PC Troubleshooting

PC Click style
to Troubleshooting
edit Master Techniques
title and Repair
• Click to edit Master subtitle style •
Prepared by:
Ronald Belmonte ICT LITERACY AND
COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT BUREAU
PART I. AN OVERVIEW
What is a Computer? A computer is a
machine that allows and Click the
transform to user edit to Master
process, data title store into
style
information based on the given
instruction.
• Click to edit Master subtitle style
How Computer works?
• A computer works by combining input, storage,
processing, and output. All the main parts of a
computer system are involved in one of these four
processes.
Click to edit Master title

style

POWER SUPPLY UNIT
MONITOR
MOTHERBOARD
Click MEMORY MODULE

to edit Master title style
DVD ROM
HARD DISK DRIVE
VIDEO CARD
KEYBOARD & MOUSE
CASING
PROCESSOR
style
PC Diagnostic, Testing, Maintenance and Tools.
Troubleshooting Basic
• Seven step process
• Easiest to hardest
• Click style Outside to In

edit Master title • Click to edit
Master subtitle
style
Seven step in
Troubleshooting
• Analysis
• Problem
replication/Identification
• • Click style
Action Implementation to
Plan edit Master title • •
Testing Click to documentation
edit Master subtitle
• Follow style
up
style
• Click to edit Master subtitle
Used of Hand Tools
style
 Anti-static wrist strap - used to prevent ESD

damage to computer hardware on to prevent
equipment. static electricity from
Anti-static mat - used to building up.
stand on or place
style

Hand Tools
 A hand tool is a device for performing work on a
material or a physical system using only hands. The
hand tools can be manually used employing force, or
electrically powered, using electrical current.
 Flat head
screwdriver - used to loosen or tighten slotted screws.
Click style to edit Master

title • Click to edit Master subtitle
style
 Philips head screwdriver - used to loosen
or tighten crosshead screws.
 Hex driver – sometimes called a
nut driver, is used to tighten nuts in tightens Click
style
the same screws.
way to that edit a screwdriver Master

style
 Needle-nose plier - used to hold small parts.
 Wire cutter - used to  Tweezers - used to

strip and cut wires. manipulate small parts.

style

 Lint-free cloth - used to clean
different computer components without scratching or
leaving debris.
 Having the appropriate cleaning tools is essential
when maintaining or repairing
computers.
 Using these tools ensures that computer components
are not damaged during
cleaning.
Cleaning Tools
style
 Compressed air - used to blow away dust and debris
from different computer parts without touching the
components.
Cable ties - used to bundle cables
neatly inside and outside of a
Click style
computer. to edit Master title •
Click to edit Master subtitle
style
Computers are easier to use and more
dependable with each new generation of
hardware and operating system update, but
that doesn't mean they're problem-free.
Multimeter - used to test the integrity of
circuits and the
quality of electricity in computer
components.
Diagnostic Tools
style
The
Process Click
style
• to edit System
Master title Click to edit Master
subtitle style
Boot
.
 Once the computer is switch on, the
following operations undertaken by the
computer as part of the boot process:

1. Perform the power on self test
(POST) 2. Search and initialize the
operating system (OS) 3. Load the
operating system from secondary
storage device to the primary memory
(RAM)

style
style

• The process of turning on your
computer and starting the operating
system is called booting. Part of the
boot process is checking if the Basic
input/output system (BIOS), operating
systems, and all hardware device
attached to the computer are working
properly. If there are problems
encountered in any of the computer
components during the boot process, it
will result to boot failure. A successful
boot process is necessary in order for
the computer to be operational.
style
• Perform the power on self test (POST) this
process initialize the CPU and runs the BIOS
instruction stored in the ROM the CPU execute
the BIOS instruction to check it all hardware
components are working properly. BIOS is a
built-in software stored in the ROM that control
device such as the monitor, keyboard, mouse,
hard drives, video card, and others hardware
components. BIOS contain the instruction
necessary to run the POST
style
• Search and initialize the operating
system (OS) if the POST process is
successful, BIOS will search for the
operating system usually in a
secondary storage device such as the
hard drive. BIOS reads the very first
part of the secondary storage device
known as the master boot record
(MBR) which contains information on
how to start the operating system.
Once the information on the MBR is
read, the operating system is
initialized
style
style
Search and initialize the

operating system
(OS)
• Load the operating system from
secondary storage device to the
primary memory (RAM)after the
operating system initializes. BIOS
copies the operating system into the
primary memory (RAM) and passes
the control of the rest of the boot
process to the operating system.
style
Once the operating system has started up,
it manages all of the software and
hardware on the computer. Most of the
time, there are many different programs
running at the same time, and they all
(CPU), of operating Click style

this need to memory, to make system,
access to sure edit and your the each

storage. software Master computer's
program The wouldn't operating gets
central title what even processing

system it be needs. able coordinates unit
Without to talk to
the all
the below, • hardware, Click style
you can to edit and see the how Master
computer Windows subtitle
would 7, 10 appears be useless. after In
starting the image
up.
• Cold boot is a term used to
describe the process of turning on the
computer after it has been powered
off. For example, when you first turn
your computer on after being off for
the night that is referred to as cold
booting the computer.
THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF
BOOT PROCCESS
• Warm boot- refers to the boot
process when
Click style
to edit Master title we that
on via start is the already a
computer operating
turned
• Click style
to edit Master subtitle
system button
or the reset
• Definition: Abbreviated as
POST, the Power diagnostic
when Click style

to powered On edit Self
tests Master Test on.
performed is the title initial
by the set computer
of
 Tests that fail are relayed to the user
via the use of POST code, beep code
or on-screen POST error message
immediately after the computer powers
on. ➢ ➢ Click style

The Also POST Known to edit is
handled As: Master POST
by the title system's BIOS.
• Click to edit Master subtitle ➢
Examples:
style  After I upgraded the memory in my
computer, the POST generated a series of short
beeps. After troubleshooting the problem, I discovered
that I had not pushed the memory firmly enough into
the slot on the motherboard.
POST IMAGE

style
ERROR MASSAGE
HDD PLATTERS
Hard Click style

to edit MBR Master
disk & Partition
title GPT
• A hard disk partition is a defined
storage space on a hard drive. Most
operating systems allow users to divide
a hard disk into multiple partitions, in
effect making one physical hard disk
into several smaller logical hard disks.

style
Reasons to Use Hard Disk
Partitions
• A user may decide to split a hard
disk into multiple partitions in order to
organize his/her data more effectively.
On Microsoft Windows machines, it is
common to store the OS and
applications on one hard diskpartition
and user data on another. When a
problem occurs with Microsoft
Windows, the OS partition can be
completely formatted and reinstalled
without affecting the data partition.
style
Click Two edit Master
partition
style
title
to
types.
different
• Primary Partition
A primary partition is in which an Operating
System can be installed. One MBR hard
disk may contain a maximum of 4 primary
partitions. An active partition is based on
primary partition. Any one of the 4 primary
partitions can be set as active partition.
style
Extended Partition
The extended NON bootable partition is an
area where non bootable system files are
stored. It is partition 23 optional. Click
style
logical supports drives. to The edit
extended
When up to Master title an created,
• extended Click you to partition divide
edit Master it into
is
subtitle one or style
more logical drives (E to Z). Z,T,E,F,G
• format a drive
Formatting:
(hard disk, floppy disk, flash drive,
etc.)
means to prepare the chosen partition
on the drive to be used by an
operating system by deleting all of the
data1 and setting up a file system.
The most popular file system to
support Windows is NTFS but FAT32
is also sometimes used.
style
Hard Disk Partitions and File
Systems
Data is not actually stored in hard disk
partitions. Hard disk partitions store
file systems, then these file systems
store data. Some operating systems
blur the lines between partitions and
file systems.
style
File Systems
• The Microsoft Windows operating
systems have always supported
various versions of the FAT file
system. FAT stands for File Allocation
Table, a term
• Click style that each In addition

describes file's to space edit to
FAT, what allocation.
Master all FAT Microsoft does:
title It Windows maintains operating
a table of
• systems system Windows Click style
to called since edit NT, the NTFS—
New Windows Master NT stood
subtitle
NT Technology for support new
technology.
a newer File System. file
For
• All modern versions of Windows also
support exFAT, a file system designed
for flash drives.
• A file system is set up on a drive
during a format.
Volume:
• A volume is how the operating
system 'sees' your free disk space.
Volumes (also called logical drives)
are represented in Windows by drive
letters such as C:, E:,
Click style etc. of system a

Volumes hard to before drive. edit
are data Volumes formed Master
can be must by stored partitioning
title be formatted on them.
the with free space a file
Windows 7, 8, and 10 create a special
“System Reserved” partition install
disk. Clickstyle
Windows them to when edit on
you
doesn’t a clean Master title
normally letter • partitions, Click style
to these
to assign so edit you’ll Master a drive
only
subtitle
see them when you use Disk
Management or similar utility.
Windows 7, 8, and 10 create
a special “System Reserved”
partition when you install
them on a clean disk. assign
Click style
Windows to a drive edit
Master letter doesn’t to title
these
normally
partitions, when • similar Click
style
you to utility.
edit use so Master you’ll Disk
subtitle
only Management see them
or
What Does the System
Reserved Partition Do?
style

The System Reserved partition contains
two important things:
•The startup files used for BitLocker Drive
Encryption: If you ever decide
to encrypt your hard drive with BitLocker drive
encryption, the System Reserved partition contains
the necessary files for starting your computer. Your
computer boots the unencrypted System Reserved
partition, and then decrypts the main encrypted drive
and starts the encrypted Windows system.
The Boot Manager and Boot Configuration Data: When
your computer starts, the Windows Boot Manager reads
the boot data from the Boot Configuration Data (BCD)
Store. Your computer starts the boot loader off of the
System Reserved partition, which in turn starts Windows
from your system drive.

style
When Windows Creates the System
Reserved Partition
title • Click to edit Master subtitle The
style
System Reserved partition consumes 100 MB of space on
Windows 7, 350 MB of space on Windows 8, and 500 MB
of space on Windows 10. The partition is typically created
during the Windows installation process, just before the
installer allocates space for the main system partition.
MBR and GPT- An

Introduction
• Master Boot Record (MBR)
format has been in use since
1980s to format the hard disk
using BIOS based partition table
and make easy to Click style

use to hard 2TB for drive. to
and PCs. edit it MBR MBR can
Master doesn’t make can
manage only title work four a
with hard partitions more drive
than up
of a
• 2TB Click style
hard to edit drive.
Master subtitle
• The GUID Partition Table
format is a new technology
where GUID stands for globally
unique identifiers which uses
unified extensible Click style
firmware much approx. to larger
10 edit interface billion disks
Master terabytes. up (UEFI).
to 9.4 title GPT Zettabytes It
allows allows to
to (ZB) use
or
• partition Click style
to edit a disk Master up to subtitle
in 128 partitions.
style

Which one is better- MBR
or GPT?
• On MBR formatted drive a user
cannot create a 5th partition, if
user wants to create more
partitions of drive it will be
converted into Click style

dynamic and unable to drive
edit to install which Master
OS may in title occurs drive.
many errors
• • Where or more Click style
with than to GPT storage edit
2TB has Master and capacity. no
limitation subtitle
GPT users GPT to supports can
divide divide the up their
to drive
drive up to 128 divisions.
• Windows XP (32-bit), Windows 2000,
Windows NT 4, or Windows 95/98 cannot
read, write, and boot from GPT disks, they
only supports MBR.
•• Click style
Windows Windows Windows Server 2012
to 8.1, XP 2003 edit all (x64) Windows

these Server, Edition Master operating
Windows 8, can Windows use systems
title Server GPT 7, Windows disks 2008,

can use for and data GPT Vista,
Windows only.
disk
• partition supported Click style
to to for edit read 64-bit Master and write
editions subtitle
the on data UEFI-based but the Booting
systems.
is only
1) During installation, press Shift + F10 to
open command prompt window 2) window.
3) the Type Type Click style

disk Diskpart list number disk. to edit
Make into you want cmd
note Master to of title delete •
Click or convert.
to edit Master subtitle style
Convert MBR to GPT during Windows
installation using the command prompt
• Step 1: Click “Win + R”, type cmd in the Run window. If you want to
convert GPT to MBR during installing Windows, you can press Shift + F10
to bring out command prompt. After you open the cmd window, type
diskpart.exe and click Enter.
•• Click style
Step Step 2: 3: Type Type list select to disk disk and edit n
click (n is Enter
the Master number of title the disk you want to
clean)
• • Step Click 4: Type clean

• step style
5: Type select disk n (n is the number of the disk you want to convert)
• Step 5: Type convert gpt
• Step 6: Type exit
Beep Codes
style

• If you're hearing beep codes
after you turn your computer on,
it typically means that the
system has encountered some
kind of problem Click style

before information to it was
edit on able Master the to
monitor.
display title any kind of error
style
Follow the steps
style
below to
determine what system

problem the beep code
is representing
 Time Required: Anywhere from 10
minutes to a few hours
depending on the cause of the beep code
Here's How:
1. 2. Click style
Power Listen very to on the edit
carefully computerMaster to the or
beep restart title codes it if it's that
already sound on.
when the computer begins to boot. 3. •
Restart Click to your edit computer
Master if subtitle
you need to hear the beeping again. You're
style
not likely to make whatever problem you
have worse by restarting a few times. 4.
Write down, in whatever way makes sense
to you, how the
beeps sound.
➢ Important: Pay close
attention to the number of beeps,
if the beeps are long or short and

if the beeping repeats or not.
There is a big Click style

difference code to and edit a
between "beep-beep" Master a
"beep-beep-beep" title beep
code. beep • Click to edit Master

subtitle ➢ This style
is all important information that
will help determine what issue the

beep codes are representing.
1 Short Beep
• A single, short beep from an BIOS is
actually an "all systems clear" notification.
In other words, this is a beep code you
want to hear and that you've probably been
hearing each time your computer comes on
since the day you purchased it. No
Click style troubleshooting to

edit necessary! Master title •
Click to edit Master subtitle
style
1Long Beep, 2 Short
Beeps
• One long beep followed by two short
beeps means that either the Click
style video or video the card card

memory to edit isn't is bad.
on installed
Master the title • Reseating the
typically Click style
video to fix edit card or the replacing
Master will
cause subtitle of this beep code.
3 Short Beep: MEMORY
FAILURE
• This error can be caused by
bad memory chip or by a bad
motherboard. Try resetting the
memory chips or SIMM / DIMM
memory strips.
style

1 High Pitched Beep, 1 Low Pitched
Beep (Repeating)
• A repeating high pitched / low
pitched beep pattern is an
indication of some kind of CPU
problem. The CPU could be
overheating or malfunctioning in
some other way.
style
1 High Pitched Beep
(Repeating)
• A single, repeating, high pitched
beeping sound means that the CPU is
overheating. You'll need to
Click style
figure beep to code out edit why
will Master go the away.
CPU is title getting too hot before
this
No Beeps
If all you hear is silence, and there is
no image on the screen, check the
power supply with a voltmeter.
Click style Next A motherboard

loose inspect to or missing edit the
not motherboard Master to CPU,
function.
BIOS title chip, for loose cause
components.
the
style

MASTER BOOT
RECORD ERROR
• MBR stands for Master Boot
Record, which is the first sector
of your computer’s hard drive.
When you start your system,
MBR tells BIOS Click style

(Basic the Without operating to
Input this edit Output
information system Master
System) on title the your where
hard system drive.
to look cannot for
• start. Click style
• A damaged or corrupt MBR prevents
your system from loading as Click
style BIOS locate system. is to the

not When edit operating
able this to Master title •
happen, messages, ones Click style
given to error
edit like below Master the
may
subtitle
appear on your screen:
• Although such errors may look
menacing, it is not actually hard
to fix a damaged or corrupt
MBR. When a damaged MBR
issue occurs, the Click style
data you and fix function on to
MBR the edit hard issues, as
Master before.
drive your remains title
computer intact will and boot
after
How to fix Windows 7,8,10
MBR
• To fix a damaged MBR in
Windows 7,8.10you need
Environment. following Click
style
to to load steps:
edit windows To Master
achieve in this, the title
Recovery
perform the
Note:
Before beginning be aware that we need a

windows installation disk
style
style
1st boot your PC using a windows 10 installation Usb

or DVD
Select NEXT
style
• Click on Repair this

computer
style
• Click on troubleshoot
style

Click on advanced option
style

Command prompt
style

Running the bootrec utility to rebuild the
BCD / MBR might fix the automatic
problem. following commands Click
style
to repair at of
Type set
edit the the

loop Master title Command by •
one.
Click style
to Prompt, edit Master one
subtitle
bootrec /fixmbr bootrec /fixboot
bootrec /rebuildbcd
My computer is running slow
what steps can I do Click
style
to fix to it? edit Master title
style
Background programs
• One of the most common reasons for
a slow computer are programs running

in the background. Remove or disable
any TSRs and startup programs that
automatically start each time the
computer boots. Click style

to how To edit see much
A. Tip: and
what Master memory programs open
Task Manager. . and are title CPU
running they are in the using background • •
If spyware Click you've to protection
got edit an Master antivirus program,

subtitle scanner or other on the security
computer, utility make style sure it's not
scanning your computer in the
background. If a scan is in progress it
can decrease the overall performance of
your computer.
Background
❑. When referring to multitasking
operating systems, background
is the place an active program is
running, but not visible to the
user. Click style For browsing
running example, to in edit the
the when Internet background.
Master listening your title
audio to music program while
is
❑. • the Background Click style
Microsoft to edit Master is
Windows also subtitle
another wallpaper.
way of describing
Free hard drive space
• Verify that there is at least 200-500MB of
free hard drive space. This available
Click style space to file well have to
as allows increase room
to room edit the for in computer
the size Master swap
as title ➢ • for Determining drive Click

style
temporary space.
to edit available files.
Master hard
subtitle
➢ Regaining computer hard
drive space.
Bad, corrupted or fragmented
hard drive
• Run ScanDisk, chkdsk, or
something equivalent to verify
there is nothing physically wrong
with the computer hard drive.
• Click style Run in the

Defrag to best edit possible to
help Master ensure order.
title that data is arranged
• • User for drive. Click style
any other to errors edit software
Master by looking subtitle
tools at to theSMART test the
hard of the
drive
There is a probability that your hard drive is
either corrupt/has bad sector or is
fragmented due to which a slow
performance of your computer is being
experienced. There are two ways of
tackling with the situation; disk scan or
Defrag:
style

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PC Click style

Click to edit Master title

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click MEMORY MODULE

Click to edit Master title

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

PC Diagnostic, Testing, Maintenance and Tools.

• Click style Outside to In

 Anti-static wrist strap - used to prevent ESD

Click to edit Master title

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click style to edit Master

nut driver, is used to tighten nuts in tightens Click

way to that edit a screwdriver Master

 Wire cutter - used to  Tweezers - used to

Click to edit Master title

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

following operations undertaken by the

computer as part of the boot process:

storage device to the primary memory

Click to edit Master title

Click to edit Master title

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click to edit Master title

Click to edit Master title

Search and initialize the

(CPU), of operating Click style

access to sure edit and your the each

central title what even processing

when Click style

via the use of POST code, beep code

or on-screen POST error message

immediately after the computer powers

on. ➢ ➢ Click style

beeps. After troubleshooting the problem, I discovered

that I had not pushed the memory firmly enough into

the slot on the motherboard.

Click to edit Master title

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

Hard Click style

storage space on a hard drive. Most

operating systems allow users to divide

a hard disk into multiple partitions, in

effect making one physical hard disk

into several smaller logical hard disks.

stored. It is partition 23 optional. Click

• Click style that each In addition

Click style etc. of system a

Click to edit Master title

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click style to edit Master

MBR and GPT- An

and make easy to Click style

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

converted into Click style

to 8.1, XP 2003 edit all (x64) Windows

title Server GPT 7, Windows disks 2008,

3) the Type Type Click style

• • Step Click 4: Type clean

Click to edit Master title

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

kind of problem Click style

determine what system