº™ ®[√]_
nBt_ÁÈ” ®™ WÁ™›m, ∑Õ>´Ek[ ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ‚| ∂kÁ´
∂Às·D ∏´VB›]ºÈºB ∂Áw©√V´Vl™Ï.
>D ÿ√B´VKD, cÚk›>VKD, zÈ›>VKD, z›>VKD,
Ô_sB§ÿkVø¬Ô∫Ô·VKD, ∑Õ>´´VÔºk s·∫˛B ∑Õ>´ˆ[
ÿ√ÚÁ\lÁ™¬ Ôı| sBÕm \˛μÕm ∂kÏ \VmÈÏ >\m
\Ú\ÔÏ \™›]uzˆB ŒÚ›]ÁB› ÿ>ˆÕm \D ÿƒFs¬Ô
sÚD∏™Ï. ∂¬ÔVÈ›]_ ∂Á¶flƒVË ÿB[–D ˛´V\›]_
ÁkyÔ ƒVD√´VF s·∫˛B ÷´V\∑©√FBˆ[ ]Ú©A>_s
¤V™˛BD\VÁ·fl ∑Õ>´ Ek™VϬz ºk>xÁ≈©√Ω \D
Aˆs›>™Ï.
\V\™Vˆ[ ØÁ¤ ∂–¬˛´«D
cBÏ ÿ√VÚÁ· c^·›º> ÂVΩ W[≈ ∑Õ>´ Ek™VÚD
cÈÔ© √VÏÁkl_ ŒÚ xÁ≈BVÔ ÷_È≈D ¶›] k´ÈV™VÏ.
sØ], Ú›]´V≥D ∂ËÕ> ]Úº\MºBV| ÔV©√|D
Ek√¬>ÏÔ^, ºk]BÏÔ^, ºBV˛Ô^, QVMÔ^ x>ÈV™
ƒVm¬ÔÁ·fl ∑Õ>´ Ek™VÏ ÔVbDº>VÆD >\m \Á™¬z

...23...
∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ[Æ ∂[º√V| sÚÕ>π›m ƒV¸]´
ƒD√V≠ÁÔ·V_ ∂·k·Vs g™Õ> xÆkVÏ. ÷©√Ωfl E§m
ÔVÈ∫ÔaB, ∂kÏ \V\™VÏ >D√]ÔÁ·› >\m ªÚ¬ÔÁw›mfl
ÿƒ[Æ, ∂∫ºÔ >Dx¶[ EÈÔVÈD ÷Ú›], ∂k´m ys´
√¬]ÁB•D, Œø¬Ô›Á>•D Ôı| \˛μÕm, ∂kÚ¬z©
√Vo∫Ô›Á>•D, ¶´V¤Ï, EkÔVtBDÁ\ x>ÈVB
JÏ›]ÔÁ·•D >Õm, ØÁ¤ xÁ≈ÔÁ· c√º>E›m, ∂kÁ´©
√›>\Á¶¬z› ]ÚD√ ∂–©∏Ák›>VÏ.
÷_È≈xD Â_È≈xD
√›>\Á¶ ºƒÏÕ>mD Ek ØÁ¤l_ ∑Õ>´Ek™VÏ tÔ
~|√‚¶VÏ. ]™xD >k≈Vm >\m ]Ú¬Ô´›>VºÈºB gl´D Ìs·
÷>μÔ”D ∏≈\ÈÏÔ”D ÿÔVÏÕm, ]ˆÔVÈxD \Á™sBVÏ
ƒ\Ï∏¬zD \«V Áºk›]B∫ÔÁ· Wºk]›m º≠V¶ºƒV√ƒV´xD
ÿƒFm ؘ›mD, EkÂV\¤√D ŒÚ È≥D ¤∏›mD, g›\
o∫Ô›]uz ∂π›m *Õ> ∂[™ ºƒ≠›Á> ∂ÚÕ]•D kÕ>VÏ.
÷´s_ gÈB >ˆƒ™D, √¤Á™ x>oBÁkÔÁ·fl ÿƒFmD, √wD,
√V_ x>oBkuÁ≈ºB√Ú˛•D, Ek›]BV™]Ô·V_ ÿ√Vøm
º√V¬˛•D, ∏[ E§m ºÂ´D Ôı ∂BÏkVÏ. ÷mºk ÷k´m ÷_È≈
kVμ¬ÁÔl_ {Ï Â_È≈\VluÆ. ∑Õ>´ Ek™Vˆ[ c^·›]KD,
>Ï\›]KD, ŒÚ √V]ÁB cˆÁ\BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ ÷k´m >Ï\ √›]M
¤V™˛BD\V^ ∑Õ>´ Ek™VÏ EÕÁ>l_ º>V[§BÁ>¬
z§©√§Õm, ∂k´m \™ÿ\V©√ ¶Õm kÕm, ∂k´m ∂ÚÕ>k›
mÁsBVÔ s·∫˛™V^.
QV™VEˆBÁ´ ÂVΩ c√º>ƒD ÿ√≈_
÷ÀkıD kVμÂVπ_, ∑Õ>´ Ek™VÏ W›]B\V™
ÿ√VÚ^ ÷[™>[Á\Bm ®[ÆD cÈÔkVμs[ º>Vu≈∫Ô^
WÁÈ›m Wu√™ ∂_È ®[ÆD Ek©∏´vV>›>V_ cÏÕ>VÏ.
c´ºk ÿƒ[≈ ÔVÈ WÔμflEÔÁ·•D. kVÚ∫ÔVÈ kVμ¬ÁÔ©
√B[ÔÁ·•D, WÔμÔVÈ ∑Ô sÚ©√∫ÔÁ·•D sBÕm ®ø˛[≈
\™¬Ôu√Á™ÔÁ·› >|›>VÏ; nDAÈ[Ô”D ∂¶∫Ô© ÿ√u≈™.
\™D ∏≈ ÿ√VÚπ_ gÁƒ ÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ; c^·D ∂Á\]ÿ√uÆ
Ek¸k‘√\V™ zÚ JÏ›]l[ ∂–¬˛´«D ÿ√Æk]_
...24...
÷Á¶B≈V> E´›Á> ÿÔVı| ÷È∫˛Bm. ƒˆÁB ˛ˆÁBÔ·V_
E›> ∑›] cı¶VÔºk, QV™ \VϬԛÁ>› >¬Ô gEˆBˆ¶D
c√º>ƒD ÿ√≈ºkı|ÿ\[≈ gÁƒ º\o‚¶m. QV™VEˆBÁ´©
√È ÷¶∫ÔπKD º>Ω ∂Á¶flƒVË ®[–D ˛´V\›]_ s∑ºk∑k´
ƒV¸]ˆÔ^ ®[–D QVÁ™∑kˆBƒD√[™Ï ÷Ú¬˛[≈VÏ ®™¬
ºÔ^s•uÆ, ∂k´m ƒ[M>V™›Á> ∂Á¶Õ>VÏ. ‘‘∂Ôı¶
√´\Ekº\ ®πºB™V˛B ®[Á™ gı¶Ú”D ÿ√VÚ‚|
÷›]Ú¬ºÔVÈ∫ÿÔVı| Tu§Ú¬˛[≈m” ®™ c^·›]u z§›m,
∑Õ>´Ek™VÏ s∑ºk∑k´Ï √V>Ô\È∫Ôπ_ ƒVi¶V∫Ô\VÔ
Â\¸Ôˆ›m ®øÕm, c^·xÚÔ°D, ÔıßÏ ÿ√ÚÔ°D, cº´V\D
EoϬ԰D, ÂV› >ø>ø¬Ô°D W[Æ >ˆE›m, “zÚÂV>V
∂ΩºBÁ™ QVº™V√º>ƒD ÿƒFm ]ÚkΩÔ”¬z g·V¬˛
÷´H›>Ú· ºkı|D” ®™© ∏´VÏ›]›>™Ï.
gEˆBÚD ÷k´m ys´ √¬zk›Á>¬ Ôı| \™\˛μÕm
˛Ú√VºÂV¬ÔD ÿƒFm ∂ÚºÔ ∂Áw›m, ∂fiºƒ_ ®[Æ ∂√BÔ´D
∂Úπ, >\m ∂Ú‚ ÁÔÁBfl Ek™V´m E´E_ Ák›m ŒÚÿ\Va
c√º>ƒ›Á> ∂–√kkVlÈVF s·¬˛BÚπ™VÏ. ∂Ô›º>
∂–√k cÏ° º>V[≈KD, ∑Õ>´Ek™VÏ cÈÔkVƒÁ™BuÆ
cıÁ\ kΩsÁ™ cÏÕm ∂Ôı¶VÔV´ ÿƒV‘√\VF
s·∫˛™VÏ.
∏[™Ï ÿÂ| ºÂ´D ÿƒ[≈mD ƒ\V]lM[–D sa›m,
∂©º√´V™Õ>D \™›]_ W´D∏ ∂¶∫ÔVm >mDAkmº√V_
g™Õ>¬ ÔıßÏ g≈VF© ÿ√ÚÔ, ‘‘nBº™ ! sıkϬzD
Âıb>uÔˆB ÷ÕWÁÈlÁ™ ∂ÚπB>uz ®πºB[ ÿƒF•D
ÁÔD\VÆD cıº¶V? ÷ÕWÁÈlºÈºB BV[ ®fiQV[ÆD
>k≈Vm Wuz\VÆ ∂Ú^ AˆB ºkı|D” ®™ º√Vu§™VÏ. ∂m
Ôı¶ gƒV–D, ®_ÈVD cÏÕ> ∑Õ>´º´! cÈ˛uz

...25...
÷ÕWÁÈlÁ™ cÏ›mk>uºÔ ÷›]Úº\MÁB› >ˆ›> c\¬z
ºkÆ ŒÚkÏ ∂–¬˛´«D ÿƒFB ºkı|kmD cıº¶V?
ƒD∏´>VB›Á> ÷À°Èz¬z s·¬Ôk[º≈V ¿Ï ®DÁ\BÁ¶Õ>mD
ÂV[ c\¬z c√º>ƒD >Õ>mD ®[≈Úπ™VÏ.
EÈÂV^ gEˆBÏ ƒÕW>V™›]ºÈlÚÕm ∂kÏ
]Ú›ÿ>VıÁ¶ ∂[º√V|D ÿƒFm, gEˆB´m c^·›Á>
\˛μs›>VÏ. ∂©√V_ ∂[™V´m gÁl[√Ω √›>\Á¶ kÕm,
>\m \Á™sBVÁ´•D >DÁ\©º√VȺk x¬]ÿ§lºÈ
xB_s›m, √_ÈVl´D \VkÏÔÁ·© º√VȺk ∂kÁ´•D ŒÚ
\Vk´V¬˛, >VD ∂Á¶Õ> WÁÈÁBºB ∂kÚ¬zD c√º>E›m,
x[º√VȺk ∂–]™xD EkØÁ¤ ÿƒFmD, v\V] AˆÕmD,
EkVÈB >ˆƒ™D, Ek√¤Á™, EkÔ>V© ∏´ƒ∫ÔD ÿƒFmD, >DÁ\
BÁ¶Õ>kÏÔ”¬z QVº™V√º>ƒD ÿƒFmD ƒV¸]´VÏ›>∫ÔÁ·fl
E´kD ÿƒFs›mD kÕ>VÏ. ÷fl ÿƒB_Ôÿ·_ÈVD Ek
ÿƒV‘√ÿ\™¬ Ôı¶ Ek™VÏ, ∂º√> cÏ° ÿÔVı|
g›\V™Õ> ∂–Ø]l_ ~|√‚|¬ ÔVÈ∫Ôa›m kÕ>™Ï.

...26...
 J[≈Vkm ∂›]BVBD
yÏ›> BV›]Á´
∂©√V_ ∑Õ>´Ek™VÏ >Vt´√´Ë y´›]_ c^·
¸>È∫ÔÁ·•D, yÏ›>∫ÔÁ·•D >ˆE›m› yÏ›>\V¶
sÚ©√∫ÿÔVı|, √¬>ºÔViΩÔ”¶[ yÏ›> BV›]Á´ ÿƒFB›
ÿ>V¶∫˛™Ï. ÿ√V]ÔVƒÈD, √VyÏ›>D, Ô_BV yÏ›>D,
√V√sÂVƒD x>_ ]ÚflÿƒÕ#Ï xΩB s·∫zD ®_ÈV› yÏ›>xD
g¶© ÿ√u≈™. >Vt´√´Ël[ ÷Ú ÔÁ´ÔπKD s·∫zD
º≥›]´∫Ô^ BV°D >ˆE¬Ô©ÿ√u≈™. ∑Õ>´ Ek™VÏ ÿƒ_KD
÷¶Õº>VÆD g∫ÔV∫z ¤™∫Ôÿ·_ÈVD √´\V™Õ>¬ Ô¶ÈV¶,
Ek√¤Á™ Û>vDN>V∏´ƒ∫ÔD x>oB™ AˆÕm
yÏ›>BV›]Á´ÁB© ØÏ›] ÿƒFm *ı|D >\m kVv ¸>V™›Á>
∂Á¶Õm x[º√VȺk kE›m kÕ>VÏ.
zÚ √´D√Á´
zÚsM¶›mD zÚJÏ›]ÁB ∂Ú^ ÿƒF•D
QV™›>VBV˛B p ÔVÕ]\]BDÁ\lM¶›mD ∑Õ>´Ï¬zfl E≈Õ>
√¬]•ı¶V>o[ ∂Ω¬ÔΩ ∂Á¶flƒVË ÿƒ[Æ QV™VEˆBÁ´¬
>ˆE›>KD, ÿÂ_ÁÈBD√]¬zfl (]ÚÿÂ_ºko¬z) ÿƒ[Æ p
ÔVÕ]\]BDÁ\ÁB•D ÿÂ_ÁÈB©√Á´•D >ˆE›>KD
∂kϬz ÷BuÁÔBVluÆ. ∂∫Ù™D ∂Á¶flƒVˬz© º√VF
kÚÂVπ_ ŒÚ ]™D QV™VEˆBÁ´© √ËÕm, “¸kVt! Â\m
zÚ√´D√Á´ xÁ≈ÁB› ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^· sÚDA˛º≈[” ®[Æ
ºkı¶ gEˆBÚD \˛μÕm p >HVJÏ›] x>_ >\m
zÚJÏ›]BV˛B gDØÏ ÷´V\ƒÕ]´ ƒV¸]ˆÔ^ kÁ´
√´D√Á´ÁB¬ ̧ zÚA›]´´V˛B ºƒV\∑Õ>´ ƒV¸]ˆÔ”D
>VxD ŒÚ∫z gEˆBÏ ∂Ú^ ÿ√u≈kÏ ®™°D ̧™VÏ.

...27...
 c›>´ º>ƒ BV›]Á´
∏[™Ï >\m ªÏ kÕm kE›m kÚD ÂVπ_, c›>´ º>ƒ
BV›]Á´ ÿƒFB ºkı|D ®[≈ gÁƒ cı¶VÔºk, √È c›>\
√¬>ÏÔ”¶[ A≈©√‚|, \mÁ´, ¤DAºÔ∑k´D, ]ÚÁkBVÆ,
\VR´D, ÊÏÔVa, E>D√´D ∑ºk>V´ıBD, sÚ›>V´ıBD,
sÚ›>VƒÈD, p ÔV·«¸] x>oB ]ÀsB º≥›]´∫ÔÁ·›
>ˆE›> kıD p ÔVEÁB ∂Á¶Õ>VÏ p ∑Õ>´Ï. ∑Õ>´Ï Ô∫ÔV
y´›]_ ¸ÂV™D ÿƒF•D ÿ√Vøm, kw¬ÔDº√V_ gÆ \V>D
¤È›]uz^º·ºB ƒ\V]loÚÕ> \ÔV Ô√] ®[≈ ByÕ]´Ï
÷kÁ´¬Ôı| \˛μÕm, ÷ÚkÚD ¤È›]uz^º·ºB Ô‚Ω¬
ÿÔVı¶>VÔ°D, ∂flƒ\BD ÿ√ÚD º¤V] Œ[Æ ®øD∏Bm ®[ÆD
ÿƒV_È©√|˛≈m. ÷ÀsÚ \ÔV[Ôπ[ EÁÈÔ^ ÷[ÆD
\ËÔÏËÔV Ô‚¶›]_ ∏´ÔVE©√Á> BVkÚD ÿƒ[Æ Ôı|
k∫z˛[≈™Ï. Ek™VÏ Ô∫ÁÔ x>ÈVB √È yÏ›>∫Ô^ gΩ•D
p s∑ºk∑k´© ÿ√Ú\VÁ™•D sƒVÈ\V™ ÔıÔ·V_ sˆÕ>
∂Ú‚√VÏÁk ÿƒF•D sƒVÈVHBDÁ\ÁB•D sÚ©º√V|
>ˆE›mD \˛μÕ>™Ï. ∂©√V_ xÁ≈©√Ω BV›]Á´ xΩ›m› >\m
kVv¸>ÈD kÕm ºƒÏÕ>™Ï.
>VD Ô∫ÔV BV›]Á´ ÿƒF> ÔVÈ›]_, >\m QV™VEˆBÏ
√ˆØ´ ƒ\V] ÿ√u≈>VÔ ∂§Õm, gEˆBÏ kE›> ¸>ÈD
∂Á¶Õm, ∂kÏÔ^ ƒ\V]ÁB› >ˆE›m, sÚ›>VÕ>DBV°D
zÚA›]´´V™ ºƒV\∑Õ>´ ƒV¸]ˆÔ^ JÈD ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔVı|,
*ı|D √›>\Á¶ kÕ>Á¶Õ>VÏ.
∂[Æ x>_ ∑Õ>´Ek™VÏ ƒÔ¤WiÁ¶l_ sÚ©AuÆ
ÿ\·™s´>›m¶[ EÈÔVÈD Ôa›>™Ï. ∂Às´>D ¿∫˛B ∏[™Ï,
ºÔV¶ÔÂ_ŸÏ ÷´V\∑kVt Ek[ x>ÈV™ EÈ Ák]Ô© ÿ√ˆBVÏ
...28...
kÕm ∂kÁ´› >ˆE›m, “Ekº\, ®DJˆ_ c^·VÚD cF•\VÆ
s¤BD ÿƒFm, Û>vDN>V©√¶™D ¶›], ∂–¬˛´N¬Ô
ºkı|D” ®[Æ ∏´VÏ›]›>™Ï. Ek™VÚD, √¬>ÏÔπ[
sÚ©√›Á>© ØÏ›] ÿƒF>VÏ. ºÔV¶ÔÂ_ŸÏ ÿƒ[Æ √fiƒV«D
®[≈ xÁ≈©√Ω nÕm ÂV^ xu√Ôo_ W›]B ∂–i¶V™∫ÔÁ·
xΩ›>°¶[, ƒÁ√› >ÁÈkÏ ŒÚ E≈Õ> gƒ™›]_ Tu§Ú¬Ô, ŒÚ
ƒV¸]ˆÔ^ JÈD Û>«DNÁ>ÁB© √¶™D ÿƒFs›>VÏ.
÷Á¶lÁ¶ºB √Ω›>][ >V›√ˆB›Á> ∂¬´Vƒ™V]√] s·¬˛©
∏´ƒ∫˛©√VÏ. nÕm ÂV”D ÷´°D √ÔKD ∏´V\ º√V¤™xD
Ek√¤™D ÷´sKD ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. Ek™Vˆ[ Ô>V©
∏´ƒ∫Ô›Á>•D Ek√¤Á™© ∏´√Vk›Á>•D Ôı¶
˛´V\kVEÔ”D \uÆD √È ƒVD√ÏÔ”D, “ÂVD ÷[Æ>V[
ÿ√≈uÔˆB ÷D\VM¶© ∏≈sl[ √BÁ™© ÿ√uº≈VD” ®™
kVFs‚|¬ ̧ g™Õ>¬ Ô¶o_ gμÕ>™Ï. Ek™kÏÔπ[
g¬ÁQl[√Ω ∂∫z^·VÏ ∂À∆Ïfl EkVÈB›][ ŒÚ √¬Ôo_
√¤Á™ \¶D Œ[Æ ¸>V∏›m ∂[Æ x>_ ]™xD ÷´s_
Ek√¤™D ÿƒFm kÕ>VÏÔ^. ÷©ÿ√VømD ÷º> s>\VÔ,
sib√VÔk>›Á> v©>V«D ®[≈ ∞øÂV^ xÁ≈lKD,
º>s√VÔk>›Á> ÂkV«D ®[≈ Œ[√m ÂV^ xÁ≈lKD √¶™D
ÿƒFkm >Vt´√´Ë y´›]_ ¶©√mı|.
\Vı¶kÏ *ı¶™Ï
√›>\Á¶l_ ŒÚ ƒ\BD ®¬ºQ∑k´[ ®–D ÿ√BÏ kVFÕ>
nÕm kBm^· {Ï ∂Õ>¬ zwÕÁ> kVF¬ÔVo_ TμÕm
º√VluÆ. ∂¬ zwÕÁ>l[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ ÷´ÿk_ÈVD º>Ω•D
ÔVVm \ÆÂV^ ∏u√Ôo_ Ôıÿ¶|›m ®[™ÿƒFmD zwÕÁ>
sa¬Ô s_ÁÈ. ∂>™V_ ∂[™VÏ m¬˛›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬ÁÔl_
∑Õ>´ Ek™VÏ ∂∫z kÕm, “ŒÚkÚD ∂wVyÏ” ®[Æ ∂√B ÿ\Va
>Õ>VÏ. ∏≈z >\m ]Ú¬Ô´›>V_ zwÕÁ>l[ ]Úº\MÁB›
>V∫˛ ŒÚ >M ÷¶›]uzfl ÿƒ[Æ zwÕÁ>l[ ƒ¶È›]_
...29...
\Õ]´ ¤ÈD ÿ>π›>VÏ. ∂>[ ÿÂu§l_ sØ]l‚| Ek∏´VÁ™fl
EÈ ∑ºÈVÔ∫Ô·V_ c^·∫ zπ´› m]›>VÏ. m]¬Ôºk, #∫˛
®økmº√VÈ ∂¬zwÕÁ> sa›mfl ∑Õ>´Á´fl ∑Õ>´\VÔ©
√VÏ›>m. \Vı¶kÏ *ı¶™Ï ®[≈V_ BVÏ>V[ \˛μflE•≈VÏ!
∂¬zwÕÁ>l[ ÁÔÁB ∏Ω›m¬ ÿÔVı| Ek™VÏ
ÿkπkÕ>Á>¬ Ôı¶ ∂¬zwÕÁ>l[ ÿ√uº≈VÚD p ∑Õ>´
Ek™Vˆ[ \VmÈÚD t¬Ô gflƒˆBxuÆ “Ekº™ ÷kÏ” ®™fl
ƒVi¶V∫Ô\VÔ k∫˛© AÔμÕm ÿÔVı¶VΩ g™Õ]›>™Ï.
Ek™Vˆ[ m≈°
∏[™Ï ∑›>\_o ˛´V\kVEBV˛B ÛˆBÂV´VBEk[
x>ÈVB ∏´V\ºV›>\ÏÔ^ ∂Áw©∏u˛∫Ô, ∑Õ>´Ek™VÏ
∂Às¶D ÿƒ[Æ Û>vDN>V©√¶™D √fiƒV« xÁ≈lu
ÿƒF>™Ï. Ek™Vˆ[ AıËB AÔμ ºÔ‚|© √u√È
˛´V\∫ÔπM[ÆD ÁƒkEÔV\ËÔ^ kÕm ÌΩ™Ï.
ÛˆBÂV´VB Ek[ Û>vDNÁ> JȸºÈVÔ∫ÔÁ· kVE¬Ô,
p Ek™ÏÔ^ ∂>[ ÿ√VÚ^ ∏´ƒ∫Ô \Áw ÿ√VaB, ÔÁ¶BD
ºƒ≠VƒÈ y≥>Ï x>oB ÁkyÔ Eº´i¶ÏÔ^ ∂Ú˛ÚÕm ºÔ‚Ô,
x>_ÂV^ √¶™D ¶Õ>m. ÷´ı¶VD ÂV^ ∂∫Ù™D √¶™D
ÿ>V¶∫˛ ∏´ƒ∫ÔD ¶¬zD \›]l_, ∑Õ>´Ek™VÏ. ºƒ≥VƒÈ
y≥>Á´ ºÂV¬˛© ÿ√VÚ”Á´¬z\VÆ ÔıV_ ƒt¬ÁQ
ÿƒFm ÿkπºB kÕm EÁÔ, ®¬ºQV√ T>D ®[≈ ÷´ıÁ¶•D
ÔÁ·Õÿ>ˆÕm s›k› vÕBVƒD ÿÔVı|, ƒÁ√¬z^ ∏´ºkE›m
*ı|D ∏´ƒ∫Ô›Á>› ÿ>V¶∫˛™VÏ. ƒÁ√lK^º·VÏ BVkÚD
gflƒˆB©√¶, Ek™VÏ ®©ÿ√Vøm Ák´V¬˛BD ¤M¬˛≈º>V
∂©ÿ√Vøº> ƒ[BVvD ÿÔV^· ºkı|D ®[Æ ºk>D
xÁ≈l|kÁ> ∂kÏÔ”¬z ®|›mÁ´›>VÏ. ¸kVtÔπ[
kVlÈVF ƒV¸]´© ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·fl ÿƒsºBuÆ© º√´V™Õ>D
ÿÔVı| ƒÁ√lK^º·VÏ ¸kVtÔπ[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB sBÕm
k∫˛› m]›>™Ï. ∂[Æ ∏´V\ º√V¤™D xΩÕ>°¶[
...30...
¸kVtÔ^ ºÔV¶ÔÂ_ŸÏ ´V\Ek[, ¿ÈÔı¶FBÏ x>oB
√¬>ÏÔÁ· k´kÁw›m› >VDؘ›m kÕ> √Vo∫Ô›Á>•D
\u≈ s¬´Ô∫ÔÁ·•D ∂kÏ ÁÔl_ ÿÔV|›m, “¿∫Ô^
÷DJÏ›]ÔÁ·© √¤™ ƒÁ√l_ Ák›m© ؘ›m© √¤Á™ ÿƒFm
kVÚ∫Ô^” ®™¬ Ô‚¶Á·l‚¶™Ï. ∂kÏÔ”D, “∂©√ΩºB”
®[≈VÏÔ^. ∏[™Ï J[Æ ÂV^ √¶™xD ÿƒFm ∏´ƒ∫Ô›Á>©
ØÏ›] ÿƒFm ¸kVtÔ^ ]ÚÿÂ_ºko kÕm p ƒ∫Ô´VflƒVÏB
¸kVtÔ^ \¶›]_ kVƒD ÿƒF>VÏ. ∂ˆB ºk>VÕ>∫Ô·V_
AÔw©√|˛[≈ ∂Õ>© √´Dÿ√VÚÁ· ∂§Õ> ∏[ ÿÔV^˛[≈
ÿ\F› m≈° ÿ√u≈ m≈sÔπ_ x>[Á\ ÿ√u≈VÏ p ∑Õ>´
¸kVtÔ^.

...31...
 ÂV[ÔVkm ∂›]BVBD
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^
÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ ¸kVtÔ”¬z kBm 23 >V[. ÷mx>_
z|D√ √´›m¬zˆB ÔkÁÈÔ^ xuÆD ¿∫Ôºk, ƒDƒV´¬ Ô¶o_
˛¶ÕmwKD \VM¶Á´› >\m c√º>ƒ›>VKD ∏´ƒ∫Ô›>VKD
cFs©√º> >\m ÿ√VÆ©√VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ]ÚÿÂ_ºkol_
gƒVˆB \¶›]ºÈºB Û>vDN>V©√¶™D g´D∏›m©
∏´ƒ∫˛›>VÏ. gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ ¤™∫Ô^ ºÔ‚¶V™Õ]›>™Ï.
∂¬ÔVÈ›]_ >V[ \VkΩfl E>D√´D ∏^Á·, ƒ>VEk >ÚkVΩBVÏ,
˛Úi >ÚkVΩBVÏ x>oºBVÏ ¸kVtÔπ[ ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔ·V˛B
EkV–√kfl ÿƒ_k´VF s·∫˛™Ï. \¶›]KD ∑›>\_o ÛˆB
ÂV´VBEk[ JÈ ¸ºÈVÔ∫ÔÁ·© √Ω©√VÏ. ¸kVtÔ^
kV¬˛BVÏ›>© ∏´kƒ™D ÿƒFkVÏ. ÷´s_ Ek √¤™xD ºƒ≠VƒÈ
y≥>Ï Ô>V©∏´ƒ∫ÔxD ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD. ∂>[∏[ ƒ>VEk
>ÚkVΩBVÏ x>oºBVˆ[ ∏´VÏ›>Á™¬˛∫Ô √u√È
˛´V\∫ÔπKD ¸kVtÔ^ s¤BD ÿƒFm √¶™D ¶›], ƒÔÈ
¤™∫Ô”¬zD Ek√¬] ÿ√Úz\VÆ ÔÚÁ AˆÕ>VÏ.
ÂVuA>ˆ_ WiÁ¶
∏≈z E§m ÔVÈD WiÁ¶loÚ¬Ô ®ıË, ºÔV¶ÔÂ_ŸÏ
kÕm, ∂∫z >Vt´√´Ë Â]l[ ÔÁ´lK^· ÂVuÔV|Ô”^
∏´ºkE›m, ƒ\V] WÁÈ ∂–iΩ›m kÕ>VÏ. ∂¬ÔVÈ›]_
ºÔV¶ÔÂ_ŸÏ ∏´V\ºV›>\ÏÔ^ >Ï©Á√ A>Ϻ>VÆD ÿƒ[Æ
¸kVtÔÁ·› º>Ω› ]Úkxm ÿƒFs›mfl ÿƒ_kÏ. √E kÕ>
ÿ√Vøm >V[ ÿkπ kÕm, ®k´Vkm ∂[™∫ÿÔVı| kÕm
ÔV›]ÚÕ>V_ EÈ Ôk·∫ÔÁ·•ı| ]ÚD∏•D ÂVuA>ÏÔπ_
AzkVÏ. ∂Á¶>uÔˆB WÁÈÁB© ÿ√u≈ ¸kVtÔ”¬z ∂[A¶[
ÿƒ[Æ ∂xm ÿƒFs¬zD √V¬˛BD ÿ√u≈ ÷À kÕ>Ï
ÿ√ÚÁ\ºB ÿ√ÚÁ\. Ô¶°π[ ∂DƒD WÁ≈Õm ¶\V|D
...32...
ºÔVlÈV˛B QVMÔ”¬z ŒÚ ºkÁ· c° ∂π›>uz WÔ´V™
AıËBD ºk§_ÁÈ ®[≈VÏ. ]ÚJÈ ÂVB™VÚD.
\Vº>k[ ∂[™D ÷|>_
÷ÀkVÆ Â¶Õm kÚD ÂVπ_, ŒÚ ÂV^ ŒÚkÚD ∂[™D
ÿÔV´V]Ú¬Ô, “ÿÔV|¬Ôfl Ek–ı|” ®[√>uºÔu√,
ÿ√V[™D√È›>V[ {Ï ∂Õ>[ cÚ¬ÿÔVı| ∑Õ>´Ï WiÁ¶
Aˆ•D ÂVuA>Á´ ÂıË, ºk>D √ÔÏÕ> >™m ]ÚkVBV_,
“¸kVt, ¸kVt” ®™© √[xÁ≈ sπ›>V[. ÿƒs¬˛MB
ÿƒVuºÔ‚¶ ∑Õ>´Ï, ƒ\V] ÿ>πÕm k´, ∂kÚ¬z ∂[™J‚Ω
cÁ´BVΩ¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬ÁÔl_, ÷ÚÕ> ÷¶›]ºÈ >™m
]Ú°Úk›º>V| \Á≈Õ>V[ \Á≈Ô·V_ º>¶©ÿ√ÆD \Vº>k[.
∂>Á™ cÏÕ> ∑Õ>´Ï, “nBº™ mFBº™, ÿ\FBº™! QVÈD,
÷Õ]´[, ÂV[xÔ[, kV™kÏ c[Á™¬ÔVVm WuÔ, ®[Á™
ÂBÕm ∂ΩºBÁ™ gı¶W[ ÿ√ÚÁ\¬z ÂVºB[ ÂsKD
xÔ\[ ®[º™V?” ®™ c^·D cÚ˛ ÂVs™V_ m]›m
x[º√VȺk ƒ\V] ÿƒFm kÕ>™Ï. ∂¬ÔVÈ›]_ ¸kVtÔ^ ÿƒF>
k¶ÿ\Va› m] √Ω¬Ô› >¬Ôm. ÷ÀkVÆ ∂ˆB ÿƒBo™´VF ∂Õ>
ÂVuÔV‚Ω_ kVμÕ> ∑Õ>´Ï¬z¬ ºÔV¶ÔÂ_ŸÏ ¸kVtÔ^ ®™©
ÿ√BÏ kÕ>m.
÷Ák ®_ÈVD ¶Õ>m ¸kVtÔ·m x©√>Vkm kB]uz^.
∂ÀkÚ≠D ÁkÔVE \V>›]_ ¸kVtÔ^ ÿÂ_ÁÈBD√]¬z
s¤BD ÿƒFm ∂∫z^· ∂[√ÏÔÁ· ¶´V¤Ï √¶›Á>
∂–]™xD ∂[A¶[ ؘ›m kVÚ∫Ô^ ®™¬ Ô‚¶Á·l‚¶™Ï.
∂∫Ù™º\ >ÚkVΩBVÏ x>ÈV™kÏÔ^ ŒÚ √¤Á™\¶D Ô‚Ω,
¸kVtÔπ[ ]Ú°·¬z§©Á√© √B[ √|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏÔ^.
¸kVtÔ^ ∂Õ> \¶›]_ EÈÔVÈD kE›>VÏÔ^. ∏[™Ï gΩ
\V>›]_ ÔD√V Â]¬ÔÁ´l_ kE›>VÏÔ^.
...33...
 ∂ÀkVı| n©√E \V>›]_ p ÔVÕ]\]BDÁ\l[
\º«V›ƒk ÔVÈ›]_ ∞wVD ]ÚswVs_ ∂D∏ÁÔÁB› >køD
zwÕÁ>BV˛B √VÈVD∏ÁÔ kΩk\VÔ°D, ®‚¶VD ]ÚswVs_
]Ú¬ºÔVÈV‚¶t|D ]Ú\Ô^ º√V[ÆD ∂È∫ÔV´D ÿƒFB
gfiQV∏›>VÏ. ∂©ÿ√Vøm {Ï ∂[√Ï ÷Ú >∫Ô¬ ºÔV_Ô^
ÿƒFm ƒ\Ï©∏›m ∂ÀswV kÚ¶Õº>VÆD ¶›] kÚ\VÆ cˆB
ÿ√VÚ”D ∂π›>VÏ. ∂ÀswV ∂ÀkVº≈ ÷[ÆD ¶պ>§
kÚ˛[≈m. ºkı|>_ ºkı¶VÁ\l_ÈV> ¸kVtÔ”¬z
÷flÿƒB_Ô·V_ gkm Œ[Æt_ÁÈ. g™V_ ∏≈Ï
÷¬ÔV‚EÔÁ·¬Ôı| Ôπ›m √¬]© √´kƒÏÔ·VÔ ºkı|D
®[√º> ∂kÏ ÔÚ›m.
ÿkÕ>w_ k´kÁw›>Á\
∂>[ ∏[ ŒÚ ƒ\BD ¸kVtÔ^, ÔD√V Â]¬ÔÁ´l_
kE¬zD º√Vm y√VkπB[Æ ÷´V\flƒÕ]´ º\›>V x>ÈV™
√¬>ÏÔ^ √ÈÏ kÕm >ˆE›m© º√´V™Õ> xu§Ú¬ÁÔl_,
¸kVtÔ^ º√V¤™ s]ÁB› ]ÚkVF \ÈÏÕ>Ú”D ƒ\B›]_
kÈm c^·∫ÁÔl_ ∂¬˛M ÷Ú¬˛≈ÿ>[ÆD ∂]_
∂[™D√|D√Ω AE¬Ô¬ ̶Vÿ>[ÆD, ∂∫Ù™D ÿƒFkm ¿ƒÏ
º√V¤™›m¬z ƒ\V™D ®[ÆD ∏´ƒ∫˛›>VÏ. ƒuÆ
ºÂ´›]uÿÔ_ÈVD ∂›>È›]_ ÔV\VHÁB© ؘ¬zD
sÚ›>´V˛B ∑©∏´\ËB√‚¶Ï ®[√kÏ ∂ÏflƒÁ™¬z ºkıΩB
√›]´D, Ai√D, ∂ˆE x>oBÁkÔ”D, ÿ>[™∫ÌÕ>o_
∂¬˛M•D ÿÔVı| kÕ>VÏ. \Áw tz]BV_ ÿÂÚ©A ∂sÕm
º√VluÆ. ∂©ÿ√Vøm ∑©∏´\ËB√‚¶Ï ¸kVtÔ^ ƒÕW] kÕm,
BV[ ÿÔVÏÕ> ∂¬˛M \ÁwBV_ ∂sÕ>Á\BV_
ʶÏÔÁ·¬ÿÔVı| E§m ∂¬˛M ∂Ú· ºkı|D ®™¬ ºÔ‚|¬
ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ¸kVtÔ^, g°Á¶B©√ ∏^Á·ÁB ºÂV¬˛ >ΩT´[
ºÔVl_ ÿ>Ús_ ÿƒ[Æ ÿÂÚ©A ®|›m kÚD√Ω gfiQV∏¬Ô,
...34...
√¬Ô›]oÚÕ> ÷´V\flƒÕ]´ º\›>V ¸kVtÔÁ· √VÏ›m, “ƒuÆ
x[ ¸kVtÔ^ ÿƒF> c√[BVƒ›][√Ω c^·∫ÁÔl_ c^·
ÿÂÚ©Á√ k´kÁw¬Ô¬ ̶V>V?” ®™¬ ºÔ‚¶VÏ. ¸kVtÔ”D,
“k´kÁw©º√VD c\m c›>ZB›Á>¬ ÿÔV|©¨´V?” ®™,
º\›>V°D ∂>u˛ÁBÕm ∂[Æ c|›> ºÔVΩ k¸]´›Á>
∂π›>VÏ. ∂>Á™ kV∫˛ ¸kVtÔ^ >\m c^·∫ÁÔl_
º>F›>mD z¨ÿ´™ ∂¬˛M √u§Bm. º\›>V >V[ ∂π›>
k¸]´D sÁÈ cBÏÕ>m ®[Æ ∂¬˛MÁB ∂s¬Ô xB[≈VÏ.
g™V_, ¸kVtÔ^ º\›>VÁk √VÏ›m “∂¬˛M √ÔkV[ √u§¬
ÿÔVı¶Á> ∂kÚ¬z› ]Ú©]BVÔ¬ ÿÔV|›ms|D” ®[Æ Ì≈,
º\›>V°D kV·V sÚÕms‚¶VÏ. ∏[™Ï g] ÁƒkEÔV\Ë
∂ÕÿÂÚ©∏M[ÆD ∂¬˛M ®|›m ؤV ÔVˆB›]_
c√ºBV˛›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷>Á™¬ Ôı| ∂∫z^·
√¬>ÏÔÿ·_ÈVD gflƒˆBxuÆ, “∂i¶JÏ›] kΩkV™ ÷kÚ¬z
÷i¶x^· ŒÚ kΩk›Á> k´kÁw›>_ ∂ˆ>[Æ. ÷‡m
÷BuÁÔºB” ®™© AÔμÕm k∫˛™Ï. º\›>V°D, “¸kVt!
ÂVºB[ ∂§BVÁ\BV_ ÿƒF> ÷Àk√´V>›Á>© ÿ√VÆ›>Ú·
ºkı|D” ®™© ∏´VÏ›]¬Ô ¸kVtÔ”D ÂÁÔ›m “÷‡m {Ï
ºkΩ¬ÁÔ; ¿sÏ ∂fiƒuÔ” ®[Æ ˛ÚÁ√ ÌÏÕ>Úπ™Ï.
ÿÂ_ÁÈl_ È‚ƒ y√D
¸kVtÔ^ ∂©√V_ n©√E \V>›]_ ŒÚ ÂV^ \VÁÈ
∏´º>V≠ >ˆƒ™›]uÔVÔ p ÔVÕ]\]BDÁ\ ºÔVlou ÿƒ[Æ
ÿÂ_ÁÈB©√Á´•D Ôı| c^·∫Ôπ›m c‚ºÔVlÁÈ kÈD
kÚD º√Vm, ∂∫z ∂]Ô y√D Ák›]Ú›>ÁÈ ºÂV¬˛
∂∫˛ÚÕ>kÏÔÁ·, “÷m ºÔVl_ ∞u√V¶V? ∂_Èm ka√V¶V?”
®[Æ s™k, ∂kÏÔ^, “∂m ºÔVl_ \ËBD ∑©∏´\ËB
∏^Á·BV_ BVƒÔD ®|›m WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶m” ®[≈™Ï.
¸kVtÔ^ sƒVˆ›>Á> ∂§Õm \ËBxD ∂∫z kÕm E´º\u
...35...
ÁÔÌ©∏B kıD m]›m ]ÚkΩÔπ_ √ËÕm WuÔ, “¿sÏ ÷¬
ÁÔ∫ÔˆB›Á> s¶Vm ÷Bu§ kVÚD. ®_ÈVD k_È ÷Á≈k[
c\¬z ®_ÈV ÂÈxD >Õ>Ú^kV[” ®[Æ ¸kVtÔ^
gÊÏk]›>™Ï. ∂©ÿ√Vøm ∑©∏´\ËB ∏^Á· *ı|D
¸kVtÔÁ·© √ËÕm ]Ú ∂™Õ>A´›]_ Á>fl ƒ∫Ô´VÕ]l_
¶¬zD È‚ƒy√Dº√V_ ∂›>È›]KD ŒÚxÁ≈ ÷Bu§› >ˆE›>_
ºkı|D ®™°D ¸kVtÔπ[ ÔÚÁlÚ©∏[ ¶¬zD ®™°D
̧™Ï.
¸kVtÔ^, “∂©√ΩºB BVzÔ” ®[Æ Ì§, \ÆÂV^
\ÔVo∫Ô y≥>Ï x>oB √ıΩ>ÏÔÁ· k´kÁw›m, È‚ƒy√
s]ÁB•D ƒV¸]´ xÁ≈©√Ω ¶›> ºkıΩB ∞u√V|ÔÁ·•D
z§›m ƒD√V¥›>™Ï. ∑\VÏ ‘√VF √]Á™BVl´D ÿƒ_Kÿ\™›
ÿ>ˆÕm, ƒ>VEk>ÚkVΩBVÏ, ÿÂ_ÁÈB©√ ∏^Á·, >·kVF
÷´V\ƒVt x>oBVÏ x>oB √¬>ÏÔ”¶[ ]ÚÿÂ_ÁÈÁBfl
ÛμÕ> ˛´V\∫Ô”¬z ¸kVtÔ· s¤BD ÿƒFm, gı¶k–¬z
È‚ƒ y√D ÷¶ºkı|D ®™¬ z§©∏‚¶™Ï. ∑\VÏ ÷Ú√]™Vl´D
‘√VF ˛Á¶›>m. ∂>[∏[ √]ÿ™VÚ]™D \«VÚ›]´V∏º≠ÔD
ºk>√V´VBD, ÷]ÔVƒ A´V√¶™D, Û>vDN>V©√¶™D,
ƒÕ>Ï©√Á™, ÂV™Vs> kV›]B ºÔV≠D x>oB E≈©A¶–D
Ekÿ√Ú\V–¬z ∂∏º≠Ô ∂ÏflƒÁ™ AˆÕm, ∂[Æ ÷´°
p√oÂV>Á´ ®øÕ>Úπs›>KD È‚ƒy√ swV°D ÿƒFm
√¬>ˆ[ sÚ©√›Á>© ØÏ›] ÿƒF>™Ï.
˛.∏. 1864áD kÚ≠D Á> \V>D ]∫Ô‚˛wÁ\ ∂\VkVÁƒ
]ÚºkVD Â≥ƒ›]´xD, ∂Ï>º>V>B AıËB ÔVÈxD ÌΩB
Â[™Vπ_, Â_ºÈV´V_ g´D∏¬Ô© ÿ√u≈ È‚ƒ y√ swV ∂[Æ
x>_ ÷[Æ kÁ´ gÆ gı|Ô”¬z ŒÚxÁ≈ ¶Õm
kÚ˛[≈m. ∂ÀkÚ≠D È‚ƒ y√›]_ ÿƒÈkV™m º√VÔ tfiEB
...36...
ÿ√VÚÁ· ÿk^πB∫˛ˆ kVEBV™ ®Dÿ√Ú\V–¬z¬ ]Ús·¬z
∞u≈ ŒÚ >∫Ô› y√xD, ÿk^π› y√xD ÿƒFk]_ ÿƒÈs‚¶™Ï.
÷´s_ sÚ≠√V‘¶´VÔ cuƒk JÏ›]ÔÁ· ®øÕ>Ú”s›>m
ÔıÿÔV^·Vfl ºƒÁk. ∂∫z ÌΩB √¬>ÏÔ”¬z
ºBV¬˛BÁ>¬z› >¬Ô√Ω ÿkz\V™D ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶™.
E›>Õ ÿ>πB ƒV>™D á Ek √¤Á™
÷ÀkVÆ È‚ƒ y√›Á>fl E≈©√VÔ Â¶›], ]ÚÿÂ_ºkol_
EÈ ÂV^ √¤Á™ \¶›]_ kÕ]Ú¬ÁÔl_, ºÔV.E>D√´D ∏^Á·
kÕm ¸kVtÔπ[ ]ÚkΩ¬Ô\È∫Ôπ_ k∫˛, >[Á™•D
g‚ÿÔV^· ºkı|ÿ\[Æ ∏´VÏ›]›>VÏ. ∂>uz ¸kVtÔ^,
“∂©√V ! ∂≈kVa ∂Õ>[ >V^ ºƒÏÕ>VϬz ∂_ÈV_ ∏≈kVa
¿Õ>_ ∂ˆm; ∂ˆ•D ∂B–D ÔVV ∂´Á™ ka√‚| √¤Á™
√ıbkº> c›>\\VzD. √¬]l™VºÈ √¬] k·Úk>[§ ºkÆ
ƒV>™›>V_ ∂[Æ. ∂[Á√ ∂[∏™V_ k·Ï›mkˆ[ >uº√V>D
÷wÕm cıÁ\BV™ ∂–√kV™Õ>D ∂Á¶Õm, ƒÔ kΩkD ¿¬˛,
∑Ô kΩk\VÔ ∏´ÔVE›]Ú¬ÔÈVD. E›>D cÚzk>uzfl
Ek√¤Á™ºB E≈Õ> ƒV>™D” ®[Æ Ì§ ∂©√¤Á™ \¶›]ºÈºB
÷Ú›], √¤Á™Ô^ ƒˆk´ ¶›mD√Ω g¬QV∏›>VÏ.
∏^Á·BkÏÔ”D ∂ÀkVÁl[√Ω ¶Õm gEˆBÏ √V>›]_
TμÕm ∂–\] ÿ√uÆ ∂·sÈV g™Õ>D ÿ√u≈VÏ.

...37...
 nÕ>Vkm ∂›]BVBD
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔº· \«V vÕW>V™D
¸kVtÔ^ √¤Á™ \¶›]_ >∫˛ ÷ÚÕ> ÿ√Vøm EÚ∫ºÔˆ
\¶V]√] ¤Ô›zÚ p ƒ∫Ô´VƒVˆBVÏ ]ÚÿÂ_ºko¬z s¤BD
ÿƒF>VÏ. ∂fl ƒ\BD p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ ¿∫ÔÈVÔ \u≈ ByÕ>´Ï
BVkÚD ]ÚxÔD ÿ√uÆ gƒVˆBVÁ·› >ˆE¬Ô kÕ]Ú¬Ô¬
Ôı|, ¤Ô›zÚ ∂>[ ÔV´D ∂§Õm p ∑Õ>´Á´ ∂Áw©∏›m
kÚD√Ω gfiQV∏›>VÏ. EiBˆ_ ŒÚkÏ ∂ÀkVÁl[√Ω
ÿƒ[Æ ÿkz ƒVmˆB\VF º√E ¸kVtÔÁ· ∂Áw›mk´ ¤Ô›zÚ
>Vº™ ∑Õ>´Á´ ∂Áw›m ŒÚ ]Ú gƒ™›]ºÈ ∂\Ï›], ∂∫z
p ∑Õ>´Ïº\_ ∂∏©∏´VB º√>∫ÿÔVı| p xÔD
∂–©√V\oÚÕ> ƒÁ√lK^º·VÏ BVkÚD ∂§B ¤Ô›zÚ p
∑Õ>´ˆ[ \˛Á\ÁB sk´\VÔ ®|›mÁ´›mD ∂kÏ ∂k>V´
AÚ≠º´ ®[ÆD ]ÚkVF \ÈÏÕ>Úπ™VÏÔ^. ÷Á>¬ºÔ‚¶ ∏≈z
BVkÚD º√>Á\ ¿∫Ô© ÿ√uÆ, ¸kVtÔπ[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB
∂§Õ>™Ï. p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ”D ∂[Æ x>_ ÷[ÆD √È´V_
\«V vÕW>V™D ®[º≈ kw∫Ô©√‚| kÚ˛[≈VÏ.
\ÈB\ÁÈ› >kD
ºkM_ kÕ>mD \«V vÕW>V™D ÿ√V]ÁÔ \ÁÈ
∂Á¶Õm, g∫z^· k™∫ÔπºÈ >M›]ÚÕm >kD ÿƒFm >M©
ÿ√VÚÁ· ÂV¶sÚD∏™Ï. ∂kÏ >kfi ÿƒF> ÔVÁÈ xMkÏ
ÿ√Ú\Vÿ™VÚkÏ ∂∫z kÕm ∑Õ>´Ú¬z ÔV‚E >Õm E≈Õ> ÿƒF]
Œ[ÆD ÿƒV_o© º√Vl™Ï. ∂D\«V \Õ]´›Á> c√º>E›m
\Á≈Õ> \«V[ \Á≈BkÏ zÈ]ÈÔxD, \ÈB \ÁÈl[
>ÁÈkÚD, >\m Œ©√u≈ QV™›>kkoÁ\BV_
ÁkBÔxøÁ\•D kVwfl ÿƒF>ÚπBkÚ\V™ ∂Ô¸]Bº´ ®[Æ
Ì≈V\ºÈ s·∫zD \ÈB \ÁÈl_ \™›]u˛MB >kD AˆÕ>
∏[™Ï, \«V vÕW>V™D √È ¸>È∫ÔÁ·•D kaºB >ˆE›m¬
zƬz›mÁ≈ kÕm ºƒÏÕ>VÏ.
...38...
 ƒÏkD Ek\BD
z\´ºk^ k]•D ∂¬zƬz›mÁ≈l_ \«V vÕW>V™D
kE›> ÔVÈ›]_ ]D\´V¤A´D Ek¸kVtÔ^ ®[√kÏ ¸kVtÔÁ·›
>ˆE›m, ∂–¬˛´«D ÿ√uÆ Ì¶ºk kE›m kÕ>VÏ. ∂º™Ô
ʶÏÔ^ ∂∫z kÕm ∂kÁ´¬ ÔVbD ÿ√Vøm, \«V vÕW>V™D
∂k´kÏ √ˆ√VÔ›m¬z› >¬Ô√Ω EÈÚ¬z gΩ©√VΩ c^·D
ÔEÕmÚ˛© √´\Ek[ ]Ú°ÚÁk¬ Ôı| Ôπ›m› m]›m©
√¤Á™ ÿƒFkº> cE>D ®[ÆD, EÈϬz, E´kD, \™™D,
E≈Õ>m ®[ÆD, \uÆD EÈϬz ƒzJÏ›]ÁB› ]BVM›m
xÁ≈©√Ω c√VE›>_ Â_Èm ®[ÆD ̧™VÏ. EÈ
ÂVÁ·¬ÿÔ_ÈVD ºƒÁ≈ ÿƒ·Õ>´ √VıΩB[ ∏^Á· ®[–D ŒÚ
√¬>Ï kÕm, \«V vÕW>V™›][ ]ÚkΩÔÁ· k∫˛
∂ΩºBÁ™ g‚ÿÔVı¶Ú· ºkı|ÿ\™ ºkıΩ™Ï.
ºkı|kVϬz ºkı|k™ ∂π¬zD \«VvÕW>V™xD,
‘‘Á\Õ> ! ∏´D\ QV™D Œ[º≈ x¬]¬zˆBm. ∂Õ> ÿ\FB§Ák
ÿ\FB§kVºÈ ÔV ºkı|D. ÷Ú©√>VÔ› º>V[≈KD,
÷[√\VÔ¬ ÔVı¶KD √È°Úk∫ ÿÔVı| √È ÿ√B´V_
∂Áw¬Ô©√|>K\V˛B ∏´√fiƒ© ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ· cıÁ\BVÔ©
√VϬ˛[ Ek›Á>B[§ ºkÆ gÔVm. Ekº\ ®_ÈVD ®™›
º>Ï>ºÈ ÿ\FB§kVD’’ ®[≈VÏ.
∂ˆB ∂–√k ´vVB™D
‘ÔV>u≈ ªE•D kV´Vm ÔVıÔÁ¶ sa¬ºÔ’ ®[≈ ŒÚ EÆ
kVƒÔ›Á>fl ÿƒs•u≈ \V›]´›]_ c^·›m≈° ÿ√u≈ Œ©√u≈
√‚Ω™›>ΩÔ^ º√V_ ÷ÀkΩBVÚD \«V vÕW>V™›][ c√º>ƒ
ÿ\Va©√Ω ∂¬Ôº\ ∂ˆB ÿ√VÚÁ· g´VFÕm, ®_ÈVD
cıÁ\BVF© √VϬzD º√Vm Ek\VF s·∫˛ Wu≈ÁÈ•ÏÕm,
E›>D Ek\V˛› º>ÔkVƒÁ™BuÆfl ƒ\V]•u≈VÏ. ∂©√V_
ÿÂ|ºÂ´fi ÿƒ[Æ ƒ\V]lM[ÆD sa›m zÚÂV>ˆ[
ÿ√V[\Ȉ_ √[xÁ≈•D √ËÕm, ‘‘¸kVt! cÈÔ›]uzD
c√ÔV´\Vz\VÆ ¸kV– Ø]ÁB ®π]_ Â[z cÏ›mD
ŒÚ±_ ÿƒF>Ú· ºkı|D” ®™© ∏´VÏ›]¬Ô,
...39...
\«VvÕW>V™xD, ∂ÀkVº≈ ‘‘¸kV– Ø] ´vVB™D” ®[–D
∂ˆB ±ÁÈfl ÿƒF>Úπ™Ï. ´vVB™ Œ·≠>D c¶o[ J©A
∏ËÔÁ· ∂ÔuÆkm º√V_ ¸kVtÔ^ ÿÔV|›> ´vVB™xD
g[\Vs[ ∏≈©A, ÷≈©A, m[√D, ÷kuÁ≈ ∂ÔuÆk>V_
÷Á>•D c‚ÿÔV^”>_ ÂÈD ∂[º≈?
∂¬ÔVÈ›]_ ŒÚÂVπ´° \«V vÕW>V™xD
∂¬zƬz›mÁ≈l[ ŒÚ A≈›m^· J∫˛u √ıÁ¬z^
ƒ\V] ÿƒFm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬Ô, ÿƒ·Õ>´√VıΩB[ ∏^Á· \«V
vÕW>V™›Á>© √È ÷¶∫ÔπKD º>Ω¬ÔVVm kÚÕmD ƒ\BD
]ÚkÚ^ z§¬Ô› ÿ>ˆÕm J∫˛u √ıÁBÚ˛_ kÕm
vVi¶V∫Ô\VF© √ËÕm W[≈mD, \«V vÕW>V™D
ÿkπkÕm >ˆƒ™D >Õm c√º>ƒ ÿ\Va AÔ[≈™Ï.
\«V vÕW>V™›][ Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ s¤BD.
∂©√V_ Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶l_ kE¬zD Œ‚|›]ıÁ©
√´º>EÔ^, \«V vÕW>V™›Á> kÕm >ˆE©√>uz sÚDAkÁ>›
ÿ>ˆÕm ∂ΩBVÏÔ”¬z cˆB ]Úº\MÔ·V˛B \«V vÕW>V™D
∂[§´ºk Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶¬z© A≈©√‚¶™Ï. \ÆÂV‚ ÔVÁÈl_
kw¬ÔDº√V_ √VıΩB[ ∏^Á· \«V vÕW>V™›Á>© √VϬÔ
kÕm ÔVVm, >VÁB© ∏ˆÕ> Ô[Á≈© º√V_ c^·Õ>·ÏÕm,
>ÚkVΩBVÏ ÷_ÈD ºƒÏÕm \«VvÕW>V™D AmÁÔ ÿƒ[≈
ÿƒF]ÁB¬ ºÔ‚| c¶[ sÁ´Õm >V–D AmÁÔ ºƒÏÕ>VÏ.
AmÁÔ¬z \«V vÕW>V™D s¤BD ÿƒF]Ú©√Á>¬ ºÔ‚¶
∂©√]l[Ôı kE¬zD √¬> EÔV\ËBV˛B ´V\ƒV¸]ˆÔ^ \«V
vÕW>V™›Á> ∂Á¶Õm ∂–¬˛´«D ÿ√uÆfl ∑kV–√kfl
ÿƒ_k´VF c›>\ EiB´VF s·∫˛B ƒV¸]ˆÔπ[ z|D√›]™Ï
BVkÚD \«V vÕW>V™›][ º√´[A¬z© ÿ√ˆmD ~|√‚¶™Ï.
∏[™Ï, ∑©√´VB Ek[, ´Vx√VÔk>Ï, ´V\¸kVt ƒV¸]ˆÔ^,
∂©AÂVBÔÏ x>oB ®_ÈVÚD ÌΩ \«V vÕW>V™›Á>© º√Vu§
`>vDN>V© ∏´ƒ∫Ô›Á> nÕm ÂVπ_ ¶›]›>´
ºkı|ÿ\[Æ ºÔ‚|¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï.
...40...
\«V vÕW>V™xD >tμÂV‚Ω_ >MB´ƒÏ ÂV¶V˛B
AmÁÔBD√]l_ ÿ>[™V|, k¶ÂV| x>oB
√[™V|ÔπoÚÕmD kÕm ÛμÕ]ÚÕ> s›k¤™ \ı¶√›][
Â|ºk T´Vƒ™›]_ ∂\ÏÕm ºk>© ÿ√VÚ^ WÁ≈Õ>
`>vDNÁ>l[ ÿƒDÿ√VÚÁ·fl ÿƒV_ÈKu≈VÏ.
¸]ZÔ^ QV™D ÿ√Æ>uz cˆBÏ
∂›>Ú›]_ g∫zfl E´kD ÿƒFm kÕ> EÈ
ºk]BÏÔ^ ¸]ZÔ”¬zD Û›]´Ú¬zD QV™ sƒV´›]_ ∂]ÔV´D
˛Á¶BVÿ>™fl ∑Ú]l_ ÿƒV_È©√‚ΩÚ¬Ô, ~¸k´© ∏´vV>›>V_
QV™D ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD ®π]_ ˛Á¶¬zD ®[Æ \«V vÕW>V™D
ÿƒV_km ®∫Ù™D ÿ√VÚÕmD ®[Æ ∂kÏ ÔV]_ √|D√Ω
kV]›>™Ï. ∂©ÿ√Vøm, “÷flƒÕº>Ô›Á> ÷Á≈kº™ ÷∫z
WkÏ›]©√V[” ®[Æ \«V vÕW>V™D ̧™VÏ. ∂Õ>fl ƒ\B›]_
´V\¸kVt ƒV¸]ˆÔ^ nÕm kBm^· EkÔVt ®[–D
>Dÿ√ıÁ¬ ÁÔlu ∏Ω›m¬ÿÔVı| \«V vÕW>V™›Á>›
>D ÷_È›]_ ∏Á≥ ÿÔV^”\VÆ ∂Áw›>VÏ. \«V
vÕW>V™D ∂¬zwÕÁ>ÁB› >\m ÷¶m ÁÔBV_ ∏Ω›>Áw›m,
“zwÕ>VF! c™¬z ®[™ ºkı|D” ®™¬ ºÔ‚¶VÏ.
∂¬zwÕÁ>•D “ÿ√ˆBVÁ´› >ˆE›>ÁÈ•D QV™V™Õ>›]_
JμÔ ºkı|kÁ>•D >sÏ›m ºkº≈ ºkı|km ®[™?” ®™
sÁ¶Bπ›>m. \«V vÕW>V™D “∂ÀkVº≈ gzÔ” ®™
kV¬Ôπ›m› >D kÈm ÁÔl™V_ zwÕÁ>l[ ÿÂu§l_
sØ]l‚|fl E[x›]Á´ ÿƒFms›m T‚ΩÁ™Bπ¬zD ŒÚ
ÿ\Va c√º>E›m T‚Ωuz ∂–©√, T| kÕ>mD ∂¬zwÕÁ>
c√º>E›> ÿ\VaÔÁ·fl EÕ]›mfl ƒ\V]l_ ∂\ÏÕ>m.
÷Ú¤V\∫Ô·V˛•D zwÕÁ> sa¬Ô s_ÁÈ. √ÈÏ
sÚD∏© √VÏ›mD ÿkπ cÈÔ skÔV´›]uz ∂m k´s_ÁÈ.
÷Á> ®_ºÈVÚD >ˆE›m gflƒˆB¬ ÌflƒK¶[ >D \™›]K^·
∂ø¬zÔ^ ¿∫˛ \«V vÕW>V™›][ ∂ˆB cÁ´¬z ®]Ï
cÁ´BVΩB ÿ√ÚD ∏ÁwÁB cÏÕm c^·D
...41...
cÚ˛ QV™ ∂]ÔV´ xÁ≈ÿ>ˆÕm g™Õ> √´kƒ\Vl™Ï.
\V›]BV[MÔ ÔVÈD kÕ>mD ®_ºÈVÚD ؤV–i¶V™›]uzfl
ÿƒ[≈VÏÔ^. zwÕÁ> ®øÕ]Ú¬Ô ºkı|ÿ\™ ®]Ï√VÏ›>]_
º√V¤™ ÔVÈxD ÿƒ[≈>V_ ∂©º√Vm ∂Às¶D kÕ]ÚÕ> ÿk∫z
ƒV¸]ˆÔ^ zflEl_ mËÁBfl ∑u§ J¬˛o‚¶VÏ. zwÕÁ>
ÿÔVfiƒD ÔıÁ ]≈ÕmD sa¬Ô \™t_ÁÈÿB™
cÏ›mk>VF x[º√V_ ÔıÔÁ· JΩ¬ÿÔVı¶m. ∏[™Ï
\«V vÕW>V™D ∂∫z s¤BD ÿƒFm >\m ∂[√VÏÕ> Ê>·
Ô´›>V_ zwÕÁ>ÁB› >¶s, gÔV´D ÿÔV|›m ∏´¬ÁQ kÚD√Ω
ÿƒF>VÏ. ∂¬zwÕÁ>l[ \V>V∏>V¬Ô^ \«V vÕW>V™›Á>©
√ËÕm, “¸kVt! º√VmD. º>kZÏ ÔÚÁ ÌÏÕm zwÕÁ>ÁB¬
ÔV©√VuÆD” ®™ ºkı¶, zwÕÁ> ®øÕm sÁ·BV¶›
ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm. ∂¬zwÕÁ> ∂Õ> ∂–¬˛´«›Á> \≈kVm
]ÚflE´V√^π© A[Á™kVlo_ ]ÀsB ƒ´¸ tÚ]ºBV|
÷[ÆD ∑Ô\VÔ kVμ˛[≈V·VD. ÷À Ák√kD x>_ ÂV^
∏´ƒ∫Ô›]_ ¶Õ>m.
÷´ı¶VD ÂV^ √¶™D
\ÆÂV^ ∏´ƒ∫ÔxD ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. ∂[Æ ´V\¸kVt
ƒV¸]ˆÔ^ kıΩ¬ÔV´™V™ ∂´∫Ô¬ºÔV[ ®[√k[ ∏´ƒ∫Ô
\›]l_ \«VvÕW>V™›][ √V>∫Ôπ_ TμÕm √¬]
º\D√V‚¶V_ c^·∫zÁwÕm, g™Õ> ÂVÏ›>™fi ÿƒF>V[.
º\KD “BV[ ∏´D\ ¸k‘√D” ®[Æ c´¬Ô ÿ\VaÕm ºk>VÕ>
>›mk∫ÔÁ· s·¬˛™V™VD. ÷ÀsÚ ƒD√k∫Ô·V_ x[Á™fl
ƒ∫˛›>kÏ ®_ºÈVÚD nBD ¿∫Ô©ÿ√uÆ, ˝k Â]Ôπ_ kÚ™m
ÔÚÁl™V_ ÿ√Úÿk^·D A´ı| kÚDÿ√Vøm
÷Ú¬ÔÁ´ÔπKx^· √^·∫ÔπKD ªuÆ©ÿ√Ú¬ÿÔ|›m› >D
*m^· ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·•D ÷ø›m sÁ´Õm ÿƒ[Æ ºƒÏ›>_º√VÈ,
˝k[ x¬>ÏÔ·m ÿ√Ú∫ÔÚÁ© ∏´kVÔ ∂Ú‚ √VÏÁk
√]Õ>kÏÔ^ c^·∫Ôπ_ Ek√¬] ®[–D ∂Ú^\Vˆ ÿ√VaB›
>D ÷_ÈDÿƒ[≈™Ï. ÷À°Á´Ôπ[ cıÁ\ÁB s·¬Ô \«V
vÕW>V™D ¸]ZÔÁ·•D Û›]´ÏÔÁ·•D ʶ´VF ∂∫ˇÔˆ›m
∂kÏÔ”¬z QV™D AÔ‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ
Û>vDN>V©√¶™D nÕm ÂV”D ¶պ>§Bm.
...42...
 ºk>VÕ> Û›]´ √ViB›]_ p ƒ∫Ô´ √Ôk›√V>Ï Ì§B
kıD, ∂Õ>[ ÂV[z kÚ›>VÚ¬zD s›]BV>V™D
ÿƒFB ºkıΩBk[ ®[Æ Ì≈©√¶s_ÁÈBV? ÷]ÔVƒ
A´V∫Ô^ ÂV[ÔVkm kÚ›>VÚ¬zD >›mk∫ÔÁ·
s·¬Ôk[º≈V ∞u√‚¶™. c√ÂB™D ®[≈ vD¸ÔV´D ÿ√uÆ
∏´D\ƒVˆB s´>›m¶[ zÚzÈkVƒD ÿƒFm ºk>›Á>
∂›]BB™D ÿƒFkm ms¤ÏÔ”¬z \V›]´D cˆBm. ∞Á™ºBVÏ
>›mk∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√ˆºBVÏÔπ¶D ÔuÆ cÏk>uz©
√V›]´º´BVkÏ. Û›]´´VF© ∏≈ÕmD ØÏk¤[\ vD¸ÔV´ kƒ›>V_
>›mkQV™ \Á¶Õ> sm´Á´•D >Ú\sBV>´Á™•D √Ôk›√V>Ï
®|›m c>V«ˆ¬˛≈VÏ. Û›]´Ï ®[Æ sBkÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂©√Ï
¸kVtÔ^ >uÔVÈ›]KD ÿ>Fk\VÔ ∂Õ>´VKD
g>ˆ¬Ô©√¶s_ÁÈBV? Ô©ÿ√Vø]_ Eko∫Ô›]M¶D
º√´[AtzÕm >D ÔıÁ© √§ÿÔV|›> ºk|kˆ[ √¬]BVkm
Ák´V¬˛B\Vkm ∂_Èm ∂Às´ı¶VKD c]›> QV™\Vkm
Ô_sBV_ kÕ>>V? ÷_ÁÈ. xu∏≈©∏[ >k©√Bº™ ∂[º≈V?
g>o[ g¶kÚD ÿ√ıΩÚD, BVkÚD QV™D ÿ√Æk>uz
cˆBk´VD ®[Æ ∞u√|˛[≈m.
Euƒº√ƒˆ^ ʈB cÚk©√¶D
÷ÀkVÆ \«VvÕW>V™D Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶l_ kE›m
kÚ∫ÔV_ ∂ˆ\·D Ek´V\[ ÿƒ‚ΩBVÚD AmkB_ ∂wÔ©√
ÿƒ‚ΩBVÚD ∂k´m \NÁ\ÁB¬ ºÔ^s©√‚|, ÷ÚkÚD kÕm
>ˆE›mfl ʶ´V˛ c√º>ƒD ÿ√uÆ c¶[ kE›m© √ËsÁ¶
÷Bu§¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏÔ^. ∂›>Ú›]_ >fiÁƒloÚÕm ŒÚ
sBV√Vˆ ]_ÁÈ› ]Ú¶™¬ ÔV‚E kÁ´Õ> √¶ÿ\V[Á≈¬
ÿÔV´, ∂Á>¬ Ôı¶ \«VvÕW>V™D ckÕm ∂m ØÁ¤¬z
cˆBm ®[≈VÏ. ]Ú°·¬ ÔÚ›m ∂§Õ> Ê¶Ï Ek´V\[ ÿƒ‚ΩBVÏ
∂>Á™ cˆB sÁÈ ÿÔV|›m kV∫˛ \«V vÕW>V™›]¶D
ƒ\Ï∏›>™Ï. \«VvÕW>V™xD ]_ÁÈÂV>[

...43...
]Ú°Úk©√¶›Á>› ]ÚÿÂ_ºko √¤Á™ \¶›]_ ¸>V∏¬Ô
∞u√V| ÿƒFB¬ ÔÚ], \VV¬ÔÚ¶[ ]ÚÿÂ_ºko ÿƒ[Æ
√¶›Á>© ∏´]iÁ¶ ÿƒFm E>D√´D ∏^Á·BkÏÔÁ· √¤Á™,
ØÁ¤ x>ÈV™kuÁ≈fl ÿƒFm kÚD√Ω g¬QV∏›m ∂∫z
EÈÂV^ >∫˛™Ï.
>D ÿƒB_Ô”¬z ŒÚ ∏´\VD
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶l_ kE¬zDÿ√Vøm \uÆD ŒÚ WÔμflE
¶Õ>m. ∂k´m AÔÁw¬ ºÔ^s•uÆ© √È ]ÁƒÔπM[ÆD √¬>
Ô∫Ô^ kÕm WÁ≈Õ>™Ï. ∂kÏÔ”^ ºƒ≠©√V ®[–D ŒÚ
∏´V\Ï \«V vÕW>V™›]¶D kÕm, “¿Ï ÿƒF•D ÿƒB_ÔÁ·
BV°D ¤VÈ∫Ô^. ¤™∫Ô^ c\m ∏´\›]_ ∂Ô©√‚|¬ ÿÔ|D√Ω
ƒ¬]W√V>D ®[–D sBV¤›>V_ m^π sø˛SÏ. ÷Á> ÷[Æ
x>_ WÆ›> ºkı|D. ∂_Èm, ∂–√k© ∏´\V›>V_ W‘∏¬Ô
ºkı|D” ®[Æ Ì§™VÏ. ÷Á>¬ ºÔ‚¶ \«VvÕW>V™D E§mD
ºÔV√\Á¶BV\_ ºƒFÿ\Va ºÔ‚¶ >VÁB©º√V_ ∂›>Úº\
∂sBV¤ ÔÚÁBV_ ∂Õ> ºƒ≠©√VÁk¬ Ô¶V≥ yÁ≥ ÿƒFB
∂k´m ƒZ´D ∂Õ> T‚Ω_ º√V‚ΩÚÕ> #mk·D √Õ>o[º\_
ƒ¬] W√V>›>V_ m^πsøÕ>m. ∂Á´xÌÏ›>DkÁ´
®øÕ]Ú¬Ôºkl_ÁÈ. ∂>Á™¬Ôı¶ BVkÚD ∂]ƒB xu≈™Ï.
∂©√V_ sa©Au≈ ºƒ≠©√V°D g™Õ> √Vi√D c]ÚD
ÔıÔº·V| \«VvÕW>V™›][ ]ÚkΩÔπ_ TμÕm ∑›> v›k
zDÿ√uÆ, c^·D cÚ˛, c›>\ √¬>Ú^ >VxD ŒÚk´V™VÏ.
]ÀsB ´>D
∂>[ ∏[™Ï \«V vÕW>V™D >D ∂[√ÏÔ”¶[ p
E>D√´º≥›]´D ∂Á¶Õm, zfiE>√V>Á´› >ˆE›m EkÔVt
∂DÁ\¬z x›>¬ÔV√‚Ω ¤*[>VˆËl[ ÿ√VÚ”>sBV_
]ÀsB ´>D Œ[Æ ÿƒFm ƒ\Ï©∏›>VÏÔ^.

...44...
 ]Ú\ÁÈ º¤V]
∂∫˛ÚÕm \«VvÕW>V™D ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ ÿƒ[Æ
]Ú\ÁÈÁB kÈD kÚÁÔl_, ~ƒV™]Áƒ ∂Á¶Õ>mD >D
∂ΩBVÏÔÁ· ºÂV¬˛© ÷©√Ïk>›Á> ºÂV¬z∫ÔV_ ÷›]Ú\ÁÈ
º¤V] \ÁÈBVF¬ ÔV‚EBπ›>KD, “®_ÈVD k_È ÷Á≈k[
∏´D\V sibÔ”¬z º¤V] ‘√\VF¬ ÔV‚EBπ›>√Ω ÂV∫Ô”D
>∫Ô^ ÔÚÁBV_ ÷© √´fiº¤V] kΩkVÔ› >ˆE›º>VD” ®™©
º√Vu§ \˛μÕ>™Ï.
∂–√k ´v\fiƒˆ ∂Ú”>_
∂>[ º\_ ∂Às¶D s‚|© A≈©√‚|, z¶ÕÁ> x>oB
Ekº≥›]´∫Ô^ √ÈkuÁ≈•D >ˆE›m› ]ÚÿÂ_ÁÈBD√] kÕm
ºƒÏÕ>VÏ. ®∫z ÿƒ[≈VKD x¬˛B\V™ ʶÏÔ^ ̶ºk ÿƒ_kÏ.
®∫zD ∏´ƒ∫Ô∫Ô”D Û>vDN>V©√¶™xD ¶©√m cı|.
¤™∫Ô^ ∂k´m ∂x> kVƒÔ›Á>¬ ºÔ‚|, ∂flƒ\B›]ÈVkm
\™xÚ˛ ~ƒÁ™ kø›>V>kÏ ÷_ÁÈ. >DÁ\ ÿÂÚ∫˛BıΩ©
√ËÕ>kϬz, “÷kÏÔ^ √´\Ek™m ∂ΩBVÏÔ^” ®[Æ BVkÚD
√VÏ›> \V›]´›]_ ∂§•D kıD ∞Ô Ú›]´V≥D Ôø›]_
÷|s›m ÿÂu§l_ ]Ú¿ÆD kVl_ ]ÚÂV\xD ®©ÿ√VømD
mÈ∫zD√Ω ÿƒFs›>VÏ. ]ÚÿÂ_ºko √¤Á™ \¶›]_
÷Ú¬zDº√Vm ®fiEÃB´V¨¸ Á´‚¶Ï ÔVÕ]\]ÂV> ∏^Á·
\«VvÕW>V™›Á>› >ˆE›m ŒÚ ʶ´V™VÏ. ∂ÀºkÁ·l_
>ÚkVΩBVÏ ∑kV–Ø] ´vVB™›Á>© √u§ \«VvÕW>V™›]¶D
√V¶D ºÔ‚√Á>©√VÏ›m› >V–D E´kD √ıË™VÏ. ∂k´m
ºkı|ºÔVπ[√Ω \«VvÕW>V™xD ¸kV–√k ´v\fiƒˆ
®[≈ ƒV¸]´›Á> ÷Bu§BÚπ™VÏ.
√´\Ekº™ ∂π›> √fiƒV[™D
∏[™Ï \«VvÕW>V™D ÷´Vº\¸k´ BV›]Á´ ÿƒFB
c›º>E›m, \Æ√Ω•D Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ kÕm >DÁ\ s‚| ∏ˆBV>
ʶڶ[ A≈©√‚¶VÏ. ]Ú©√›#Ï kÕ>mD, ∂∫z ÷´s_>∫˛ ÷´V\
EkÁ™BÁw›m, “÷´V©º√V¤™›]uz ∞ø Ô‚Ω ∂[™D
...45...
ºÔVso_ kV∫˛ kVÚD” ®™¬ Ô‚¶Á·l¶, ∂kÚD c¶º™
ºÔVl_ √ˆƒV´ÔÁ™¬ Ôı| ∏´ƒV>D ºÔ‚Ô, ∂kÏ “÷flƒ\B›]_
∑›>V[™D >V[ ˛Á¶¬zD. ∂Ï›>¤V\\V˛_ √fiƒV[™xD
˛Á¶¬zD. cD ÷i¶D ®[™?” ®[Æ ºÔ‚¶VÏ. ∂>uz ÷´V\Ek[,
∂Ï›> ¤V\›]_ kÕm √fiƒV[™\VÔ ∞ø Ô‚ΩÔ^ kV∫˛¬
ÿÔV^k>VÔ¬ ̧, \«VvÕW>V™›]¶D kÕm ¶Õ>Á>›
ÿƒV[™VÏ. ®_ÈVÚD \«VvÕW>V™›][ Ô>V© ∏´ƒ∫ÔDºÔ‚|¬
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>>V_ ÿ√Vøm º√V™m ÿ>ˆBV\_ ÷´° ŒÚ
\ËBVluÆ. ∏´ƒ∫ÔD xΩÕ>mD ºBVÔWÁÈ ºÂV¬˛fl ÿƒ[≈VÏ
÷´V\Ek[. Ô>° Ø‚¶©√‚| ÿkzºÂ´\V™Á>
\«VvÕW>V™›]M¶›]_ ÿ>ˆs¬Ô, \«VvÕW>V™xD
“÷[§´° c√kVƒ›>V_ ®Àk·ºkV √È–ı|” ®[Æ Ì≈,
BVkÚD ƒBM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏÔ^. E§m ºÂ´›]uÿÔ_ÈVD
ÔÚÁB∫Ô¶ÈV™ ~ƒ[ ∂¬ºÔVl_ √ˆƒV´Ô[º√V_ ¸kVtÔ^
√|›]ÚÕ> ÷¶D kÕm, “]ÚÿÂ_ºkoloÚÕm kÕ> ∏´V\Ï
®∫ºÔ?” ®[Æ s™k, p ∑Õ>´Ï sa›m¬ÿÔVı| “BVm ÿƒF]”
®[Æ ºÔ‚¶VÏ. kÕ> √ˆƒV´ÔÚD, “∂[™D ºÔ‚¶kÏ kÕm
kV∫˛¬ÿÔV^·ÈVÔV>V? ÷Ú¬zD ÷¶D º>Ω kÚ\V?” ®[Æ
̧™VÏ. \«VvÕW>V™D ÷´V\EkÁ™BÁw›m ∂kÏ Ì¶fl
ÿƒ[Æ kV∫˛ kÚD√Ω Ô‚¶Á·l‚¶VÏ. Ek–D ∂©√ΩºB ∂kÏ
∏[ ÿƒ_È, √ˆƒV´ÔÏ Ø‚ΩlÚÕ> ºÔVA´ kVlo[ Ô>Ák› >^·,
∂m c¶º™ ]≈Õm s‚¶m. kÕ>kÏ ÷kÏ ÁÔÁB©√u§
\Á¶©√^π¬z ºÂ´VÔ© Ì‚Ω¬ ÿÔVı|º√VF “∞ø Ô‚Ω ƒV>D
Ák›]ÚÕº>[. Œ[Á≈ ®oºBV, ØÁ™ºBV ][Æ s‚¶m. º√VÔ
gÆ ƒV>D ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. ÿÔVı|º√VD” ®™¬ ÿÔV|¬Ô,
÷´V\Ek[ ∂kuÁ≈ kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| ÿkπºB kÕ>mD Ô>°
>Vº™ JΩ¬ÿÔVı¶Á>•D, kÕ> √ˆƒV´ÔÏ ÔVVm
\Á≈Õ>Á>•D Ôı| ]ÁÔ›m, g™Õ>© √´kƒ›º>V| ∂k[
∂ÚÁ·› m]›m W[≈VÏ. “º√V™kÏ k´s_ÁȺB” ®[Æ
\«VvÕW>V™D g°Á¶B©√ ∏^Á·ÁB ∂–©√, ÷ÚkÚD
¶Õ> ƒ∫Ô]ÔÁ· ÷´V\Ek[ ∂§s¬Ô¬ ºÔ‚|

...46...
√´\EkM[ ÔÚÁÁB© AÔμÕm ∏´ƒV>›Á>› >V–D
c‚ÿÔVı| \u≈ ʶÏÔ”¬zD ∂π›m, ŒÚ ƒV>›Á> ∏[™Ï
ƒV©∏¶ \ÆÂV^ cÈ´ Ák¬zD√Ω g¬QV∏›>VÏ. ∂[Æ ÷´°
ºÂ´›Á> Ek´V›]ˆBVF¬ Ôa›m© ÿ√Vøm AÈÏÕ>mD
∂ÀkVÈBD ÂıË, Ek∏´V–¬z ∂∏º≠ÔV]Ô^ Aˆs›m,
“ºÔVΩB¬ÔÁ´ ÿƒ[≈ √B[ ÷∫ºÔºB ˛Á¶›>m” ®™¬ ̧,
*ı|D Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ kÕm E[™V^ >∫˛lÚÕ>™Ï.
ºƒm BV›]Á´
∂∫Ù™tÚ¬ÁÔl_ ŒÚ ]™D, \«VvÕW>V™D *ı|D
÷´Vº\¸k´ BV›]Á´ ÿƒFB¬ ÔÚ]™Ï. √¬]ÁBºB √ËBVF©
Øı¶ ∂ˆ\·D Ek´V\[ ÿƒ‚ΩBVÏ x>ÈV™ ∂[√ÏÔ^,
“BV›]Á´¬z ºkı|k™ BV°D E›>\Vl™” ®™ sı©∏¬Ô,
÷Ú kıΩÔπ_ ŒÚ Â_È kıΩl_ \«VvÕW>V™xD,
\uÿ≈VÚ kıΩl_ EÈ Ê¶ÏÔ”D, ®Á™ºBVÏ ÔV_ÂÁ¶BVÔ°D
A≈©√‚¶™Ï. ]Ú\BD >VıΩfl ÿƒ[≈mD, Ekÿ√Ú\Vº™
\«VvÕW>V™D cÚ¬ÿÔVı| º√VÏÁk º√VÏ›m¬ÿÔVı|
kıΩ¬ÿÔ]º´ W[Æ, ∂>uz º\_ º√VԬ̶Vm ®[ÆD
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶¬ºÔ kıΩÁB ]Ú©√ ºkı|D ®[ÆD,
kıΩ¬ÔV´M¶D ÿƒV_È, ∂k–D ∂À°›]´s[√Ω kıΩÁB›
]Ú©∏fl ÿƒK›]™V[. ÿkz#´D ÿƒ[≈ ∏[ \«V vÕW>V™D
>\m º√VÏÁkÁB› ]≈Õm ÿÔVı|, “kıΩ ®∫ºÔ º√V˛≈m?”
®™¬ ºÔ‚¶>uz, “Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ ÷[–D nÕm Á\_>VMÚ¬˛≈m”
®[Æ Â¶Õ>kuÁ≈fl ÿƒV_ȬºÔ‚|, gflƒˆB©√‚|, “BV[
kıΩÁB s‚|¬ ˇμ ÷≈∫Ô s_ÁȺB” ®[Æ ÿƒV_È
∂Á™kÚD Ô¶°Á·› m]›>™Ï. ÷´Vº\¸k´ BV›]Á´
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ BV›]Á´BVÔ xΩÕ>m. \ÆÂV‚ ÔVÁÈl_ EÈ
∏´BVËÔ^ JÈD ®Às¶›]_ >V∫Ô^ kıΩÁB
]Ú©∏™VÏÔº·V ∂>uz ŒÚÁ\K¬Ô©√V_ ABÈΩ›m ∂ºÂÔ
\´∫Ô^, kıΩÔ^, g| \V|Ô^ T|Ô^ x>oB™ tÔfl
ºƒ>\Vl™ ®[Æ ÿ>ˆBkÕ>mD, \«VvÕW>V™D
...47...
“Ô¶°π[ ˛ÚÁ√¬z¬ ÁÔD\VÆ c·º>V? ∂kÏ Ô¶[ ∂ΩBVÁ´¬
>V∫z>_” ®™°D, “>[ Ô¶[ √Ë ÿƒFm ˛¶©√º>” ®™°D ̧
∂Úπ™VÏ. ÿ\FBΩBVÏ m[AÆkÁ>© √VÏ©√´V √´\[?
√VıΩB[ >[ ∏´D√V_ ]ÚkV>∆´Á™ ∂Ω›> ∂ΩÁB› >[
xm˛_ >V∫˛BÚ· s_ÁÈBV? ]BVÔ´V¤Á´•D p ´V\
È≥\Ï ÔV©√Vu≈ sÚD∏› ]Ú¶ÏÔÁ· s´‚Ω ∂[™VÁ´
∂k´m ʶ´V¬Ô s_ÁÈBV? ∂∫Ù™º\ >\m ∂k>V´\V˛B
\«VvÕW>V™›Á>•D ÔV©√Vu§™VÏ º√VKD.
∂ˆ\· s¤BD
∏[™Ï, Ek´V\[ ÿƒ‚ΩBVÏ \«VvÕW>V™›Á>› >\m
ª´V˛B ∂ˆ\·›]uz ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ[≈VÏ. ʶÏÔ”D
\«VvÕW>V™xD s¤BD ÿƒFm ∂∫z kE›m kÚDÿ√Vøm
∂k´m kV¬zflƒVmÏB›]uzD >k\˛Á\¬zD ∂ÕÂÔ´›>VÏ
~|√‚|, ∂À∆Ï *™VH ∑Õ>º´¸k´Ï ºÔVlÁÈ© √ˆiÔV´D
ÿƒFm ∂ÀkVÈB›]uz ∂i¶√Õ>™ zD√V∏º≠ÔxD ¶›]
Ák›>VÏÔ^. ∂ˆ\·›]_ gÈB© √oÔ^ ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD ÿ√Vøm
kÕ> ∂[√ÏÔ”¬z› ]Úkxm ÿƒFB›>¬Ô ÿ√Vm ÷¶ÿ\V[Æ
÷_ÈV]ÚÕ>m. ∂∫z ÷ÚÕ> ŒÚ √ÁwB ƒ›]´xD
ƒV›>©√‚ΩÚÕ>Á> ∂§Õm, \«VvÕW>V™D ∂¬zÁ≈ÁB ¿¬˛,
kÚºkVϬz sÚÕ>π¬zD ∂[™ƒ›]´D ]≈¬z\VÆ ∂[At¬Ô
ÿƒ_kÚ¬z ∂§s¬Ô, ∂kÏÔ^ ∂>uz \™ÿ\V©√V]ÚÕ>™Ï. >D
g›\ ƒ¬]ÁB ÿkπ√|›>© ÷mºk >Úÿ\™¬ Ôı| ∂Õ>Ï
x>oºBVϬz ∂[™\π¬zD ∂Õ>fl ƒ›]´›Á> ¸>V∏›>VÈ[§
cÿkV[ÆD c‚ÿÔV^º·[. ®[Æ \«VvÕW>V™D T´ ƒ√>D
ÿƒF>™Ï. ∏≈Ï √EyÏ¬Ô sÚD∏B>V_ √È ÂV^ √‚ΩM ÷ÚÕ>™Ï.
ÿ√ˆBVÏ √E›m ÷Ú©√Á>•D, ∏≈Ï √E yϬԛ >V[ ÿÔVı¶ >\m
>k› ]Úº\MÁB•D √VÏ›> √¬> EÔV\ËÔ^ >\m \™
kÚ›>›Á>› E§mD ÔkMBVm >™ÁkEBÏÔ^ >ÁB WÁ≈Õº>VÏ
®[√Á>¬ ÔVˆB›]KD ÔV‚Ω™V´VD.
...48...
 ∂[Æ ÿ>V¶∫˛B ∂[™ƒ›]´D ÷[ÆD ƒVm¬ÔÁ·
g>ˆ›m kÚ˛[≈m. zD√V∏º≠Ô›Á>fl E≈©√VÔ Â¶›]Ák¬Ô
kÕ>kÏÔπ_ ŒÚk´V™ ºÔVlŸÏ E>D√´FBV,
\«VvÕW>V™›Á>› >ˆE›m ºk>VÕ> >›mk∫ÔÁ·© √u§fl
ƒ_ÈV∏›m \«VvÕW>V™›][ *m º√´[A √Á¶›>k´Vl™Ï.
ºÔVlŸÏ E>D√´FBV ∂kÏÔ^ ∏≈z \«VvÕW>V™›Á>
ºÔVlŸÚ¬z s¤BD ÿƒF•D√Ω ºkıΩ¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
\«VvÕW>V™xD ∂>uz ÷∫˛ ∂∫z ÿƒ[≈ ÿ√Vøm,
E>D√´FBV ∂kÏÔ^ ¸kVtÔÁ·© ÿ√ˆmD c√ƒˆ›m
ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬z ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ[Æ ÂÔ´›>VÏÔ”Á¶B √È
ªÏÔπKD Û>vDN>V©√¶™D ¶›]fl ƒÕº>V≠D
∂Á¶Õ>VÏÔ^. ŒÚÂVº·–D \«VvÕW>V™›][
Û>vDN>V©∏´ƒ∫ÔD ºÔ‚º¶VÏ Ek√¬>Ï gkÏ ®[√>uz
nBt_ÁÈ. ÷[ÆD >™ ÁkEBÏ ŒÀÿkVÚkÏ Ôø›]KD
s·∫z˛[≈ Ú›]´V≥ƒ© ÿ√V[\Ë•D ÿÂu§l_ mÈ∫z˛[≈
x©√‚Á¶ sØ]•D \«VvÕW>V™D p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔπ[
E≈Õ> Ek√¬]© ∏´ƒ∫Ô›][ º√ÿ´VoºB ®[Æ Ì§–D
tÁÔBVÔVm.
Ekfl E[™D
sØ] : sØ] Ú›]´V≥∫Ôπ[ \˛Á\ÁB› >V[
®[ÿ™[Æ ÿƒV_km. sØ] ®M[ ÿ√ÚÁ\, ÿƒ_kD ®™©
ÿ√VÚ^√|D. ®©√Ω ÿƒ_kD ®¬ÔVˆB›Á>•D sÚD∏B√Ω
ÿƒFBk_Ⱥ>V, ∂Àkıº\ ]ÚkVÈkVB[ ∂ËÕ> ]Ú¿ÆD
EÆÿƒ_kD x>_ EkV–√kfl ÿƒ_kD xΩB ∂Á™›mD
>´k_Èm. ƒ\ \>›]_ ~|√‚ΩÚÕ> √VıΩB™m ∑´›Á>©
º√V¬˛ Ek\>›][ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB s·¬˛Bm sØ]B[º≈V?
sØ]ÁB©√u§¬ ÌÆD ÿ√Vøm, “˝k™m \ÈD
∂fiQV™D, ºÔV\BD ®[√m √∑s[ \ÈD. √∑ÿk[≈ ÿ\Va
˝k–¬zD cˆB ÿ√BÏ. g>o[ ºÔV\B›Á>fl ∑‚|© ÿ√VΩ ÿƒFm
#B ÿkıß≈VF› >ˆ›]¶ºk, ®k–D QVÁ™∑kˆB™VF©
∏´ÔVE©√V[” ®[˛≈VÏ.
Ú›]´V≥D : Ú›]´V≥›][ \˛Á\•D ∏[ kV∫˛B>_È.
Ú›]´V≥D m[√D ¿¬zD ÷[√\Ë. Ek[ ∂Ë•D Â_ ∂Ë.
...49...
ÂD Ôø›]uzD ∂‡m {Ï Œ©√u≈ ∂ËBVzD. ¸√ˆƒ \V›]´›>V_
ÂD c¶ÁÈ•D AM>\V¬zD >[Á\Bm. ÷È∫ºÔƒ™V™
÷´Vk–D sØ], Ú›]´V≥\ËÕm EkØÁ¤ √ıË› >V[
º√V¤™D ÿÔV^kÿ™™¬ ÔVs_ÁÈBV?
∂´ƒÁ™¬ ÔVV> s¶›m ∂k™m ]ÚxÔD
∂kV]ÔV´›Á> ÿkπ©√|›mkº> º√V_, ÿkz E´›Á>•¶[
>ˆ¬zD sºk˛Ô”¬z Ú›]´V≥D >™m ÂV\ Ák√›>VºÈºB
√´\ Ek™m QV√Ô›Á>ºB cı| √ıË cFs¬zD ®[ÆD
∂>uz c>V´\VÔ, ]Ú\V∫Ô_BD ®[–D {Ï Œ©√u≈
g√´º\ ŒÚ ÿ√ıË[ ]Ú\V∫Ô_B›Á>› z§¬˛≈m º√V_
Ú›]´V≥>V´t_ÈV>kÏ Ek©∏´vV>›]oÚÕm >^·©√|kVÏ
®[ÆD Ú›]´V≥D ÷_ÈV> Ek√¬] ÔıË_ÈV> \[™[ º√V_
®[ÆD ÌÆ˛≈VÏ. gÔºk ÷ku§[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ ÿƒV_o xΩBVm.
WuÔ
√fiƒV≥´D
√fiƒV≥´D ®[√m, “ºk>ÂV[˛–D, ÿ\F© ÿ√VÚ·Vkm
ÂV>[ ÂV\D Â\EkVBºk” ÷D\Õ]´›][ ÿ√VÚ^ ˝k™m
k¬ÔD. ƒZ´›]uzˆB k¬ÔD B¤\V™–¬z› >Vƒ™m
ÿ>Vı| º√V_km. ˝k[ ÿƒF•D k¬Ôº\V √´\Ek[ ŒÚ Ô¶_
º√VÈ°D >V[ ∂][ ŒÚ ]kÁÈ º√VÈ°D √Vs›m› ]BVM›>_.
÷ku§[ \˛Á\ÁB© √u§ sk´\VÔ
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BVkÚD √Ω¬Ô›>zD.
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∂©√V_ ÂV´VB Ek–D ´∫ÔÂV> Ek–D ˛.∏. 1870-D
kÚ≠D ÷´ı¶Vkm È≥y√D ¶›mk>uz ºkıΩB
∞u√V|Ô”¶[ \«VvÕW>V™xD ]ÚÿÂ_ºko
ºƒVwÂV‚ΩK^· √VÈ˛Úi[ Ô™√VΩÔ^, x›m Ô™√VΩÔ^
x>ÈVº™VÁ´ k´kÁw›m, È≥y√ swVÁk¬ ÿÔV_ÈD 1045áD
gı| Á> \V>D ∂\VkVÁƒB[Æ ]ÚÿÂ_ºkol_ E≈©√VÔ
¶›]™VÏÔ^. \«VÚ›]´V∏º≠ÔD, È≥y√ >ˆƒ™D,
ˆ≠√kVÔ™¬ ÔV‚E x>oB™ ÿƒFs›m g™Õ]›>™Ï.
...50...
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√ÈÁÔ¬zfl E≈©A›>Õ> ÿ√Vu≈V\Á´› >ı߈_ c‚ÔVÏÕm
WiÁ¶ ÿƒFBÈVl™Ï. ∂¬ÔV_ ∂k´m ƒZ´D ]œÿ´™
¿Ï¬z^·V˛Bm. ∂ÀkVÈB ØÁ¤ ÿƒF•D ∑©∏´\ËB¬ zÚ¬Ô^
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∂À°¶È›Á>› >ı߈oÚÕm ®|›m ÿkπ√|›m\VÆ
xÁ≈l‚¶VÏ. xÁ≈©√V‚Ωuzfl ÿƒsƒVF›> ∂]ÔVˆ c¶º™
∂À°¶È›Á>› º>Ω ®|¬Ô ∞u√V| ÿƒF>™Ï. ÿkzºÂ´D º>Ω•D
∂À°¶ÈD ∂Ô©√¶s_ÁÈ. J[≈VD ÂV^ >V™VÔºk ∂À°¶_
¿Ïº\_ t>¬Ô, ∂ÀkVÈB ØÁ¤ Aˆ•D ∑Õ>´ ƒV¸]ˆÔ^
∂>Á™¬Ôı|, “∑©∏´\ËB¬ zÚ¬Ôº· ! >V∫Ô^ x[™D
ÿ>ˆs›m g•D kıD ÿƒF> c¶ÈD ÷[Æ ¿Ï º\_ ˛·D∏
t>¬˛[≈º>... ∂›º>ÔD gı| ÷Ú¬zD kÁ´l_ ºÔVs_ √Ë
ÂÁ¶ÿ√Ækÿ>∫Ù™D?” ®™, ∂mºÔ‚¶ ∑©∏´\ËB¬ zÚ¬Ô^
{º¶VΩfl ÿƒ[Æ ºÔVs_ ∂]ÔVˆl¶D ∂§s›>™Ï. ∂¬Ô›º>
∂kÏ º√V‹¸ ∂]ÔVˆÔ”¬z s≠B›Á> ∂§s¬Ô, º√V‹¸
∂]ÔVˆÔ^ ÿ√Vu≈V\Á´¬ ÔÁ´l_ ∂b˛B ∂·s_,
\«VvÕW>V™D gı| kÕm “¶Õ>Ák ®[™?” ®™ ºÔ‚Ô,
º√V‹¸ ∂]ÔVˆÔ^, >V∫Ô^ ∂§Õ>kuÁ≈
\«VvÕW>V™›]uz ÷BD∏ ∏≈z ∂À°¶ÁÈ ÿkπBV¬zD
√Ël_ sÁ´Õ>™Ï.
...51...
 ∂m ºÔ‚¶ \«VvÕW>V™D ∂Á\]ºBV|, ¿sÏ ÿÔVfiƒD
>B° ÿƒFm ∂À°¶È›Á> sØ] ∏^Á·BVˆ[ vÕW]x[™Ï¬
ÿÔVı| ºƒÏ©¨Ï. ∂À°¶È›]_ ˝k[ ÷Ú¬˛[≈º>V
®™¬ÔVıº√VD. ∂ÀkVÏ›Á>ÁB¬ ºÔ‚¶ ºÔVlÈ]ÔVˆÔ”D,
º√V‹¸ ∂]ÔVˆÔ”D sB©AuÆ, ÷ÿ>[™ √l›]BD! J[Æ
]™∫Ô^ ÔaÕ> ∏[™ÚD c¶o_ clÏ WÁÈ›]Ú¬z\V?
®¬ÔV´›Á>¬ ÿÔVı|D ÂDAk>uz ÷¶t_ÁÈ. ÷m, “Ô™su
Ôı¶ ÿƒ_kD ÿƒÈ°¬z c>°km º√VÈ›>V[” ®™ ∂kÏÔ^
√ˆÔL›>™Ï.
g∫z¬ ÌΩlÚÕ> \¬Ô”^ EÈÏ ®[º™ ¿∫Ô^
º√∑km? ∂>™V_ ¿∫Ô^ ∂Á¶•D ÿ√VÚ^ ºƒ>D>V[ ®[™?
ƒZ´›]_ ˝k[ kÕ>V_ ÂÈD>Vº™. ∂Às≠B›]_ ¿sÏ
>|©√ÿ>[™ºkV ÿk™flÿƒV_È, ∂flÿƒVuÔÁ·fl ÿƒsºBu≈
∂]ÔVˆÔ^ \™tÁƒÕm, ∂flƒ¶È›Á> sØ] sÂVBÔÏ
]Ú¬ºÔVso[ x[º™ ÿÔVı| ˛¶›]™Ï.
∂∫ºÔ ÌΩlÚÕ>kÏÔ^ ∂]BVflƒˆBD ∂Á¶•D
kıD, \«VvÕW>V™D ∂∫z kÕm ∂flƒ¶È›][ º\_ sØ]
>V´fi ÿƒFm, kȬÔV]_ ŒÚ ÿ\Va {>, ÂV´VB Ek[
Ô™V¬Ôı| Ôı sa›m© √VÏ©√Á>©º√V_ Ôı sa›m ®øÕm,
gı|^·VÁ´¬ Ôı| ÔÁ´Bu≈ g™Õ>\Á¶Õm
\«VvÕW>V™›][ \È´Ω √ËÕm, “∑kVtÔ^ ∂ΩºBÁ™fl
Ek©´vV>›]uz ∂ΩÁ\BV¬˛, `> vDN>V©√¶™D √fiƒVÔ
xÁ≈l_ ÷∫Ùº™ ¶›]BÚ·_ ºkı|D” ®™©
∏´VÏ›]›>°¶º™, \«VvÕW>V™xD \™∫ÔMÕm ∂ÀkVº≈ p
ÛÏB ÂV´VB EkÁ™ JÈD √Ω¬Ôfl ÿƒFm, >VD ∂ku§[
ÿ√VÚÁ· xÁ≈ºB nBt[§ sBV¬BV™fi ÿƒFmk´,
∂Á™kÚD ∂Ô tÔ \˛μÕm º√Vu≈ÈVl™Ï.
...52...
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v›Ô>V©´v∫Ô›Á>•D, ∂>[ ƒVÏ√VÔ Â¶›>©√‚¶
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º\‹‚¶V_ \«VvÕW>V™›][ √V> \ÈÏ √ËÕm Ek©º√u§¬z
∂ÚÔ´Vl™Ï. ®[º™ \«VvÕW>V™›][ \Vı∏[ ]≈D. ∂>[
∏[™Ï, \«VvÕW>V™D ]ˆE´A´D, ¤DAºÔ∑k´D x>oB
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v©>¸>V™∫Ô”D >ˆE›m kÚÁÔl_, g∫z^·
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v©>¸>V™∫ÔÁ·•D ÿƒ©√M‚| ∂i¶√Õ>™D ÿƒF>Ú·
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÷ÁƒÕm, Ek´V\[ ÿƒ‚ΩBVÏ, ƒ›]´D E[Á™BV ÿƒ‚ΩBVÏ,
x>oBkÏÔ”¶[ ∂>uz ºkıΩB s≠B∫Ô^ z§›m
ƒD√V¥›>™Ï.
∂[™t¶ gu≈©√´m #m
∏≈z, Ô∏¸>ÈD xoB √È ªÏÔπKD ÿƒFÆ BVE›m
kÚDº√Vm cÁ\BV^A´D ˛´V\›Á> ÿÂÚ∫zD ƒ\BD
Ekÿ√Ú\V[ \«VvÕW>V™›][ EiBˆ_ ŒÚk´V™
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∂D√VD√V^ ®[≈ ŒÚ ∏´V\© ÿ√ı\Ël¶D ÿƒ[Æ “∂Dº\!
ÂVÁ·© √Ôo_ √›m \ˬz p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ ÷∫z kÚ˛≈VÏ.
g>o™V_ ∂>uz^ ƒÁ\B_ ÿƒFm ∏^Á·BVÏ ºÔVsK¬z¬
ÿÔVÏÕm ºƒÏ©∏¬Ôºkı|D” ®[Æ Ì§ ÿkπºB ÿƒ_√kÏ
º√V_ \Á≈Õ>VÏ. ∂ÀkD\Ë•D ∂[A¶[ ∂©√ΩºB ÿƒFm
∂∫z kÕm ÔV›]ÚÕ>V^. \«VvÕW>V™xD >MºB ∂∫z
kÕm ]Úkxm ÿÔV^”D \›]l_, “º>kZÏ k´Ák
...53...
 ®™¬Ô§s›> ÂV´VBEk[ ®∫ºÔ?” ®[Æ ∂ÀkDÁ\BVÏ
s™k, \«VvÕW>V™D gflƒˆBxuÆ “®_ÈVD
]ÚÁkBVu≈©√´m ]ÚsÁ·BV¶_. ÂV´VBEk[
ÂV\¬Ô_K¬z ƒ*√x^· x›>¬ÔV©√‚ΩlÈ[º≈V ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ.
nB–Á¶B ÿ√VF ºk¶D ∂m. ®™¬z ∂x>π¬zD º√Vÿ>_ÈVD
÷∫Ù™D ÿ√VF ºk¶º\ Øb˛≈m kw¬Ô\VlÚ¬˛≈m” ®[Æ
̧, g™Õ>¬ ÔıßÏ cz›>™Ï. ∂Á>¬ºÔ‚¶ ∂D\V^
√´kƒ\V˛© √È>´D Â\¸Ôˆ›m \«VvÕW>V™D ]Úkxm
ÿƒF>mº√VÔ tz]ÁB› >[ T‚Ωuz¬ ÿÔVı| º√VF©
∏´ƒV>\VÔ© AE›m g™Õ>›]ÚÕ>™^.
ÿƒ[Á™ s¤BD
∏[™Ï, \«VvÕW>V™D >\m EiBÚ¶[ ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔÏ
kÕm ÌϤ´ ∏´V\ÏÔ^ c>sBV_ Ai√˛ˆ \¶›]_ >∫˛™VÏ.
∂flƒ\BD >[Á™ x[™º\ >fiÁƒl_ >ˆE›> ÿƒ[Á™
∞ÔVD√º´¸k´ ∂¬˛´«V´D 27áD ÂD√Ï T‚Ω_ >∫˛lÚÕ>
˝kV√VF ∂D\V”D ∂k´m √Ï›>V ∑©√´VB ¶V¬ÔÚD,
\«VvÕW>V™›Á>› >ˆE›m {Ï c√º>ƒ ÿ\Va•D ÿ√uƬ
ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ∂kÏÔπ[ ºkı|ºÔVπ[√Ω ∂D\¶›]ºÈºB
Û>vDN>V© ∏´ƒ∫ÔD √fiƒV« xÁ≈BVFfl ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
√¸\Ú›]´V‚ƒ \˛Á\ÁB¬ ºÔ‚¶ ÷›>D√]Ô^ ∂[Æ
x>_ ʶ´VF g˛ ]ÚÁkBVÆ zD√V∏º≠Ô›]uz© º√Vm\V™
]´sBD ]´‚Ω ∂π›>™Ï. ∂D√V ƒ∫ÔÏ >Ák, ´V¤V´VD >ÚkVΩ,
´Vh√VF ∂D\V^ ¶Ô‚ ÷kÏÔ^ JkÚD ∂©º√Vm
\«VvÕW>V™›][ √´\EiB´V™VÏÔ^.
ÿƒ[Á™l_ Û>vD˜>V©∏´ƒ∫ÔD ÷´ı¶VD ÂV^
¶›mD ÿ√Vøm. EÈÏ \«VvÕW>V™›][ \˛Á\ÁB© √u§fl
...54...
ƒÕº>˛›m© º√∑kÁ> ∂§Õm \«VvÕW>V™D kV¬˛BVÏ›>D
ÿƒV_o¬ÿÔVıº¶ ¨¶›m¶[ ÿkzºÂ´D ∂Õ>´›]_ {Ï
g>V´xt[§© √¶™D ÿƒF>VÏ. ÷Á>¬ Ôı¶mD ∂ÀTÏÔ^
\™D ÿ>πÕm >D zu≈D ¿∫Ô© ÿ√u≈™Ï. ˛ÚiVfiE>Ák
´›]™∫Ô·VoÁw¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿÔ·Z ƒ∫ÔÏ\VÁÈ Œ[Æ ÿƒFs›m
1905áD kÚ≠›]_ \«VvÕW>V™›][ ºÔVso_ ƒ\Ï©∏›>™Ï.
∂m ÷[Á≈¬zD \«VvÕW>V™›][ ƒ\V]BV™ ∂ˆ\·D
ºÔVso_ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Á> BVkÚD >ˆE¬ÔÈVD. º\KD ÌÏv´
∏´V\ ÿ√ı\Ë•D >Ï\ EÕ>Á™•D, >V´V· \™m
xÁ¶Bk·V˛B ´V…√VF ∂D\V^ ¶Ô‚, >[ ÿƒVÕ>fl ÿƒÈsºÈºB
\uƺ\VÏ Û>vDN>V©√¶™D √fiƒV« xÁ≈l_ ¶›mD√Ω
ºÔ‚|¬ ÿÔVı| \«VvÕW>V™›]uz ƒ«¸´ÂV\VÏflƒÁ™
(1008 ‘√VF) ƒ\Ï©∏›>VÏ. ∂ÀkVº≈ Û>vDN>V©√¶™D
ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. º\ºÈ ÿƒV_È©√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈ ˝kV√VF ∂D\Vπ[
º√´©∏^Á·BV˛B. Ekƒ∫ÔÏ ¶V¬ÔÏ ∂kÏÔ”D \uÆx^· ¶V¬ÔÏ
kDƒ¸>VÏÔ”D º\u√Ω ˝kV√VBD\Vπ[ ÿ√ı ƒÕ>]ÁBfl
ºƒÏÕ> º\›>V z|D√¸>ÏÔ”D, º\u√Ω ˝kV√VBD\Vπ[
ƒºÔV>´Ï kDƒ›>VÚD, \«VvÕW>V™›][ ]Ú°Ú©√¶›Á>
÷[ÆD ؘ›m kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^.
ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ_ >uÔVÈD ÌϤ´ ∏´V\ÏÔ^ >ˆE›m
s·∫zD √¸\ Ú›]´V≥xD, ¶›]kÚD EkØÁ¤•D
\«VvÕW>V™›][ ØÏ gÊÏkV>D >V[.
ƒ©>¸>V™¬ zD√V∏º≠ÔD
∏≈z ÿƒ[Á™loÚÕm \«VvÕW>V™D ÔVE¬z©
A≈©√‚¶™Ï. √u√È ÷¶∫ÔπKD √D ]´‚ΩB∏[ ]ÚÁkBVÆ
kÕm ºƒÏÕm ]ÚÁkBVuƬ zD√V∏º≠Ô›Á>¬ z©√VËEk–D,
]ÚflºƒVuÆ›mÁ≈ ]Úºk]ÛΩ, ]Ú¬ÔıΩRÏ, ]ÚÿÂF›>V™D
...55...
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x>oB ¸>È∫Ôπ_ ∂i¶√Õ>™ \«V ∂∏º≠Ô›Á>©
∏≈ʶÏÔ·VKD ¶›>¬ Ô‚¶Á·l‚¶™Ï. ]Ú¬ÔıΩRÏ,
]ÚÁkBVÆ ¿∫ÔÈVÔ \u≈ ¸>È∫Ôπ_ 1872áD kÚ≠D
ÿÔV_ÈD 1047áD gı| g∫˛´v kÚ≠D gM \V>D 3áÕ º>]
]Ú¬ÔıΩRˆKD 9áD º>] ]ÚÁkBVu§KD ∂i¶√Õ>™
zD√V∏º≠ÔD ºk>xÁ≈©√ΩºB ¶›], È≥ ∏´V\
º√V¤™xD, sÚ≠√kV«™ÔVH•D tÔflE≈©√VF
ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. s›kVDƒÏÔ^, Ô™√VΩÔ^, y≥>ÏÔ^, ƒV¸]ˆÔ^.
ºÔVlŸÏ E>D√´FBV ∂kÏÔ^, \VV¬ÔÏÔ^, \u≈ ÂÔ´›>VÏÔ^,
∏´A¬Ô^ x>oB ®_ºÈVÚD kÕm nÕm ÂV‚ÔπKD
ÔVHÁB¬Ôı| g™Õ>\Á¶Õ>™Ï. ∂flƒ\B›]_
\«VÁk›]BÂV> √VÔk>ÚD, ∂kÏ >Á\B™VÏ ÷´V\ƒVt
√VÔk>ÚD kÕm \«VvÕW>V™›Á>fl >ˆE›m© √VΩ›
>∫ÔÁ·•D g‚ÿÔV^”D√Ω ∏´VÏ›]¬Ôºk \«VvÕW>V™D
∂©√ΩºB ∂–¬˛´N›m, ʶ´V¬˛ c√º>ƒÿ\Va √ÔÏÕ>™Ï.
∂ÀsÚkÚD ]ÚkΩ¬ÔV·VF ÷Á¶s¶Vm ∂[A
kVFÕ>kÏÔ·V™VÏÔ^. ∂>[∏[ ºÔVlŸÏ nBV ∂kÏÔÁ·•D
\uÆx^· ÂÔ´›>VÏÔÁ·•D ∏´A¬Ô^ x>oºBVÏÔÁ·•D
c√ƒˆ›>–©∏™Ï.

...56...
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∏[™Ï, \«VvÕW>V™D >D ∂ˆB \VV¬ÔÚ¶[
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ºkı|ÿ\[Æ ∂¬˛´V\›>VÏÔ^ ºkıΩ™Ï. \«VvÕW>V™xD
∂>u˛ÁƒÕm Ek´V\[ ÿƒ‚ΩBVˆ[ ºkı|ºÔVπ[√Ω ÿÔVøDA
x>ÈV™ º>ƒ∫Ô”¬zfl ÿƒ[Æ ºkıΩB >™D ºƒÔˆ›m›
]ÚD∏™Ï.
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kÚD kal_ k_ÈÂV‚|© ÿ√V›Á>¬zfl ƒ*√›]_
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∂›]Ú¶ÏÔ”¬z© √È g•>∫Ô^ >ˆ›> ÿ√ˆB ´Vbk T´Ïº√V_
º>V[≈ºk ]Ú¶ÏÔ^ ÿkÚı| {Ω ŒπÕ>™Ï.
∏≈z \«VvÕW>V™D >D ʶÏÔ”¶[ Ô∫ÁÔÿÔVı¶V[
kÕm ºƒÏÕm, g™Õ>k_o ƒº\>´V•^· p ÁÔÈVƒÂV>Ï
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z©√VË EkÁ™¬ÿÔVı| 1873áD kÚ≠›]_ ∂>Vkm ÿÔV_ÈD
1048áD gı| p xÔ kÚ≠D ÁkÔVE \V>D 19áD º>]l_
zD√V∏º≠Ô›Á> ¶›]Ák›>VÏ. p \«VÁk›]BÂV> Ek–D,
∂k´m ƒºÔV>´Ï ÷´V\∑kVt Ek[ x>ÈVº™VÚD kÕm
sºƒ≠›Á>fl E≈©∏›>™Ï. ƒ\V´V>Á™•D ˆ≠√kVÔ™¬ ÔV‚E•D
...57...
Ôıº¶VϬz g™Õ>\π›>™. ÷m>V[ p ∑Õ>´
\«VvÕW>V™D ÿƒFs›> zD√V∏º≠Ô∫Ôπ_ WÁ≈kV™m.
ÿ\V›>D ÷Ú√›]´ı| zD√V∏º≠Ô∫Ô^ ¶›]Ák›>>VÔfl
ÿƒV_È©√|˛≈m.
∏´D\ ˇÁ>ÁB› >ta_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ›>_
\«VvÕW>V™D ]ÚÿÂ_ºko kÕm ºƒÏÕm , √¤Á™
\¶›]oÚ¬zDº√Vm, \VV¬ÔÏÔ^ kÕm, “¸kVt, BVkϬzD
√B™π¬z\VÆ ∏´D\ ˇÁ>ÁB› >ta_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ›>Ú·_
ºkı|D” ®™¬ ºÔ‚|¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï. \«VvÕW>V™xD
∂>u˛∫˛, ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD ∏^Á·ÁB ®ø>fl ÿƒFm J[Æ
∂›]BVB∫Ô^ xΩ¬zD ƒ\BD Ô_È›] x|¬z›ÿ>Ú nBVƒVt
∏^Á· >ˆƒ™›]uz k´ ∂kˆ¶D ÷>Á™¬ ÔVı∏›>™Ï. ∂kÏ
ƒÕº>V¥›m› >Dt¶D x[™º´ >›mk´VB ¸kVtÔ^
ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›> ∏´D\ˇÁ>ÿBV[Æ ∞‚ΩoÚ©√>VÔ¬ ÿÔVÏÕm
÷´ıÁ¶•D Œ›m©√VÏ›>]_ ÷ÚkÏ cÁ´•D, ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©AD
{ÚÁ´BVÔ ÷Ú©√Á> ∂§Õm, ∂›>tμ© ∏´√Õ>›]uz
\«VvÕW>V[][ cÁ´ sºƒ≠°Á´BVÔÈVD ®[Æ Ì§™VÏ.
∂©√ΩºB \«VvÕW>V™xD cÁ´ ÷Bu§™VÏÔ^ ∂À°Á´
ÿƒ[Á™© √‚¶›]_ ∂flE¶©√‚¶m.
∑Õ>´D ∏^Á· ƒÕ]©A
÷©√ΩlÚ¬ÁÔl_, ŒÚ ÂV^ \«VvÕW>V™xD
÷fiEÃBÏ g¨¸ Á´‚¶Ï ÔVÕ]\]ÂV>∏^Á· ∂kÏÔ”D \u≈
\VV¬ÔÏÔ”D √¤Á™ \¶›]_ ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm, ]Ú∂™Õ>A´D
ÔÈVƒVÁÈl_ >ϬԃV¸]´ √ıΩ>ÚD ]ÚÿÂ_ºko ÷Õm
ÔVºÈÎ >ÁÈÁ\ c√V›]BVBÚ\V™ ®D.∞.∑Õ>´D ∏^Á·
®[√kÏ \«VvÕW>V™›]¶D kÕm ʶ´V˛ ºk>VÕ>
>›mk∫ÔÁ· ∂kÏÔπ¶D Â[z Ôu≈VÏ. WBVBD sBVÔ´D,
...58...
ØÏk *\VDÁv, vV∫˛BD x>oB √È ƒV¸]´∫Ôπ[
xΩ°ÔÁ·•D Œ[≈VÔ s·¬˛B \«VvÕ]>V™›][
ÿ√V[ÿ\Va ºÔ‚¶ ∏^Á· ∂kÏÔ^ ∂>Á™ ŒÚ A›>Ô\VÔ›
>ÚD√Ω ºkı¶, \«VvÕW>V™xD ∂kÏ ºÔ‚|¬ÿÔVı¶√Ω
∂Úπfl ÿƒF>™Ï
yÏ¬Ô >ˆƒ™D
∏[A, zȺƒÔ´√‚¶›]_ ÔÁ¶EBVÔ Û>vD
N>V©√¶™D ¶›mÁÔl_ ÷´ı¶VD ÂVπ_, >\m >Á\B™VÏ
z©√VËEk[ √›>\Á¶l_ √´Ô]BÁ¶Õ>Á> QV™]ÚiΩBV_
∂§Õm \VkΩ E>D√´D ∏^Á·l¶D ÷´ÔEB\VF ∂§s›m,
÷´›> ƒD√Õ> Wt›>›>V_ E§m ºÂ´D ÿ\·™\VF ÷ÚÕ>™Ï.
BVkÚD gflƒˆB©√‚| kÚÕ]™Ï. ÂVÈVDÂV^ √¶™D xΩ›m
÷´s_ Ek√¤™›m¶[ Ô>V©∏´ƒ∫ÔxD ¶›] xΩ›> ∏[
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ÛμÕ]Ú¬Ô \«VvÕW>V™D ∂ÔV´\VF ŒÚ ÿ√ˆB ƒ©>D
ÿÔV|›>Á>¬ºÔ‚| ʶÏÔ^ √BÕm, “¸kVt ÷‡m ®[™?” ®[Æ
s™s™Ï. \«VvÕW>V™D ÿkz ƒVk>V™\VÔ, “÷պ´›]_
√›>\Á¶¬ºÔVso_ ÿÔV^Á· ÿƒFk>uz› ]Ú¶ÏÔ^
kÕ]ÚÕ>VÏÔ^. ª´VÁ´ ®ø©∏º™[” ®[Æ Ì≈¬ ºÔ‚|
gflƒˆBxuÆ© ∏[ ∂k´kÏ ÷¶D º√VFfl ºƒÏÕ>™Ï. \ÆÂV‚
ÔVÁÈl_ nÕ>VD ÂV^ √¶™xD ¶›] ƒ\V©] ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
∂|›>]™D º\ºÈ z§©∏‚¶ ÷Às´ı| s≠B∫Ô^ z§›m,
÷Ú ÔΩ>∫Ô^ kÕ>™. ∂ku§_ Œ[§_ z©√VËEk[ WÏBV
]ÁƒÁB©√u§•D, \uÿ≈V[§_ √›>\Á¶¬ ºÔVso_ ]Ú¶ÏÔ^
]Ú¶ kÕ>Á>•D ∂ÔV´\VF ŒÚ ÿ√ÚD ƒ©>D ºÔ‚¶>V_ ª´VÏ
®øÕm ∂kÏÔÁ· s´‚Ω s‚¶>VÔ°D ®ø>©√‚ΩÚÕ>Á>¬ Ôı|
∂Á™kÚD gflƒˆB xu≈VÏÔ^. \«VvÕW>V™D

...59...
Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ º√V‚¶ ƒ©>D √›>\Á¶kÕm ª´VÁ´ ®ø©∏Bm,
®_ÈVD k_È ÷Á≈k™m ∂Úº·B_ÈV\_ ºk§_ÁÈ.
W¤V™Õ> sÈVƒD ÷Bu≈_
∂©√V_ \«VvÕW>V™D ]ÚflÿƒÕ#Ï ÿƒ[Æ z\´Á™›
>ˆE›m ]ÚÿÂ_ºko¬z kÕm, √›]´y√D ¶›]B∏[ √È
º>ƒ∫Ô^ ÿƒ[Æ ∂ˆ\·D º√VFfl ºƒÏÕ>VÏÔ^. ∂∫z
>∫˛lÚ¬zD ÿ√Vøm, \«VvÕW>V™D \ÔVkV¬˛Bfl ∑Ú¬ÔD,
ºk>VÔD, ƒD∏´>VB©∏´Ô´D, \º™VÂVÔ\VϬÔD, x>oB
±_ÔÁ· ÷Bu§, x[ ÷Bu§BÚπB ∏´∑´∫ÔÁ·•D Œ[Æ
ºƒÏ›m, W¤V™Õ> sÈVƒD ®™© ÿ√Bˆ‚| kw∫zÔ ®™
g¬QV∏›m, √¤Á™ E>D√´D ∏^Á· ÁÔl_ ÿÔV|›>™Ï.
∂ˆ\·D kÕm ∂Ú”¶[ ÔÈ›>_
÷ÀkVÆ \«VvÕW>V™D √È ¸>È∫Ô”¬zD ÿƒ[Æ,
ÔÁ¶El_ ∂ˆ\·D kÕm ºƒÏÕ>VÏÔ^. ∂∫z EÈ ÔVÈD
>∫˛lÚÕm ÿkz>V[B kÚ≠D (˛.∏. 1878) ∂>Vkm ÿÔV_ÈD
1054áD gı| n©√E \V>D g≈VD º>] ]∫Ô‚˛wÁ\
˛Úi√≥D >ƒtB[Æ >\m ÔÚÁ¬zˆB ÿ\FB[√ÏÔ^
√ÈÏ ÛμÕ]Ú¬Ô, ∂kÏÔÁ· ∂–¬˛´N›m s‚|› >VD
Ák›]ÚÕ> ÂÏ\>V √Vo∫Ô›Á>› >\m ∂ΩBVÏÔπ¶D
ÿÔV|›m, “÷‡m ®∫ºÔ √]©∏¬Ô©√|˛≈º>V ∂Às¶›]_ √´\EkD
ƒVÕW›]BD ÿƒF>Ú”D. ∂∫z >ktBuÆ√kϬz sÁ´s_
÷i¶ √È[ ˛‚|D” ®[ÆD ]ÚkVF \ÈÏÕ>Úπ© ∏´D\
¸k‘√›]_ ÔÈÕm ÿÔVı¶™Ï.

...60...
 kV>∆´ΩÔÁ·© º√V[º≈ Ek´V\[ ÿƒ‚ΩBVÚD
\«VvÕW>V™›][ Ô‚¶Á·©√ΩºB ∂kÏ ƒ\V]l_ Tu§Ú¬zD
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∏´]iÁ¶ ÿƒFm zD√V∏º≠ÔxD ÿkzs\ˆÁƒ•¶[ ¶›],
Ák]Ô xÁ≈©√Ω W›]B ÁÂt›]B g´V>Á™Ô^ ¶պ>ÆD√Ω
]‚¶D ÿƒF>VÏ. ÷[ÆD ∂Às¶›]_ ÿkz E≈©√VÔ ØÁ¤
x>oB™ ∂Õ>Ï JÈD ÂÁ¶ÿ√uÆ kÚ˛[≈™. ∂Õ>
o∫Ô›Á>fl E´›Á>•¶[ √ËÕm >kD ÿƒFºkVϬz
÷Ô√´ƒV>™∫Ô^ BV°D ˛‚|D√Ω© √´\V™Õ>D ∂π›m©
∏´ÔVE›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏ, p∑Õ>´ \«VvÕW>V™D.

...61...
 ®‚¶Vkm ∂›]BVBD
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kÁ´ sˆÕm^· ÷©AıËB Øt xøkÁ>•D
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√´\ ∂›Ák>›][ cıÁ\ÁB ∂ÚπflÿƒFm ∂>uzfl
ƒV>™\V™ √¸\ Ú›]´V‚ƒ>VÏD, Eko∫ÔVÏflƒ™D,
zÚo∫Ôƒ∫Ô\D, ƒV¸]´∫Ôπ_ c›>\\V™ √¬] ÷ÁkÔÁ·
WÁÈ WÆ›], cÈÁÔ ®_ÈVD cFs›>™Ï. WÏsÔu√ƒ\V]l_
∂Ôı¶VÔV´ƒV™ ƒflE>V™Õ> º¤V] \V›]´D ®fiE Wu√Á>
¸kV–√k›>V_ ∂§BV>kÏ ~ƒÁ™fl ƒz JÏ›]BVÔºk
c√VE©√Ï ®[ÆD ∂[™VϬz √¬]•D c√VƒÁ™•º\ QV™
x>oBku§uz ∞u≈ \VϬÔD ®[ÆD skˆ›m ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ. ÷>uz
\«VvÕW>V™D ÿÔV|›> c>V´xD E≈Õ>m. ∂>Vkm
cıÁ\BV™ ∂[A, ÿÂÚ©A º√V[≈m, ÂV\‘√ º√>∫Ô”¶[
c√VE©√kˆ[ √¬] ®[≈ ∂¬˛MBV_ ÿkıÿF ÿ\øz
x>oB ÔVΩ[Bx^· ÿ√VÚ^Ô·V_ ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ∏D√∫Ô^
º√V[≈ ÂV\‘√∫Ô^ ÿÂF º√VÈ cÚ˛, ∂ÕÂV\‘√∫ÔÁ·
÷wÕm ∂[√VF cÚ˛, ∂[º√ Ekÿ\™kVzD ®[˛≈VÏ. Ô™°,
™°, ∑ø›] ®[≈ J[Æ ∂k¸Á>ÔπKD ∂–√s¬Ô©√|D
g™Õ>xD º√Vo ∑Ôº\. g™V_ ÂV[ÔVkm ∂k¸Á>BV˛B
mZBD Œ[º≈ ˝k[ x¬>ÏÔ·V¬˛ x¬ÔVÈ›]KD √V]¬Ô©√¶V>
WÁÈÁB ∂Á¶Bfl ÿƒFkm ®[ÆD >D ∑kV–√k›][
∏´\V›>V_ WÁÈWÆ›]lÚ¬˛[≈VÏ \«VvÕW>V™D.
...62...
 EÈ ]ÚsÁ·BV¶_Ô^
\«VvÕW>V™D >D AıËB √V>∫Ô·V_ ®_ÈV
÷¶∫ÔÁ·•D AM>\V¬˛Bm\_ÈV\_, √u√È ∂uA>fl
ÿƒB_Ô”D ÿƒF>™´VD.
\«VvÕW>V™D ]ÚÿÂ_ºkol_ kE¬zD ÿ√Vøm
ÁÔÈVƒA´D k¬ˇ_ ∞.˛Úi∑kVt ∂FBÏkV^ ∂kÏÔ”D
z\V¸>V >ÚÁk Ω.∞.´V\∑©√FBÏ ∂kÏÔ”D \uÆD ∂kÏÔ·m
EÈ EºÂ˛>ÏÔ”D ¸kVtÔÁ·› >ˆE›m *ı|D “¿∫Ô^
¶›]kÚD ÿƒFÁÔÔ^ BV°D ÂD√›>¬Ô>_È, ÂDAD√Ω ÿƒFB
∞>Vkm ∂›>VH ÔVı∏¬Ô ºkı|D” ®™© ∏´VÏ›]¬Ôºk
∂©ÿ√Vøm \«VvÕW>V™D A[™ÁÔ•¶[ ¿∫Ô^ ÷©ÿ√Vøº>
c∫Ô”¬z ÿ>ˆÕ>kÏÔ^ BV´Vkm ÔVEl_ kVƒfi ÿƒFm
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ÔVÈ›]_ \ËÔÏËÔV Ô‚¶›]_ ¸ÂV™D ÿƒFm
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÷Às¶›]_ \ËÔÏËÔV Ô‚¶›]_ ¸ÂV™›]uz
kÕ]Ú¬˛≈>VÔ” kÁ´Õ]Ú©√Á>¬ Ôı¶mD ∂flƒ\B›]_
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ÔÚ]©√ËÕm tÔ°D >VμÁ\•¶[ >∫ÔÁ·© √ZH›>>uz,
“®∫ÔÁ· \[M›m ∂–¬˛´«fi ÿƒFm g‚ÿÔV^· ºkı|D”
®™© ∏´VÏ›]›>VÏÔ^.
\«VvÕW>V™xD ∂kÏÔ”¬z ∂–¬˛´«fi
ÿƒF>V´VD.
]ÚÁkBVuƬ zD√V∏º≠ÔD ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD ÿ√Vøm
(ƒÕ>Ï©√Á¬ÔVÔ) ]‚¶D ÿƒF]ÚÕ> ÷¶∫ÔπoÚÕm º√V¤™
...63...
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\«VvÕW>V™›]M¶›]_ kÕm ÿ>ˆsÔÔ, ¸kVtÔ”D
‘‘∂©√ΩBV, ÷[–D k´s_ÁÈBV?” ®™¬ ºÔ‚| ʶÏÔ·V_
÷ÀkVÈB›]K^· >¶VÔ›]oÚÕm ÂV[z z¶∫Ô^ WÁ≈B
yÏ›>D ÿÔV´flÿƒFm ∂]_ √¸ º\V›>V´D ÿƒFm
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∂¬z¶∫ÔπoÚÕ> yÏ›>D xøÁ\•D ÿÂFBVÔ \V§Bm.
c¶º™ \«VvÕW>V™D ʶÏÔÁ· ºÂV¬˛ ÷¬z¶∫ÔπK^·
ÿÂFÁB º√V¤™›]uz c√ºBV˛¬zD√Ω g¬QV∏›>VÏ.
ʶÏÔ”D ∂ÀkVº≈ c√ºBVÔ©√|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï.
∏≈z ƒuÆ ºÂ´›]uÿÔ_ÈVD ]‚¶∫ ÿƒF]ÚÕ>
÷¶∫ÔπoÚÕm ÿÂF¬z¶∫Ô^ kÕ>™. ∂>Á™¬Ôı¶ ʶÏÔ^
\«VvÕW>V™›]M¶›]_ ÿ>ˆs›>VÏÔ^. \«V vÕW>V™xD
∂Á> cÏÕ>∏[ ʶÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|, “¿∫Ô^ x[™º\ºB
÷ÀkVÈB›]K^· >¶VÔ›]oÚÕm ÿÔVı| kÕ> ÂV[z
z¶∫Ô^ yÏ›>›]uz© √]ÈVÔ kÕ]Ú¬zD ÿÂF¬z¶∫ÔπoÚÕm
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c√ºBV˛•∫Ô^” ®™ g¬QV∏›>VÏ. ÷Á>¬ Ôıbu≈ ʶÏÔ”D
\uÆD ∂∫z kÕ]ÚÕ> \«V ¤™∫Ô”D \«VvÕW>V™›][
√V>Ô\È∫Ôπ_ ƒVi¶V∫Ô\VÔ© √ÈxÁ≈ Â\¸Ôˆ›m
¸kVtÔÁ·© AÔμÕm ÿÔVı¶VΩ™VÏÔ·VD.
]ÚÁkBVuƬ zD√V∏º≠ÔD ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD ÿ√Vøm
÷´ı¶VD ÂV^ ÿƒÈ°¬z© √D º√V>V>Á> cÏÕm
¸kVtÔ^, >D º\_ >ˆ›]ÚÕ> ƒV_ÁkÁB¬ ºÔVsK¬z^
º√VzD kal_ sˆ›ms‚| ∂∫z ÿ\·™\VF Tu§Ú©√Á>
∂∫z >ˆƒ™›]uz kÕ> ¸]Z AÚ≠ÏÔ^ ]ÚÁkBVu≈©√M[
ÔÚÁBV_ ∂©º√Vm >∫Ôπ¶tÚÕ> ]´sB›Á>•D ¸]ZÔ^
∂ËÕ]ÚÕ> ÂÁÔÔÁ·•D ∂Õ>fl ƒV_Ákl_ ƒ\Ï©∏›>VÏÔ^.
...64...
º\ºÈ ̧•^· ÂÁÔÔ”D √∫Ô”D ÿƒÈ°¬z©
º√Vm\V™>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m ®[Æ √È´V_ ÿƒV_È© √|kº>V| ̶
ÿƒ[Á™lK^· ÌÏv´ ∏´V\ÏÔπ_ ŒÚk´V™ º\›>V
∂kÏÔ”D >D √V‚ΩBV´V_ ÿƒV_È©√‚¶m ®[Æ Ì§™VÏ.
\«VvÕW>V™D zD√V∏º≠Ô›]uz© √D ºƒÏ¬zD
ÿ√Vøm ŒÚ ƒ\BD ŒÚ x¸‹D Ô™kVM¶D ÿƒ[Æ ƒD√V¥›>™Ï
®[ÆD ∂¬Ô™kV[ ÷k´m c^·›Á>© √ˆºƒV]¬Ô sÚD∏›
>\m kw¬Ô©√Ω ÷Õm¬Ô^ ºƒÏ¬ÔV> EÈ c°ÔÁ·•D ºƒÏ›m¬
ÿÔVı| Ák›>mD, \«VvÕW>V™D ∂Às¶D s‚| ∂ÔÈV\_,
\™xkÕm ∂kuÁ≈› >\m ]Ú¬ÁÔBV_ ÿ>V‚¶°¶[ ∂Ák y∫
ÔMÔ·VÔ \V§™kVD. ∂k™m ∂Ú^ÿ√u≈ ∂©ÿ√ˆBVϬz
gÔV>™°D cıº¶V? º\KD √¬>Á™© √ˆºƒV]›>_ >ÔVm
®[º≈ ∂©√Ωfl ÿƒF]Ú¬ÔÈVD.
\«VvÕW>V™D >\¬z ®_ÈV √VÁ≥Ô”D ÿ>ˆBkÚD
®[√Á>› >VD k∫ÔV·›]_ BV›]Á´ ÿƒF> ÿ√Vøm k∫ÔVπ
√VÁ≠lºÈºB c√[MBVE›>VÏ ®™fl ÿƒV_K˛[≈™Ï.
ŒÚ ƒ\BD ⁄¬π Â]l_ \«VvÕW>V™D >\m
ʶڶ–D \uÆD EÈ ∏´BVËÔ”¶–D {¶›]_ ÿƒ_KD
ÿ√Vøm, ÿ√ÚD ABuÔVuÆ º>V[§¬ º>VËÁB¬ Ôsμ¬Ô
xB[≈>VD. ∂flƒ\B›]_ ∂∫z^º·VÏ √B©√|kÁ>¬ Ôı¶
\«VvÕW>V™D cÈÔ\V>VÁk WÁ™›m› º>VËl_
÷ÚÕ>kÏÔ”¬z› Á>ˆBD ̧™VÏ. cÈÔ\V>V°D {Ï
ÿ√ıkΩ°¶[ {¶›][ x[™Ël_ Ô´›]_ m|©º√Õ]
∂ÀºkV¶›Á>¬ ÿƒK›], ∂¬ÔÁ´ ºƒÏ›m \Á≈Õ>™·VD. ÷m
p ∑Õ>´ˆ[ ]ÚsÁ·BV¶_Ôπ_ Œ[Æ ®™ ∂§Õm ∂Á™kÚD
∂k´m ]ÀB √V>∫Ôπ_ TμÕm m]›>™Ï.
\uÆD {Ï ƒ\BD \«VvÕW>V™D AˆÕ> ∂uA>fl
ÿƒBKD ÿƒV_Èu√VÈm. ÔVEl_ ŒÚxÁ≈ ƒ\V´V>Á™¬z
...65...
∂[™D √ˆ\VÆD ÿ√Vøm, º√V>V]Ú©√Á> ∂§Õm
∂[™ØÏËBDÁ\ÁB WÁ™›m› >\m ]Ú¬Ô´›>V_ ∂[™
√V›]´›Á>› ÿ>V‚¶ \V›]´›]_ ∂©√V›]´D ∂≥B√V›]´\VÔ
sÁ·Õ>>VD. √Vı¶kÚ¬z p ˛Úi√ÔkV[ ∂≥B√V›]´D
ÿÔV|›>VÏ ®[Æ A´V∫Ôπ_ ÌÆkm ÿ√VFB_È ®[√Á>
W‘∏¬Ôºk ÷∫Ù™D ÿƒF>™Ï º√VKD.

\«VvÕW>V™D ]ÚflÿƒÕ#Ï zD√V∏º≠Ô›]uz©

º√VlÕ> ÿ√Vøm p ∑©∏´\ËB¬ Ô¶°π[ ÿ\F›
ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔ·V˛B ∂Às¶›m ∏´V\ÏÔ”¬z^
ŒuÆÁ\l_ÈV>Á> ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔVı| >\m ]Ú°·›>V_
®_ÈVÚÁ¶B \™∫ÔÁ·•D Œ[Æ√¶fl ÿƒFm º\u√Ω
∂∏º≠Ô›Á> ∂]Ô E≈©√VÔ ÂÁ¶ÿ√≈fl ÿƒF>VÏÔ·VD. p
∑Õ>´ˆ[ ]ÚsÁ·BV¶_Ô^ xømD ºÔV›> ƒˆ>\VÁÈ Œ[Á≈
¸kVtÔπ[ √´D√Á´ \VV¬Ô´V˛B ]ÚÿÂ_ºko p EkV™Õ>
¸kVtÔ^ kÁ´Õ]Ú©√>VF› ÿ>ˆBkÚ˛≈m.

p ˛Úi √ÔkV[ √Ôk›ˇÁ>lÈ ÿ\VaÕm ∂ÚπB√Ω

QVMÔ”¬z ÷À°È˛ºÈ ÿƒFB ºkıΩB ºkÁÈ E§mD
÷_ÁÈ. gl–D º\ºÈVÏ ®ÀkaºBV ∂ÀkaºB ˇºwVÏ ®[√m
cıÁ\ g>o[ Â_È ÔVˆB∫ÔÁ·› >Vº\ ¶›] Â_ka ÔV‚Ω
cFs¬Ôºk ∂k>ˆ›>™Ï º√VKD.

º\ºÈ ̧B ]ÚsÁ·BV¶_Ô^, “ºÈVºÔV√ÔVˆ” ®[–D

kV´© √›]ˆÁÔl_ p Ω.ºÔ.´V\√›´ƒV¸]ˆ ∂kÏÔ·V_
®ø>©√‚|^·m.

...66...
 Œ[√>Vkm ∂›]BVBD
p ∑Õ>´ \«VvÕW>V™›][
˝sB \NÁ\
∏≈ƒÕWBVEÔÁ·© º√VÈ_ÈV\_ Û›]´Ï ®[Æ
®ı©√|D ∂º™ÔÁ´› >\m ʶ´VÔ ∂∫ˇÔˆ›m ∂kÏÔ”¬z
Áƒk >›mk∫ÔÁ· c√º>E›m, √´\Ek–¬z ∂[ÿ√VøzD
∂ΩBVÏÔ·V¬˛© A[Á\ >sÏ›m© º√V>D >Úkÿ>™ ƒD√Õ>Ï
̧B ]Ú¿uÁ≈ QV™ƒV>™\VÔ ®©ÿ√VømD ∂ËÕm
ÿÔV^”D√Ω•D √´\EkÁ™fl ºƒÏÕ> ∂ΩBVÿ´™
ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ› ÿ>ˆs¬zD√ΩBV™ ∞ÔÚ›´V≥›Á>›
>ˆ¬zD√ΩBV™ ∂kÏÔ”¬zD √fiƒV‚ƒ´›Á> c√º>E›m,
∂ÀÁkÕÿ>ø›Á>•D ∂kÏÔ^ ÂV›>øD º√ÆD√Ω cflƒˆ¬Ôfl
ÿƒF>mD p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔπ[ sƒVÈ\V™ \º™V√Vk›Á>
s·¬zD.
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔÁ·© √ÈÚD ∂§BV>º>[
÷ÀkıD ∂ˆB ÿƒB_ÔÁ·© AˆÕm Áƒk›Á> cB´fl
ÿƒFm p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔÁ· √ÈÏ ºÔ‚| ∂§BV>mD ÔVÈ
sºƒ≠º\. ÷º> ÔVÈ›]_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ ˝k[ x›>´VF s·∫˛B
p ´V\˛Úi √´\«DƒÚD p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ”D ∂º™Ô
s>∫Ôπ_ Œ©AÁ\ c^·kÏÔ^. ÷ÚkÚD kVoB©
√Úk›]ºÈºB √´\ º¤V]ÁB WÏsÔu√ ƒ\V]lu ÔÈÕm
Ôπ›>™Ï. ÷ÚkÚD nD√>Vk>VıΩu z^º·ºB ∂Ôı¶
º¤V]l_ n¬˛B\Á¶Õ>™Ï. ÷ÚkÚD \Á™BV”^√¶
¸]ZÔÁ·•D ms¤´_ÈV>kÁ´•D ʶ´VÔ ∞uƬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^.
g™V_ p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ ƒV¸]´© √luEBV_
ºk>VÕ>∫ÔÁ·•D W>σ™∫ÔÁ·•D, ÔuÆÏÕ>kÏ. p
´V\˛Úi √´\«Dƒº´ ƒV¸]´ ∂©∏BVƒt[§ xu∏≈©∏[
>k©√B™VKD ˝k[ x¬>´V™ ÿ√ˆºBVÏÔπ[
∂–¬˛´«›>VKD «¸> \¸>Ô ƒDºBVÔ›>VKD E[
...67...
x›]´VÔ´›>VKD WÏ sÔu√ WÁÈBÁ¶Õ>kÏ. p ´V\˛ÚiÏ
÷Õ]BVs[ >ÁÈÂÔˆ_ kE›m kÕ>>V_ nº´V©∏B
º>ƒ∫Ô”¬zfl ÿƒ[Æ ∏´E›] ÿ√u≈ ºÔ≠© ƒÕ>º´ƒ[ x>oB
Ô_s› ]≈Á\ kVFÕ>kÏÔ^ ºÂˆ_ ∂kÁ´© √VÏ›m, ƒ_ÈV∏›m,
∂k´m \˛Á\ÁB¬ Ôı|, ∂kÏAÔÁw© √´©∏B>VKD, ∂kˆ¶D
g›\QV™D ÿ√u≈ y´Eº´V[\Ë p sºkÔV™Õ>Ï ®[≈ ʶÏ
∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV, nº´V©√V x>oB Ôı¶∫Ô”¬zfl ÿƒ[Æ
ƒVmˆB›m¶[ ∏´ƒ∫˛›m› >\m gƒVˆBVˆ[ \˛Á\ÁB©
√´°D√Ω ÿƒF>>VKD, p ´V\˛Úi √´\«Dƒˆ[ ÿ√BÏ √È
º>B∫ÔπKD √´s, ∂kÏ ÿ√B´V_ ∂º™Ô ƒ∫Ô∫Ô”D
\¶∫Ô”D ∞u√|D √ΩBVluÆ. ∂›>ÁÔB AÔμ p ∑Õ>´
¸kVtÔ^ ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ ÿBM–D, ÷ÚkÚD >›>\¬z ∞u√‚¶
∂ΩBVÏ Ì‚¶›]uz ∂k´kÏ √ˆ√Vk›]uz› >¬Ô√Ω
sºkÔ›Á>•D, √¬]ÁB•D QV™›Á>•D AÔ‚Ω™Ï. p ∑Õ>´
¸kVtÔ·V˛B \«VvÕW>V™›][ \Ô›mkD ∂Ú›]
kV>t[§ºB s·∫zD. p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ √È´§B© √´D
º¤V]l_ ÔÈÕmD ÂV[xÔ–D \V>k–D º>Ω•D ÔVVm
ºƒV]ÿƒV‘√\VF s·∫zD Ekº\ º√V_ \VB\VF \Á≈Õ]ÚÕm,
\ıË_ c^º·VϬz© √´\V™Õ>D ∂π›m¬ÿÔVı| ÷[ÆD
∏´ÔVE›m¬ ÿÔVı|>VMÚ¬˛≈VÏÔ^.
\∫Ô·D ! \∫Ô·D !! \∫Ô·D !!!
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ ]ÀsB ƒˆ›]´D xu§uÆ.

...68...
 ±u E≈©A
p ∑Õ>´ \«VvÕW>V™D ∂Úπfl ÿƒF> ®_ÈV
±_Ô”D E≈Õ>™ºk. ∂kˆBu§B ±_Ô”^ tÔfl
E≈©Au≈Ák, ∑kV–Ø] ´vVB™D, ∑kV–√k ´v\fiƒˆ W¤V™Õ>
sÈVvD ®[≈ J[º≈. >ta_ ÷Ák ®ø>©√‚¶VKD k¶ÿ\Va©
√ˆ√VÁ≠ ∂]ÔD ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ©√>V_ ∂ÁkÔÁ·fl ʶÏÔ”¬z©
√V¶D ÿƒV_o s·¬zkmD cı|. ÷Õ±_Ôπ_ ®_ÈV
ƒV¸]´∫Ôπ[ >›mk∫ÔÁ·•D E›>VÕ>∫ÔÁ·•D s·¬˛
÷Ú¬˛[≈VÏ.
∑kV–Ø] ´vVB™›]_ ¤Ô›][ cu√›],
zÚEiB¬˛´\D, QV™D ÿ√Æ>uzˆB ƒV>™∫Ô^, ∑kV–
√k›]_ kÚD ƒflE>V™Õ>›][ W‘√D, mÁk> \>D, sEi¶V›
mÁk>D, ºk>VÕ>›]uzD ÁƒkE›>VÕ>›]uzD sº´V>
ƒ\V>V™D, ÷Ák x¬˛B\VF s·¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈™.
∑kV–√k ´v\fiƒˆl_ √fiƒ ºÔVƒ∫Ôπ[ ÷ȬÔD
x>oB skÔV´ ºk>VÕ>›Á>•D, ∂Ôı¶ sÚ›>
ºƒV>Á™ÁB•D s·¬˛ Áƒk ÿ§ÁB©√u§ s¸>V´\V™
W‘√D ÿƒFB©√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m. ∂›mÁk> \>›]_ ÷´ı| √ΩÔ^
cı|. ƒz JÏ›]l[ ÷È‚ƒxD, ∂>uzD ¤Ô›]uzD
˝k–¬zx^· ƒD√Õ>∫Ô”D, ƒzJÏ›]ÁB c√VE¬zD
xÁ≈•D ∂>™VÈV™ √B–D ˇμ© √ΩÁBfl ƒVÏÕ>Ák.
ƒzJÏ›] Œ[≈Vl–D ∂k´kÏ \º™V√Vk›][√Ω c√VƒÔÏ
∂>Á™ k∫zD ¸kVtÔ^ k¸m º√> A›]l_ kΩs–D
Eko∫Ô›]KD, sØ], Ú›´V≥, √fiƒV≥´›]KD sº≠ƒ\VÔ
∂Á>© √Á¶›>k´V>o[ >™m ∑kV–√k\VÔ, √´\Ek™m
~ƒV™D x>oB √fiƒk¬>´ ÷ȬÔxD, Eko∫Ô \˛Á\•D,
sØ], Ú›]´V≥ \˛Á\•D, √´\Ek© ∏´ƒV> \˛Á\•D
s·¬Ô©√‚| ÷Ú¬˛[≈™.
W¤V™Õ> sÈVv›]_ \«VkV¬˛B ∑Ú¬ÔD ºk>VÔ\D,
ƒD©´>VBD, Ô´D, \º™VÂVƒ\VϬÔD x>oB ±_Ôπ^
√ÈO‚√∫Ô^ s·¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈™.
...69...
 c
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ ¤V>ÔD
ÿÔV_ÈD 1007áD gı| Ô´ kÚ≠D ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ \V>D
20áD º>] (03.12.1831) ƒM¬˛wÁ\, ∂\VkVÁƒ•D ∂–≠
Â≥›]´xD ÌΩB ∑√]™›]_ cÁ>BV] ÂVaÁÔ 26 s™VΩ
15¬z sÚ≠√ Ȭ™›]_ ∑√ ¤™™D. ÂkVDƒ Ȭ™D zD√D. ¤[\
Â≥›]´D ∂–≠D. ¤™™ ÔVÈ›]_ ƒM \«V>Áƒ ÷Ú©A
9.kÚ≠D 6 \V>D 12 ÂV^

p k›v ºÔV›´D

È ÿƒ.
A
È
´Vz ´Vz
÷´VE ÂkVDƒD
zÚ zÚ
ºÔm ƒM
ºÔm
Û
A ƒÕ ∑ Û ∑ ƒM ƒÕ
ÿƒ

∑√\¸m.

...70...
 c
Ek\BD
p g™Õ> ¶´V¤Ï mÁ

]ÚÿÂ_ºko ºÔV¶ÔÂ_ŸÏ
p ∑Õ>´ ¸kVtÔ^ ∂]i¶V™ zD√V∏º≠Ô ƒ\B›]_,

∂kÏÔπ[ \VV¬ÔˆÿÈVÚkÚD ÁkÁB

\«V Ák›]BÂV>FBÏ ∂kÏÔπ[

κBi¶Ú\V˛B ÷´V\ƒVt nB´kÏÔ^

÷Bu§B º>V›]´©√V.
Ôo©√V
ÿ√V[™V| ÿƒ•Õ>k›>Vu
ÿ√VuAÆÁÔ ÁÈlÈ\ÏÕ>VF
ÿ>[™V| ÿƒ•Õ>k›>Vu
E≈©A≈Tı ¶k>ˆ›m
x[™V|fi ÿƒBÈÁ™›m
xΩ›>ˆ\ ·Õ>MÿÈ›
ÿ>V[™V|Õ ÿ>Vwk\ÏÕ>VF
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (1)

nBVÆ x>u√ÈkV
\VÁÈB∫Ô‚ zˆB√Ë
ÿƒFBV” \]ƒl©√fl
ÿƒFm]Ú swVkË•
xFBVÆ xFÕ]¶¿
•Qu§Á™X mÁ´©√ˆ>V_
mFBVÿ>[ ™ˆ\·DkVμ
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (2)
...71...
∂x>\B kVˆ]º√
´Á Ô¶Õ>V ÿÈ™›]ÚkVF¬
zx>\ÈÏÕ ÿ>VÚÂV”∫
zÁ≈BV> k[\™›>VÏ
>\m¶K∫ zÁw•DkÁÔ
>›mkÿ\F© ÿ√VÚ”Á´¬z
ÿ\\mAÔμfl ∑Õ>´º>
EÔ\ËWu ˛ÁÿBkº´ (3)

∂Õ>ÂVı x>K[Ê
´Ω∏ˆBV ]M]ÚÕmD
kÕmkV ˆƒ›m¶[kVμ
\ı˘ÔD º√VoÚÕº>
ÿ™Õ>ÂV Ë[™Ú”¬
˛È¬ÔVºk[ sȬÔV\u
ÿ≈VÕ>ºk >Á™›>sÏ›>V^
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (4)

®_ÈVxÕ >V™V˛
BVÁk•Õ>[ MÁ¶¬ÔVbD
k_ÈVÏÔ^ √ȈڬÔ
koÕÿ>[Á™ BV‚ ÿÔVı¶VF
Ô_ÈV> ÔÁ¶BkÁ™¬
ÔV›>ºÈ ÔÚÁÿB–fi
ÿƒV_ÈV· WÁ™Õ>Á™ºBV
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (5)

BVÿ™™ÿ>[ ÿ≈ø\VÁB
ÿB–Dº√BV ÈÁÈ©Aı|
>Vÿ™–º\VÏ ÿƒVuÿ√VÚπ[
≈ÁÔ•´V› >tºBÁ
...72...
\V™>™V[ \V[∏Ω›>V[
\V™koÕ >V‚ÿÔVı|
ºƒVÁ™BÚı \Áwÿ√F•fi
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (6)

∏≈©√m° t≈©√m°D
ÿ√Ú©√m° tÁ·©√m°
\≈©√m° WÁ™©√m°D
kVμkmÕ>Vμ kmt[§©
ÿ√≈©√|º\VÏ º√§_ÈV©
ÿ√ÚDº√Æ ÿ√≈kÚ^kVF
m≈©√kÏ> \Ô›>˺B
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (7)

º>ÔÕ>V[ \™x>u≈V[
ÿ¤ÔÕ>Vÿ™[ ÆÔÕ]¶flÿƒF
º\VÔÕ>V[ √k¬Ô¶o[
Jμzs¬Ô \Vμzÿ\™¬
ºÔÔÕ>V[ ∏´\\È
]_ÁÈ∏§ ÿ>™¬Ôπ¬zfi
ºƒVÔD√V kÁ™BÚ^kVF
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (8)

\Vÿ¶[Æ∫ Ô[ÿ≈[Æ
\Ôÿk[Æ \Á™ÿB[Æ
ÂVÿ¶[Æ ÂÔÿ´[Æ
ÂVÿ™[Æ ¿ÿB[Æ
º\Vÿ¶[ÆD ÿ√V[ÿ™[Æ
xa>º´ ÿÈ\m√>fi
Ûº¶[Æ Û‚|s›>VF
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (9)
...73...
ÿ\FD\VÆ √|\VÆ
ÿkÀºk≈VF© √Vs›m©
ÿ√VFD\VB© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶K‚
AÔVkıD AˆÕ>VF¬z¬
ÁÔD\VÆ ÔVºM¬
ÔVBx>[ J[≈π›º>[
∑D\VWu √kϬÿÔπB
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (10)

ª™Õ>V ™bÔV\
K^·√Ω •ÏÕmk¬zD
QV™Õ>Õ ÿ>©ÿ√VÚ”
ÂV™_È ]ÁÈÿB™©º√
´V™Õ> kVˆ]l
ÈVøÿ\VÚ kVμkÚ^kVF
#™Õ>[ ºƒF¬ÔˆB
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (11)

ÔosÚ›>D
ÿ√V[ÿ√Va Bˆ\·\VD
ÿ√V[Aˆ WÔÏAˆl_
x[ÿ√Va BÚıtzW[
xı¶Ô \È´Ωl
È[ÿ√Va ÿÔVΩB–W
™Ï√ÏÔ ÿ·V|k´ÈVu
Æ[ÿ√Va >´kÚ^kVF
∑Õ>´º> EÔ\˺B (1)

®ÕÁ>W[ kΩ°≈ºk
ÿB∫Ôb tÁƒÿ√≈ºk
÷Õ]´ ÂÔÏk·º\
l∫zÆ \ˆ\·º\
...74...
ƒÕ>M ™ΩlÁºB
ƒÕ>> ÿ\VÚmÁºB
∑Õ>´ zÚ\˺B
∑Õ>´ zÚ\˺B (2)

\Õ]´ WÁÈz§ºB[
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