Magnetism
• Named after a Greek province called
“Magnesia,” the place where lodestones,
a natural magnetize mineral where found.
• Magnetism is the force exerted by
magnets when they attract or repel each
other.
• Magnetism always comes in the form of a
dipole.
Theories:
1. Willhelm Eduard Weber
• Theory: Each atom of a magnetic
material is a magnet in itself
• These atoms arrange themselves in
to groups called magnetic domains.
• The arrangement of the domains
depends on the magnetic property
of the material
2. Hans Christian Oersted
• A moving charge produces a magnetic field
just
like an electron
• The electron is the smallest possible magnet
as it
spins in its own axis while revolving around the
nucleus
• In order to produce a magnetic field, the
number of electrons spinning in a certain
direction and the opposite of it should not be
equal.
Type of magnetic materials:
1. Ferromagnetic Materials
- Strongly attracted by a magnet.
- It includes iron, cobalt, and nickel.
-These contains unpaired electrons,
thus, initially have magnetic
properties even in the absence of an
external magnetic field.
2. Paramagnetic Materials
- Weakly attracted to magnets.
- It includes transitional metals such as
- palladium, platinum, and actinide
elements.
- Becomes more magnetic when
cooled.
3. Diamagnetic Materials
- Weakly respond to a magnetic field.
- The magnetic domains align themselves
opposite the applied magnetic field.
- Diamagnetic materials are repelled by
a magnetic fields.
- It includes water and organic
compounds.
Magnetic Field
- Magnets have an unseen area around them
called a
"magnetic field". Magnetic objects inside this
unseen field are
attracted to the magnet. Magnetic things outside
the
magnetic field are not attracted to the magnet.
This is why a
magnet must be close to an object to attract it.
- A magnetic field is a picture that we use as a
tool to describe
how the magnetic force is distributed in the
space around and
within something magnetic.
- Magnetic fields occur whenever charge is in
motion. As more
charge is put in more motion, the strength of a
magnetic field
increases.
Magnetic Force
- Magnetic force is a force that arises due to
the interaction of a magnetic field and of
a moving charge, either positive or
negative.
Finding Magnetic Force -

F = qvB or F = qvBsinΘ Half-life

• the time required for one-half af a radioactive
B = F F nuclide to decay.
—— or ————
qv qvsinΘ hL = Tf
———
p+ = 1.60 x 10^-19 Th
e- = -1.60 x 10^-19
Mi = initial mass
F = Magnetic Force in Newtons (N) Th = initial time
q = Fixed amount of charge in Coulombs (C) Tf = final time
v = Constant Velocity in meters per second (m/s) hL = half life
B = Uniform Magnetic Field in Tesla (T)
Mi = ?
thumb = force 1st: find the hL
point finger = velocity 2nd: multiply the Mf by 2 depending on how many
the rest = magnetic field the hL is.

Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire Tf = ?

1st: find hL
F = ILBsinΘ or F = ILB
2nd: multiply the given Th to the hL.
I = amperes (A)
Snell’s Law
L = length of the wire in meters (m)
B = Magnetic field (T) • tells us the degree of refraction and relation
between the angle of incidence, the angle of
Nuclear Reaction refraction and the reflective indices of given
- Fusion = combine pair of media.

- Fission = split • light experiences the refraction or bending

when it travels from one medium to another.
* isotopes = same element with diff. atomic
mass/wave. Formula:
niSinΘ1 = n2SinΘ2
Decaying Materials
ni = index of refraction of 1st medium
1. Alpha Decay Θ1 = angle of incidence
- n2 = index of refraction of 2nd medium
Θ2 = angle of refraction
2. Beta Decay
- Refraction
*positron - the bending of light when it travels from one
- medium to another.

3. Gamma Decay Index of Refraction

 - curved piece of glass or some other
- Vaccuum = 1 transparent material that is used to refract
- Air = 1. 0003 light.
- Water = 1.33 * convex lenses (converging) - thicker at the
- Ethyl Alcohol = 1.36 middle (paalis focal)
- Fused Quartz = 1.4585 * concave (diverging) - thinner at the middle
(papunta focal)
- Whale oil = 1.460
- Crown Glass = 1.52 Formula:
- Salt = 1.54
1 1
- Asphalt = 1.635
—— = —————————
- Heavy flint glass = 1.65
f 1/do + 1/di
- Diamond = 2.42
- Lead = 2.6 M = hi/ho = -di/do

Mirror and Lenses 1

di = ———————
Mirror 1/f - 1/do
- smooth reflecting surfaces which may be made
glass/polished metal. hi = -diHo/do

- image that appears to be bihnd the mirror is F = focal point

known as “virtual mirror” Do = distance of the object
- 2 types: Di = distance of the image formed
a. plane mirror - flat surface M = magnification
b. spherical mirror - the reflecting surfaceis Ho = height of the object
taken from the surface of a sphere. Hi = height of the image

Spherical Mirror NOTE:

focal length is:
1. Concave Mirror
- concave (+)
- surface that curves inside.
- used in magnifying mirrors for shaving and - convex (-)
applying makeup and reflecting telescope.
for distance if the image:
- closer: image is larger and upright.
- further away: image is smaller and inverted. - (+) virtual or behind
- (-) real image or in front
2. Concave Mirror
- surface that curves outside. for height of the image:
- used by automobiles to give a wide field of - (+) upside down
view and magnifying glass. - (-) right side up/upright
- larger reflection area although image
appears to be smaller, upright and farther away.

Lenses