Coulomb's Lows i Edechrastatic force and Ebecknte Depote PREVIOUS YEARS’ EXAMINATION QUESTIONS TOPIC 1 (@1Mark Questions 1, Draw the pattern of electric field lines, when a point charge ~ Q is kept near an uncharged conducting plate. Delhi 2019 2. Draw a pattern of electric field lines due to two positive charges placed a distance d apart. All india 2019 3. Draw the pattern of electric field lines due to an electric dipole. all india 2019 4. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed loop? Ail india 2014, Dethi 2012 5. Two equal balls having equal positive charge q coulombs are suspended by two insulating strings of equal length. What would be the effect on the force when a plastic sheet is inserted between the two? ‘il ndio 2014 6. Why do the electric field lines never cross each other? all india 2014 7. Why must electrostatic field at the surface of a charged conductor be perpendicular to every point on it? Foreign 2014, Delhi 2012 8. Two point charges g, and q, are placed at a distance d apart as shown in the figure. The electric field intensity is zero at the point Pon the line joining them as shown. Write two conclusions that you can draw from this. pethi zo.ec #—————_- a a —— d —_» =P Define dipole moment of an electric dipole. Is it a scalar quantity or a vector Quantity? Forelgn 2012; Allindia 207 10. Draw a plot showing the variation of electric field (E) with distance r due to a Point charge g. Delhi 2012 11. A proton is placed in a uniform electric fie directed along the positive X-axis. In whic direction, wil it tend to move? pelhizong 12. In which orientation, a dipole placed in uniform electric field is in () stable" equilibrium (i) unstable equilibrium? eth 2 13. Two point charges having equal charges separated by 1m distance experience » force of 8 N. What will be the force experienced by them, if they are held in water at the same distance? (Given, Ky ..c. = 80). Allindia 20100 14. A metallic sphere is placed in a uniform electric field as shown in the figure. Which path is followed by electric field lines and why? Foreign 2010 ao 15. Point out whether the following statement is right or wrong. The mutual forces between two charges do not get affected by the presence of other charges. allindia 2010 @ 2 Marks Questions 16. Derive an expression for the electric field due to a dipole of dipole moment p at a point on its perpendicular bisector. Delhi 2019 17. An electric dipole of length 4 em when placed with its axis making an angle of 60° with a uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 4¥3 N-m. Calculate the potential energy of the dipole if it has charge + 8 nC. pethi 2014 48, An electric dipole of length 2 cm when placed with its axis making an angle of 60° with a uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 8V3 N-m. Calculate the potential energy of the dipole if it has charge of + 4 nC. pelhiz014 ——CHAPTER 1; Electric Charges and Fields 19. An electric dipole of length 1om when placed with its axis making an angle of 60° with a uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 6/3 N-m. Calculate the potential energy of the dipole, if it has charge + 2 nC, pelhi 2018 20. An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field E with its dipole moment p parallel to the field, Find (@ the work done in turning the dipole till its dipole moment points in the direction opposite toE. Gi) the orientation of the dipole for which the torque acting on it becomes maximum, all India 20140 21. A small metal sphere carrying a charge +Qis located at the centre of a spherical cavity in a large uncharged metallic spherical shell. Write the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell. Write the expression for the electric field at the point A. Delhizarac etal Pt 22. Point charge (+@) is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric field lines between the charge and the plate. Foreign 2014 23. Two concentric metallic spherical shells of radii R and 2R are given charge Q, and Qz respectively. The surface charge densities on the outer surfaces of the shells are equal. Determine the ratio Q,:Q2- Forelgn 2013 24, Calculate the amount of work done in turning an electrie dipole of dipole moment 3x 10° C - m from its position of unstable equilibrium to the position of stable equilibrium in a uniform electric field of intensity 10° NC“. Foreign 200 25. Plot a graphishowing the variation of Coulomb force (F) versus Ur?, where r is the distance between the two charges of each pair of charges (1 HC, 2 uC) and (1pC, = 3 pC). Interpret the graphs obtained. allinéia 2011 26, Two identical metallic spherical shells A and B having charges + 4@and ~ 10Q are kept a certain distance apart. A third identical uncharged sphere Cis first placed in contact with sphere A and then with sphere B) then spheres A and B are brought in contact.and then separated. Find the charge on the spheres A and B. sil ingia 2one A dipole with a dipole moment of magnitude ‘pisin stable equilibrium in an electrostatic field of magnitude E. Find the work done in rotating this dipole to its position of unstable equilibrium. allindia 2010¢ 28. A dipole is present in an electrostatic field of magnitude 10° NC™. If the work done in rotating it from its position of stable equilibrium to its position of unstable equilibrium is 2x 10™*J, then find the magnitude of the dipole moment of this dipole, Allingia 20106 29. Deduce the expression for the electric field Educ toa system of two charges q, and 2 with position vectors r, and rz at a point r with respect to common origin. Delhi zo10c (43 Marks Questions 30. An electron falls through a distance a of 15cmina @ | uniform electric field of magnitude 2.0 x 10* NIC (Fig. a) Calculate the time it takes to fall through this distance starting from rest. “lL oes eat~ 8 & Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers ; PHYSic¢g . S$ If the direction of the field is reversed (Fig. b) keeping its magnitude unchanged, calculate the time taken by a proton to fall through this distance starting from rest.2018¢ (i) Derive the ex on for electric field at a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole. (i) Depict the orientation of the dipole in (a) stable, (b) unstable equilibrium in a uniform électrie field. pethi 2077 32. (i) Obtain the expression for the torque t experienced by an electric dipole of dipole moment p ina uniform electric field, E. (i) What will happen, if the field were not uniform? Delhi 2077 33. A charge is distributed uniformly over a ring of radius a. Obtain an expression for the electric field intensity £ at a point on the axis of the ring. Hence, show that for points at large distances from the ring, it behaves like a point charge. belhizo1s 34, An electric dipole of dipole moment p is placed in a uniform electric field E. Obtain the expression for the torque t experienced by the dipole. Identify two pairs of perpendicular vectors in the expression. elhi2uisc 31. 35. Two point charges +q A and — 2q are placed at the vertices Band C of an equilateral AABC of side a as given in the figure. Obtain the *4. expression for 5 (i) the magnitude and (i) the direction of the resultant electric field at the vertex A due to these two charges. ailindia 2014 36. Define the term electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or vector? Deduce an expression for the electric field at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole of length 2a. all india 2013 37. An electric dipole is kept in a unifor field. Derive an expression for the net acting on it and write its direction. St conditions under which th : stable equilibrium (ii) unstable equilibrium. Delhi 2012¢ lectrig torque ction. State th e dipole is in Gj 38. Sketch the pattern of electri i ic fiel com Id lines (i) a conducting sphere havi charge on it. Gi) amelectric dipole. allindia zone (@5 Marks Questions 39. (i) Derive an expression for the electric field at any point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole. (i) Two identical point charges, q each are kept 2 m apart in air. A third point charge Q of unknown magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charges such that the system remains in equilibrium. Find the position and nature of @. peihi zag 40. (i) Derive an expression for the electric field E due to a dipole of length 2/ ata point distant r from the centre of the dipole on the axial line. (ii) Draw a graph of E versus rforr >> I. (ii) If this dipole is kept in a uniform external electric field Ey, diagrammatically represent the position of the dipole in stable and unstable equilibrium and write the expressions for the torque acting on the dipole in both the cases. allingia 2017 41. (i) Define torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment p placed in a uniform electric field E. Express it in the vector form and point out the direction along which it acts. (ii) What happens if the field is non-uniform? (iii) What would happen if the external field E is increasing (a) parallel to P and (b) anti-parallel to p? Foreign 2018 _ ‘ing negative@ Explanations 1. -2) 2 ncharged -@ conducting plate 0 2. Refer to diagram on page 4 (Blectric Ficld Lines). o 3. Refer to diagram on page 4 (Electtie Field Lines), o 4, The electrostatic field lines do not form closed loop because no electric field lines exist inside the charged body. a 5. According to the question, both the balls have same charge q. Let the balls be separated by a distance r. Hence, according to Coulomb's law, if F and F’ are the force of attraction between balls in air and in medium respectively. F = FIK where, K is dielectric constant of material and K > 1 for insulators, hence the force is reduced, when a plastic sheet is inserted o 6 At the intersection point, ifelectric field lines cross each other, then there would be two directions of electric field which is not possible, so lines of forces never cross each other. o 7. As, electric field inside a conductor is always zero. ‘The electric lines of forces exert lateral pressure on each other which leads to repulsion between like charges. Thus, in order to stabilize spacing, the electric field lines are normal to the surface.) & Asper the condition given in question, wo conclusions that can be drawn are a follows (4) The two point charges (q, and q,) should be of opposite nature, we) (ii) Magnitude of charge 9, must be greater than magnitude of charge q2. 2) Electric dipole moment of an electric dipole is ‘equal to the product of its either charge and the length of the electric dipole. Iris denoted by p. Hts SL unit is coulomb-me ° A q 4. —__—_21 ———" pl=qx2t I is a vector quantity and its direction is from negative charge to positive charge. o 10. The plot showing the variation of electric field with distance rue to a point charge q is shown as below 25 15] 0. a + "0051152 25395445 5 es o 11. Force on positive charge is alwways in the direction of electric field. So, proton being positive will tend to move along the X-axis in the direction of a uniform electric field. a 12, i) For stable equilibrium, the angle between p. and E is 0° ie. it should be placed parallel to electric field. — 2) (i) For unstable equilibrium, the angle between p and E is 180° ic. it should be placed antiparallel to electric field. ———____——E +9 “4 —_—___———_ 2) 13. Two point charges system is taken from air to water keeping other variables (e-g. distance, magnitude of charge) unchanged, So, only factor10 Which may affect the intera dielectric constant of medium. Force acting between two point charges pe! ah or = Fase == 30 = Fyn SN io o 14, Path d is followed by electric ficld lines because clectic field intensity inside the metalic sphere will be zero, therefore, no electric lines of force cist inside the sphere. Also clecrie field lines are always perpendicular tothe surface ofthe conductor, © 15, Right, because mutual force acting between two point charges is proportional to the product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them i.e. independent of the other charges. o 16. (i) Electric field at a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole. Consider an electric dipole consisting of two point charges + q and ~q separated by a small distance 48 =2! with centre at 0 and dipole moment, p 4 ata Resultant electric field intensity at the point Q E, = Ey + Ey Here, E,= 4Anty 07 +P) 1 4 ney (x74 7) o and Ey chopterwise case Solved Paper 17. 18. 19. 's : PHYSICS and, 0.10 ectangug on rei Ean ae En ar ‘ual in magnitude and opposite to cach other and : sare acting along rect fonda Tes om ee, 8 fe Eq = E4080 + Ey C080 = 2E,cos0 oe Arty (x anc, (OH? But, the dipole moment | p|= 9 2! 1 lel * Fa", GET The direction of E is along Ey that is parallel to BA, ic. opposite to AB. In vector form, we can rewrite as, Ey = 7 _P negix? +P) o Length (2a) = 4em= 4x10 m Angle, @= 60° Torque, t= 43 Nm Charge. @ = 8 x10%C We know that, ¢ = Q(23) E sind lectrie field, # = Qaajsino , 43 8x10 x4 x10 xsin 60 (y B=2.5x10°NC# otential energy, U =~ pb cosd =~ 0121) F cos0 U=- 8x10" x 4x107 x 25x 10! cos 60° 4 16 J, Refer to Sol. 17 on page 10, a 6 J, Refer to Sol. 17 on page 10, @ 20, (i) Work done in rotating the dipole, W = [°" 40 I the dipole is turned from direction parallel to electric field to direction opposite to electric field, then angle 6 will change from Oto x. 8 We [pBsin0W0= 78 - a, a pete 4M, x" w 34, 35. 36. 13 This Is same as the field due to a point charge indicating that for far-off axial point, the charged ring behaves as a point charge. Refer to Sol. 32 (1) on pages 12 and 13. 2 Pairs of perpendicular vectors (a) (t P) (b) (. B o (i) The magnitude, i 1 Exn| = —— IBaal= aa o Bag? + Ec? + 2B ggB 4cc0s8 = st 2? Bacae xe x(-1) = (4B + P= BG ei) ‘We know that, B=q/4ne,a? So, Ener = 43/4907 a (ii) Direction of resultant electric field at vertex, tana =—2Bassini20" E x v3/2 Bye + Byy cosi20° 28+ Ex (cl/2) 1 tana = GB 1 5) a=30° — (withsideac) For electric dipole moment Refer to Sol. 9. on page 9. a For derivation of B Consider an electric dipole AB consists of two charges +9 and 9 separated by a distance 22. We have to find electric fleld at polnt Pon equipotential line separated by adistancer, (1) Blectrlc fleld at point P due to charge +qi @ chopterwise case Solved Papers : PHYSICS. an electric dipole are (ii) Electric field Hines duc 0 shown in figure eal ae Anty E> Along AP, an 39, (a) Refer to Sol. 16.on pa (2) (b) Let P be the point atwhich the sys.cm of charges as shonvn ia the figure below isin o Electric field at point P due to charge = q Go i. 4 along r Pea qe, On resolving B, and B into rectangular components, i wwe get resultant electric field at point. 1 alt a E =E, cos 0+ E, c0s0 Ss * 4me, x? Ane (2-377 ———, ps ae (from figure) > ee caer" =< 5 =H ran Ea a 5 ya: - [But 9x22 =] ‘Thus, the charge @ should be placed at the ceili tip ests ao se gic hoe same nature, so the third charge could be of Fe adhe nent oe es hE Ee eI coset sl cpetse ert. 1) oe cclucsgceot ca eine We have to calculate the field intensity E at a point Pon the axial line of the dipole at distance OP =r [rom the centre Oof the dipole. Conditions (i) When @ = 0; ¢ = 0, then p and E ai the dipole is in a position of stable equilibrium, parallel and way AO 8 be (i) When 9 =180°,¢= 0 then p and & are 5 ar) anti-parallel and the dipole is in a position of ——+ unstable equilibrium. ay Fetal ey (i) Electric field lines due to a conducting sphere + +] ——_} are shown in figure. Resultant electric field intensity at the point Pis atEy = conducting The vectors fy and By are collinea sphere having opposite Mearand negate charge a ersCHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields (ii) ‘The direction of Ep is along BP produced. So, Eps @ (iiy & <4, As increases, E will sharply decrease: 7 The shape of the graph will be as given in the figure: o (ii) 0 — When the dipole were kept in 2 uniform electric field E,. The torque acting on dipole, =pxE= pE sin® (a) 1f8=07, then t=0, p [IE For diagram Refer to Sol. 12 on page 9: (b) 1£6=180%, then t=0, p ||-E For dlagrams Refer to Sol. 12 on page 9- (b).-Bils increasing anti 5 41. (i) t= pEsind In vector notation, ¢ = pxE SI unit of torque is newton-metre (N-m) and its dimensional formula is (ML? T~] Torque is always directed in plane perpendicular to the plane of dipole movement and electric field. Case 1 1f0 = 0°, then t = 0: The dipole is in stable equilibrium. Case 2 If 8=90%, then t=pE (maximum value) ‘The torque acting on dipole will be maximum. Case3__ 10 =180%, then t=0 @ ‘The dipole is in unstable equilibrium. If the field is non-uniform, there would be a inet force on the dipole in addition to the torque and the resulting motion would be a ‘combination of translation and rotation. 1 =pxE( Net torque acts on the dipole depending on the location, where r is the position vector of the centre of the dipole. a (a) Bis increasing parallel to p, then 0 = 0°. So, torque becomes zero but the net force on the dipole will be in the direction of increasing electric field and hence it will have linear motion along the dipole moment. Direction of net force= ———> Direction of increasing field= ———> arallel to p. So, the torque still remains zero but the net force on the dipole will be in the direction of increasing electric field which is opposite to the dipole moment, hence it will have linear ‘motion opposite to the dipole moment. Force, Force on+q on-g Direction of net forco= ~——— Direction of increasing flel= ———» @[TOPIC 2] Electric Flux and Gauss’ Theorem ctor of surface makes an angle Area Vector ce ene the direction of uniform electric field It is the vector associated with every area element E. then Adz, = EASCOS ®. of a dosed surface and taken in the direction of : the outward normal. Consider the diagram given In vecior form, alongside Here, AS is the area vector in the direction of the unit vector fi normal to the surface area AS. 3 3s Eelectre Fuxthrougn on angle@ (iii) Closed surface Slying inside the Representation of ofeo vector. See aeeem tld ©, the total electric flux linked with the closed 2.1 Electric Flux surface Sis $ =4, Eds Electric flux linked with any surface is proportional to the total number of electric field lines that normally pass through that surface. It is a scalar quamity. Sunit of electric flux isN-m?C™ or J-mC™ or V-m. CGS unit of electric flux is dyne-cm?/C, Closed surtace S Different Conditions for the Electric Flux Linked with a Surface Electric hex through o closed surface § There are following conditions for the electric flux linked ne St oan Bt of electric field over the Closed surface represents total electric flux witha surface inked wit ; linked with the surf (i) When surface is held normal to the direction — of uniform electric eld B, then Age = EAS 2.9 Gquss’ Theorem a total electric flux linked with closed surface S s ¢e=fE-ds= 2 &o where, q is the elect x though anormal oe Gausian Limeginars ate eacosed bythe closedCHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields Applications of Gauss’ Theorem There are some applications of Gauss’ theorem: (i) Electric field due to infinitely long uniformly charged wire with linear charged density 4. We have considered cylindrical Gaussian surface. or Here, r is the perpendicular distance from the charged wire. . (ii) (a) Electric field due to a thin infinite plane sheet of charge with uniform surface charge density @ at any nearby point ef é Gaussian surface ee . 25 [for infinite plane sheet of charge] and E=% f [for any charged conducting surface] | cA , a {b) Electric field intensity due to two equally and oppositely charged parallel plane sheet of charge at any point E 2 [between the two plates] and E=0 [outside the plates} (iii) Electric field due to a thin charged spherical shell of radius R at a distance r from its centre. ‘To find the field at a distance r from the centre of the spherical shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r centered at the shell and then Gauss’ law is applied. {a) For point lying outside the shell (r>R) feas-2 £0 Since, E and d$ are in the same direction, Efds = 4 Since, q =o x 4nR* {b) Field at a point inside the shell (r< 8) Here, the charge inside the Gaussian surface shell AS, 4q=0 > E=0 (c) Field at a point on the surface (r= R) On putting r = R, qs AneyR? & where, o is surface charge density, => E=O2> PREVIOUS YEARS' EXAMINATION QUESTIONS TOPIC 2 @1Mark Questions 1. How does the elestrie flux due toa point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface get affected when its radius is increased? Dethi 2016 2. Whatis the electric flux through a cube of side 1 em which encloses an electric dipole? altindia 2015 What is the flux due to electric field E= 3x10°iNC™ through a square of side 10 cm, when it is held normal to E ? allingia 201se 4. Two charges of magnitudes -29 and +Q are located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0), respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius 3a with its centre at the origin? Allindia 2013 A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube of side /, What is the electric flux passing through each face of the cube? All india 2010; Foreign 2010, Figure shows three point charges, +2q,- and +3q. Two charges +2q and -q are. enclosed within a surface S, What is the electric flux due to this configuration through the surface S? Delhi 2010 Electret Flux a -. Given a uniform electric field E=5 x 10° j TNCs nd the vx ofthis field through a r ‘in on a side whose plane is parallel to the ¥Z-plane. What would be the flux through the same square if the plane makes an angle of 30° with the X-axis? Delhi 2014 8. Given a uniform electric field B= 2x 10° i C=}, find the flux of this aaa through a muare of side 20 cm, whose plane is parallel to the YZeplane. What would be the flux through the same square, if the plane makes an angle of 30° with the X-axis? foreign 2014 ; Given a uniform electric field E = 4x 108i NC™ Find the flux of this field through a square of 5 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the YZ-plane. What would be the flux through the same square if the plane makes an angle of 30° with the X-axis? oetni2oe A.sphere S, of radius 7, encloses a net charge Q. If there is another concentric sphere $y of radius rr» > 7) enclosing charge 2Q, find the ratio of the electric flux through S, and S,. How will the electric flux through sphere S, change if'a medium of dielectric constant K is introduced in the space inside Sy in place of air? all india 2014 square of 106 10. 11. A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having charge density 2 is enclosed by a cylindrical surface of radius > and Tength 1, its axis coinciding with the length of the wire. Find the expression for the electric flux through the surface of the cylinder, ailindia zonCHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields 12, Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is given by Ss; jf E= © A whereo is the surface charge 0 density and fis a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward direction. All india. 2010 13. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius R, and outer radius R, has a charge Q. Acharge q is placed at the centre of the shell. (i) What is the surface charge density on the (a) inner surface, (b) outer surface of the shell? (ii) Write the expression for the electric field at a point to x>R, from the centre of the shell. allingia 20106 14. Consider two hollow concentric spheres S, and S, enclosing aa charges 2Q and 4Q Ss. respectively, as shown. in the figure. (i) Find B, out the ratio of the electric flux through them. (ii) How will the electric flux through the spheres S,change if a medium of dielectric constant €, is introduced in the space inside S; in place of air? Deduce the necessary expression. Foreign 2010 (@ 3 Marks Questions 15. Two large charged plane sheets of charge densities 6 and — 26 C/m’ are arranged vertically with a separation of d between them. Deduce expressions for the electric field at points (i) to the left of the first sheet, (ji) to the right of the second sheet and (iii) between the two sheets. All india 2019 16. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r, and outer radius ry has a charge Q. (a) Acharge q is placed at the centre of the shell. Find out the surface charge 17. 18. 19. 19 density on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell. (b) Is the electric field inside a cavity (with no charge) zero; independent of the fact whether the shell is spherical or not? Explain. ail india 2013 Define electric flux and write its SI unit, The electric field components in the figure shown are E, = ox, E, = 0, E, = 0, where = 200N. Calculate the charge within the Cm cube; assuming a= 0.1 m. zor ‘Two infinitely large plane thin parallel sheets having surface charge densities m1 G, ando{o, >6,) are shownin the [A as figure. Write the magnitudes and directions of the net fields in the regions marked II and IIL. Foreign 2016 Ahollow Y cylindrical box of length 1 mand area. of cross g x -section 25 cm? is im placed in a three-dimensional coordinate system as shown in the figure. The electric field in the region is given by E = 50 xi, where E is in NC" and xis in metre. Find (@ net flux through the cylinder. (ii) charge enclosed by the cylinder. Delhi 2013 (i State Gauss's law. (i) A thin straight infintely long conducting wire of linear charge@ chopterwise case solve density 2 is enclosed by acylindrical 24. surface of radius rand length /. Its axis coinciding with the length of the wire, Obtain the expression for the electric field, indicating its direction, at a point on the surface of the cylinder. delhi 2012 21, State Gauss’ law in electrostatics. A cube with each side a is kept in an clectrie field given by E = Cxi as shown in the figure, where Cis a positive dimensional constant. Find out y ai fy aah * q (i) the electric flux through the cube. (ii) the net charge inside the cube. Foreign 2012 22. Using Gauss’ law, obtain the expression for the electric field due to uniformly charged spherical shell of radius R at a point outside the shell. Draw a graph showing the variation of electric field with 1, forr> Rand r< R, ailindlo 201 (5 Marks Questions 23. (a) Define electric flux) Is.it a scalar or a vector quantity? A point charge gis at a distance of d/2 directly above the centre of a square p of side d, as shown // in the figure. Use. —— Gauss’ law to obtain the expression for the electric flux through the square. (©) If the point charge is now moved to a distance d from the centre of the . square and the side of the square is doubled, explain how the electric flux will be affected, case 201 a / 27. J papers : PHYSICS sauas’ law to derive the (a) Use Gauss’ law 10 Orr field (B) : for the elt : i ye density 2. Cm, infinite line of charge densit; (b) Draw a graph to show the variation OLE with perpendicular distance r from the ine of eharke, i e in bringing a Find the work done in (0 Tege q from perpendicular Gjetance r,t ry(f2 > 7)» CBSE 2018 ‘Gauss’ theorem to find the 0 se Me field due to a uniformly charged infinitely large plane thin sheet with surface charge density °. Gi) An infinitely large thin plane sheet a antiniform surface charge density to. Obtain the expression for the amount of work done in bringing a point charge q from infinity to a point, fistant r, in front of the charged plane sheet. all nia 2017 ‘An electric dipole of dipole moment p consists of point charges +g and -q separated by a distance 2a apart. Deduce the expression for the electric field Edue to the dipole at a distance x from the centre of the dipole on its, axial line in terms of the dipole moment p . Hence, show that in the limit x>> a,E—> 2p/(4nep2"). @ Given theelectric Y field inthe region E=2xi, find the net electric flux through the cube and the x charge enclosed by it. allindia 2018; Dethi201s Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. Gauss’ law in electrostatics is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is. Justify this statement with the help of a suitable example, (ii) Use Gauss’ law to prove that the dlectre field inside a uniformly charged spherical shel charged ell is zero. Gi) @CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields 28. (a) Deduce the expression for the torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment p in the presence of uniform electric field E. () Consider two hollow concentric spheres S, 40 and S, enclosing 32. charges 2Q and 4Q respectively as shown in the figure (i) find out the ratio of the electric flux through them. (ii) How will the electric flux through the sphere S, changes, if a medium of dielectric Lis introduced in the space inside S, in place of air? Deduce the necessary expression?All india 2014 . 29. Using Gauss’ law, deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical conducting shell of radius FR at a point ( outside the shell (i) inside the shell. (7 Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function ofr > R : andr< R. (r being the distance from the centre of the shell) Allindia 2013 30. (i) Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. - Gi) A small metal sphere carrying charge +Q is located at the centre ofa spherical cavity inside a large uncharged metallic spherical shell as shown in the figure.Use Gauss’ law to find the expressions for the electric field at points P, and P,, St Se 2 belhi 20120 (i) Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. Gi) Using Gauss’ law, prove that the | electric field at a point due toa 31. 21 uniformly charged infinite plane sheet is independent of distance from it. How is the fiéld directed if” (a) the sheet is positively charged? (b) negatively charged? nein 20% (i State Gauss’ law. Use it to deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell at points (@) inside the shell and (b) outside the shell. (ii) Twolidentical metallic spheres A and Bhaving charges + 4Q and - 10@ are Kept a certain distance apart. A third identical uncharged sphere C is first placed in contact with sphere A and then with sphere B. Then, spheres A and Bare brought in contact and then separated. Find the charges on the spheres A and B. allindia 20n1e Explanations ‘According to question, electric flux (@) duc to a point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface is given by : 0, there is no effect of change in radius on the electric flux: Since, according to the Gauss’ law of electrostatics, electric flux through any closed surface is given by, be = fEdS=a/t o wali) where, E = electrostatic field 4q = total charge enclosed by the surface eq = absolute electric permittivity of free space So, in the given case, cube encloses an electric dipole. Therefore, the total charge enclosed by the cube Is zero. ie. q = 0 Therefore, from Eq, (i), we have Op = 91% =0 Le. electric Mux Is zero. o3. Gauss’ theorem states that the total electric flux linked closed surface (20) (a, 0) (4a,0) where, is the total charge enclosed by the closed Gaussian (imaginary) surfaces Charge enclosed by the sphere = 20 Therefore, = 20/egii(inwards) a 4. By Gauss’ theofemt, total electric flux linked with a closed surface is given by 6=9/€ where, gis the total charge enclosed by the closed. surface, +, Total elecutic flux linked! with cube, = 4/¢, As charge is at centre, therefore, electric flux is symmetrically distributed through all 6 faces. Flux linked with each face = 2 & 6% «y 5. electri fox through the closed surface Sis = Hatt fo eo milage t £ fo Charge + 39 is outside the closed surface S, therefore, it would not be taken into consideration in applying Gauss’ theorem. (1) 6. According to the question, E= 3x10? INC”. Side of square(§)=10cm-= 01 m. ‘Atea of square (A) = ide)? = (01)? =1 x10" mm? Hence, electric lux through the square, $= £.A= (3x10) 107 =30Nm?Ct w 7. Given, electric field intensity E=5x10iNC™ Magnitude of electric field intensity [E|= 5x10'Nc* Side of square, $= 10cm= 0.1 tin Arca of square, A= (0.1)?= 0.01 m* The plane of the square is parallel to the ¥Z-plane. Heence, the angle between the unit vector normal to the plane and electric field is zero, o i 0-0 Flux through the plane, ee 22 ; @ chapterwise cBSE Solved Paper s; PHYSICS 30 ge |B] x Aco 5.x 10? x 001 cos 0” = = 50NmiC" - Ir the plane makes an angle of 30° with the X-axis, then 0 = 60° :. Flux through the plan i = |B] Ax cos 60 5x 10! x 0.01 x cos 60° =25Nm’Ct a 8. 40.Nm2C~ and 20 Nm7C™* Refer to Sol, 7 on page 22. a 9, 200.Nm?C* and 100 Nm?C Refer to Sol. 7 on page 22. @ 10, According to Gauss’ law, Flux throughs), ¢, = 2 ei) & Flux through $;, 4; = 2* 2 a (i) ‘On dividing Ea. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get 4% = 1/3 o ‘There is no change in the flux through S, with dielectric medium inside the sphere 5 o 11. A thin straight conducting wire will be a uniform linear charge distribution Let charge be enclosed by the cylindrical surface. + Linear charge density, aal 1 q=M i) o By Gauss’ theorem, ++ Total electric flux through the surface of cylinder ard [Gauss’ theorem] ‘ gM ‘i i eo {from Ea. ( fo meeCHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields 12. Let q charge be uniformly distributed over the spherical shell of radius r. «. Surface charge density on spherical shell o=—t wali) Snr ty +s Electric field intensity on the stirface of spherical shell ar : acts along radially outward and along ft) Witte Se il) ® 2) Here, two points are important 1. Charge resides on the outer surface of spherical conductor (skin effect). 2. Equal charge of opposite nature induces in the surface of conductor nearer to source charge. 13. (i) (a) Charge produced on inner surface due to induction =~ 9 «, Surface charge density of inner surface -=2 an (b) When charge -9 is induced on inner walls, then equal charge +4 is produced at outer surface. Charge on outer surface = 4 + @ ., Surface charge density of outer surface 2942 4m} o (i) Electric field intensity at point P at a distance x(x>R) 23 [along CP and away from spherical shell) Whole charge is assumed to be concentrated at the centre, o 14,(i) According to Gauss’ theorem, ge hecty 3 M2 _a) & $s, M+4Q ZH (ii) Ifthe medium is filled in S,, then 65, i Nok, Bol o 15. (i) Electric field to.the left of plate 1 (region 1) B,=8, +E, = 9-2 2, 2 where rbe the unit vector in the direction from plate 1 (+ ve plate) to plate 2 (- ve plate) ¢ -20 & f fi a} Ss | 4 i E & P Soe if g o lectric field to the right of plate 2 region 111) ow Ey = S2r- 2% o (ill) Electric field between two plates (region 11) ee 2 > o 16. (a) When a charge +4 is placed at the centre of spherical cavity, as shown in the figure, Then, charge induced one the inner surface of a shell is ~@ and charge induced on the outer, surface of shell is +4. So, +9 peters* @ chapterwise CBS! avg uy (1) outer surface eh (i) Inner surface eharge density * <4 ama) (by Yes, the electite fel inside a cavity I zer0 inrespective af shape because the cavity has evo net charge o 17, Refer to text on page 16 [leetale musty Since the electite led nly an x component, for face perpendicular 10% direction. The flux, BAS Is sepatitely zero for each face ff the etibe exceptthe two front and its opposite ones Now, the magnitude of electri Feld at the left face is (24 © aat the left face) F,savea $0, |) 92 ByAs = ealu?eostB0® Piel at right face, hex = 2 Fy sax=a0 Ge HAs = 2uula?cos0"|= 200? Ba = Bat = ct? = 0? According to Gauss’ law = R85 107% 100 x (01)" According to the figure, A and B are wwo thin plane parallel sheets of charge having uniforin densities 6, and. with oy > 3 = Fxarca of the end faces of the cylinder 18. px2te Spe ae ot S, a nee I 4) " o o In region ‘The electric field due to the sheet of charge A will be from left to right (along the positive direetion) and that due to the sheet of charge B will be from right to left (along the negative direction), ‘Therefore, in region I, we have C2) £ Solved Papers ; PHYBicg pm Ela, 9) (along postive direct ty Q in reglon ‘the electele flelds due com Felt to right, b both the charged sheey along. the positive will be se neo ee ge Dnt 2t9,, BER ty I pe La, +9.) (along positive dire) & , i 19, (i) GWwen, = 501 and 25% 104m? Y —"—) 9 (2\ fia Zim As the electrle field 1s only along the X-axis.» flux will pass only through the crossssectond the cylinder. ‘Magnitude of electric Feld at cross-section A, By =50x 1= 50 NC Magnitude of clectrie flekd at cross-section 8, By = 50 2 100 NC™ a ‘The corresponding electric uxes are 4, = Eye AS = 50 x 25% 107 x cost80” 2-0.125 Nuc y= Ey AS = 100 x 25% 10 x cos? = 0.25 NuPc™ So, the net fux through the cylinder, 244 Gu = 0.125 + 0.25 =0125Nm?C" i (ii) Using Gauss’ law, ge feast => 01252 —_4_ 85x10" => q 5 885% 012510"? 2 gstixwte o So, the ch Lx to ige enclosed by the eylinder Is ¢CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields 20, (i) Gauss’ law states that the total flux through a closed surface is 1 times to the net charge & enclosed by the closed surface, Mathematically, $= f E45 Here, € is the absolute permittivity of the free space, 7 is the total charge enclosed and Eis the electric field at the area element dS. (0) (ii) Electric field intensity due to an infinitely long uniformly charged wire at point Pat distance r from itis obtained as followst Consider a thin cylindrical Gaussian surface $ with charged wire on its axis and point P on its surface, then net electric lux through surface is cf Pa a Fe Sees o= fE-as = J BdScos 90% [ EdS cos" { EdScos90° ‘nner plane ace ‘Curved surface” Laer plane face $= 0+EA+0 or $2 B: 2a! o But by Gauiss’s theorem, $= 4/€ =A/e) where, q is the charge on length / of wire enclosed by cylindrical surface S and 4 is uniform linear charge density of wire. ‘ xan =U % => E= A Ine Thus, electric field ofa line charge is inversely proportional to distance directed normal to the surface of charged wire. a 21. Gauss’ law Refer to text on page 16. Now, the electric fleld E= Cri 1s in X-direction only. So, faces with surface normal vector perpendicular to this fleld would give zero electric flux, he. @= E dS cos 90° = Othrough It, 0 25 hee ii jaa * ry So, flux would be across only two surfaces. ‘Magnitude of £ at left face, E,=r=Ca [x =aatleft face] ‘Magnitude of F at right face ~ Ey = Cx = C2a = 220 [x = 2 at right face] ‘Thus, corresponding fluxes are $1 = ,-dS= EB, dS cos =acxa® ~~ [As,0=180°] bp = Eg-AS=2C dS cos® | [-8= 07] = Ca? = 20°C ay (4) Now, net flux through the cube is = Or + on =— aC 20°C ‘ =@cnmic? ay, (i) Net charge inside the cube ‘Again, we can use Gauss’ law to find total charge q inside the cube. Wehave g=2 & or 94% “7 = aCe, coulomb — 22, Let us consider charge +.q be uniformly distributed over a spherical shell of radius R. Let E is to be obtained at P lying outside of spherical shell. Eabany point is radially outward (if charge q is positive) and has same magnitude at all points which Ile at the same distance r from centre of spherical shell stch that r> R. Therefore, Gaussian surface is concentric sphere of radius r such that r> R. a) Concentric spherical Gaussian surface Charged spherical shell@ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers ; PHYS By Gauss theorem, fEus= 2 = feds cosor=2 fo fo ."Eand dSare along the same direction] B.fas = 2 (rMtagntude of Es same at every & point on Gaussian surface} Exant et % ms - 2. a rr Now graph o 23. (a) Electric flux It is defined as the total number of electric field lines that are normally pass through that surface. Total electric flux g over the whole surface $ due to an electric field E is given as ‘p= fds fs coo It is a scalar quantity. o From the given problem, qis the point charge ata distarice ot directly above the centre of the square side. Now, construct a Gaussian surface in form of a cube of sided to evaluate the amount of electric flux. We can calculate the amount of electric flux for six surfaces by using Gauss’s law, —— s. For one surface of the cube, amount op is 124 electric flux is given as _° = 1 leer flux i glven a8 Oy! = ZF (b) Even ifthe poist charge is moved t0 a ditaye from the centre of the square and side gi square is doubled, but amount of charge enclosed into the Gaussian surface does ny ye, changes. othe amount of electric ux remains ane. 24,(a) Field due to an infinitely long thin straight charged line Consider an infinitely long thin straight lige ‘with uniform linear charge density (), From symmetry, the electric field is every radial in the plane éutting the wire normally its magnitude only depends on the mld distance (7) From Gauss’ law, $e = fE-ds=4 3 & Now, $¢=fEuS= fEAds 5 5 = fE-fids + fE-Ads+ feds 4 ’ & + FE-dS = FE dscos90° + FE dscos9” 5 4 2 + fe dScost? = f8ds= Een) . ‘Charge: cea in the cylinder, q = + BQnr = M or p=_* os Bnegr ‘The direction of the electric field is radially ‘outward from the positive line charge. Fot negative line charge, it will be radially inwart -CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields (8) due to the linear charge ts inversely proportional to the distance (1) E from the linear charge. The variation of — electric field (E) with distance (4) is shown in figure. a (ove Etre fh hs xegr = | logt Brey [OF Work done = qv = q)—* (16g 2 Ine, (OP 25. (i) According to the question, @ is the surface charge density of the sheet, From symmetry, E on either side of the sheet must be perpendicular to the plane of the sheet, having same magnitude at all points equidistant from the sheet, We take a cylinder of cross-sectional area A and length 2ras the Gaussian surface. On the curved surface of the cylinder, € "and are perpendicular to each other. Therefore, the flux through the curved surface of the cylinder = 0. aa a perl a iN a ze + Flux through the flat surfaces = EA+ BA = 2BA ‘The total electric flux over the entire surface of ‘cylinder $e = 2EA Total charge enclosed by the cylinder, q=aA According to Gauss’s law, E is independent of r, the distance of the point from the plane charged sheet. E at any point is directed away from the sheet for positive charge and directed towards the sheet In case of negative charge. oo”) 27 urface charge density of the uniform plane sheet which Is Infinitely large =+0. The eleciric potential (¥) duc to infinite sheet of uniform charge density +0 = 2% ‘The amount of work done in bringing a point charge q from infinite to point, at distance r in front of the charged plane sheet. or ora, 2X 2 (2) (i) Electric fleld on an axial line of an electric dipole (iy WaqxV Let P be at distance r from the centre of the dipole ‘on the side of charge ~ 4. Then, the electric field at point P due to charge ~ 4 b 4 “Aneg(r + a)" of the dipole is given by, E., =~ where, pis the unit vector along the dipole a (from —q to q). o Also, the electric field at point P duc to charge +4 of the dipole is given by, By = — + a? eat = 1], weal? :r=x (given) The total ficld at point Pis28 Since, the electrle field has only x component, for faces normal to X «direction, the angle between E and AS is £ /2 Therefore, the flux Is separately zero for cach of the cube except the surface perpendicular to X-axls ‘The magnitude of the electric fled at the left face is fas, x = Oat the left face). “he magnitude of the electric field at the right face iy Ey = 21 (as, x =a at the right face), (0) The corresponding Muxes are $, = BL AS=0 s On = Ey ASS BRAS C030 = Ep AS oof = Ge = Bat Net flu (@) through the cube ei Oy = OF Eqs? = Ey? = O20 (a)? = a0? 0") We ean use Gauss’ Jaw to find the total charged Inside theeube, G2 alty 9 OEg= Mey o 27, i) Electrle Flux Refer to ext on page 16 The St unit of electric flux is NBC". ‘According to Gauss’ avy in electrostatics, the surface integral of electrostatic field E produced by any sources over any closed surface S enclosing a volume V in vacuum, ie, {otal electric flux over the closed surface Sin vacuum, is1/¢g times the total charge (@) contained insideS, ic. d= fEdS= = -_ 4 Gauss’ law in electrostatics is true for an closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is, In.order to justify the above statement, consider am isolated positive charge q situated at the centre Oof a sphere of radius r. According to Coulomb's law. intensity at any point Pon'the surface of the where, Fis unit vector directed from 010 P. @ chapterwise CBSE solved Papers + PHYSics _a element d of the sphere consiter asia eae ctor rnd P. Let it be FePFes along out drawn normal where, fils unit vector to the area clement the ar 1. Blectric flux over me = dpe = EdS = 1A FIP dy Bel = 4/49 “9 4 surface of every point is along that point, therefore, clement. As normal to the radius vector 3 the 20 ous = 9/4ne “ASIF nvegraing over the closed surface area of the tah, we et total normal electric Max ver the entire sphere, 1 oe = fe p41 fas Gres = —4~ x total area of surface of sphere rer etary et 0 ane fo Hence, Bus =9/¢y- which proves Gauss | theorem. oy (ity Electele field Inside a uniformly charged spherical shell ‘According to Gauss theorem =f.eads=4 or Ef f,Bds=f,8 Beds =o E fds 4 Beane? =ql&y > E =a/4ney? i An the given figure, the point P where we have find the electric field intensity is inside the shel. The Gaussian surface isthe surface ofa spheres, passing through P and with the centre at 0. The {radius of the sphere Syisr- nF=I6F = n=16 3. (c) Net charge acquired by induction is zt0 3 there is only transfer of electrons from one pitt body to the other.CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Flelds 4, (¢) The work done is zero be zero. 5, (a) We know that, electric ficld at distance r from an infinitely long line charge is given by a E => A= 2m) 1B 2neyr Bert! «rE, = constant = Graph (c) correctly represents the variation of electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged, non-conducting sphere. 7. (a) We know that, F = ¢E Therefore, acceleration in eléetron due to force F oe ce mom 8, (b) Because E point is along the tangent to the lines of force. If initial velocity is zero, then due to the force, it moves in the direction of E. 9. (c) Torque on dipole form t = p x Esind The direction of torque is perpendicular to the plane of paper inwards, i.e. when the dipole is parallel or anti-parallel to E and maximum at @=90°. So, torque is maximum, if p is perpendicular to E. se displacementis 1 12, 13, 14, 15. 31 (a) Non-uniform electric field causes both sotational and translational motion, so both torque and force act on the dipole. (c) For stable equilibrium, the angle @ should be zero. iE a= pE sin Ss =pEsin0 =0 (a) The electron dipole moment is equal to p=16x10"x 43x10 [vp =qx2) = 6,88 10°** Cm (d) The Gauss’ law in electrostatic given a relation between clectric flux through any closed hypothetical surface (called a Gaussian surface) and the charge enclosed by the surface. So, the nature of Gaussian surface is vector. (d) The electric field at any point on S (Gaussian surface) is due to all the charges put the flux through the Sis due to only charges ~ q, and + 4). (d) Given, E= (2k + 3) + k) NC’ andS =10i m2 We know that, Electric flux, 6 = E-S = (2) + 3) + k)-@ =20Nm'ct