Sajjad Ahmed

S. No.
M. Phil (GPP) – 2nd Semester
Assignment No. 01
Policy Analysis & Design

FIVE POLICY ISSUES WITH DIFFERENT FIVE POLICY FORMULATION

APPROACHES

1st:
Issue: Water Resources Scarcity
Approach: Policy Triangle

Context Actors Process Content

Limited Actors are In process the Promoting
resources of  Government of problem and its sustainable
water are Pakistan, gravity level is consumption and
becoming  Governments of Four identified. Several production patterns
scarcer due to Provinces, AJK & GB, strategic initiatives throughout water
persistent  Indus River System have been identified sector from
increase in its Authority (IRSA) that will be taken at exploitation to
demand and  Political Parties Federal and utilization.
shortage of specially national Provincial Levels Augmentation of the
supply of water parties, which include: available resources
due to non   Conservation & of the country
development of Efficiency through judicious
water reservoirs.  Storage and equitable
 Leveraging utilization via
Technology reservoirs,
 Renewable Energy conservation and
 Integrated Water efficient use.
Resource
Management
 Comprehensive
Regulatory
Framework
 Planning Process

2nd:
Issue: Documentation of the Economy of Pakistan
Approach: Multiple Stream Frameworks
Problem Stream Policy Stream Politics Stream
The tax base is too To enhance the tax base the Politics stream includes the factors
narrow due to policy of documentation of effecting the policy adaptation e.g.
undocumented economy economy is required to be for documentation of economy of
of Pakistan due to which adopted. Pakistan following are affecting:
the financial resources of Chairman FBR announced FBR, Finance Division, Chambers
Pakistan are depleting. the consideration of use of of Commerce & Industries,
plastic money for Association of Traders etc.
documentation of economy.
3rd:
Issue: Water drainage system at constituencies’ level
Approach: Principle Agent Model

The drainage of water during rainy season is a great problem. By the help of using the
relationship of Principle (Union Councilor) and Agent (residents of an area) this problem
can be worked out to be solved through distribution of resources up to lower level.

4th:
Issue: Climate Change Policy
Approach: Top Down Approach

In this approach policies are formulated at the top level by legislature, executive etc. and
implemented at lower levels. The National Climate Change policy was adopted by the
Federal Government of Pakistan which is under implementation at provincial and local
government levels. The Billion Tree Tsunami is the part of implementation of the Climate
Change policy of KPK.

5th:
Issue: Protection of Small Farmers
Approach: Bottom up Approach

In bottom up approach the issues/policies are initiated from lower level/street level to the
higher up levels for policy adaptation and formulation. The fixation of prices, providing of
subsidies etc are initiated and formulated with the help of Farmer Unions, Trade Unions etc.
which are finalized in consultation with the street level bureaucrats. Farmers are provided
electricity at minimal costs for the tube wells; subsidized fertilizers etc. are managed
through bottom up approach.

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