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    Warzone 2018 Psychiatry PDF

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    {In 1961, a psychiatrist by the name of Thomas S.Szas initiated a one- man insurgency against his own profession. AKter years of bei practicing psychiatrist, he became an outspoken dissident, hll-bent on ‘dynamiting the foundations of psychiatry. Se ee Poe Or RC Se eR ee cee ‘ralonalized as the diagnosis of mental liness and justified as medical ‘treatment aimed at protecting the patient from himself and society from Ce ost Se ee eee ee ets ae ee erences from the rligiows tyranny ofthe State, They didnot anticipate, and ‘could not have antdpated, that one day medicine would become a Pe ee ee eee eet eee See ‘been threatened by the alliance between church and State” -Chemical eres are tray Sanaa ora eee re Cen eer ere posing, sooner or later ~ at leat to those who come o believe in them ~ errr marten ee oer ata explanatory conceptions such as deities, witches, and microorganisms ‘appeared not only as theories but as self-evident causes ofa vast. eee ee ee Cerne eaoa nee tern ie ea diverse happenings. As an antidote tothe complacent use ofthe notion ness ~ whether asa self-evident phenomenon, theory or Pe Ue Soe Te eC os Seed RONG 218 QUESTIONING TU a 4G) SI TLUN OG 3 Essays by Thomas S. Szasz, M.D. SZASZ, T. S. The problem of peychlatic notology: A coutibuton to 4 situatonal anayss of psychauic operations. Amer, J Peychit, 157, M14, 405- 23.0) SZASZ, TS. On the theory of psychoanalytic reatment. Int J. Payho-Ana 1957, 38, 166-182 SZASZ, 1.5. Payehiany, eles and the cna la. Columba lw Re, 1958, Si, 180198 SEASZ, 1-5. Moral conflict and poyehlany Ye Rev, 19 Foote [1 read went so far as to say tha “I consider eles © be taken for grand Actually I havestever done a mean ding” ones, 1997, . 247). This sary is « strange thing to say for someane who has studied man as a socal beg 2s lovely a di Freud I mention there o show how the nolo of “bess! (in tne case of psychoanalysis, “psyciopathology” o€ “ment ness") was used by Fred and by most of his followers - as a means fr classlfying corn forms of human bchavior fling withsn the cope of medicine, and hence (by fat) fuside that of eis [61 Glass Eltor’s note: In the original American Poychologist text the word not” appears at fs point Dr. Sra as informed me, however, that it was 4 ‘ypo, which fhe} cometed when {he repre the piece, eg i Ideology and Insiy" (personal communication, 2003), Dr: Thomas Seasz April 15, 1920 -Seprember 8, 2012 “Why self-control, auonong, ach a trea to uthriy? Because the person wo conrols himself ho is is own master, has no need for an cathorty to be his maser Ts, they, renders authority unemployed What 1s he 10 do Phe ‘onnot contro thers? Tobe sre, he could mint his wm busines Bt eis 0 Famous nswer, for those who are sone ro mind thelr own busines do not ‘spite to become authorities" “Thomas Szasz M.D, “Defining Peychiatry” bby Thomas Szase In he United Sates day everyane considers himself an expat on pychlany, especially inthe aftrmat of a mass murder by 2 “deranged madman’. Yet acadamically and legally qualified experts in the fel keep telling us that they ‘amor even deine psyehiaby. 1 1886, Emu Keaepein, the undisputed founder of modern psyehlany as 2 medical spectaly and scence, declared: “Our acence has nat arived at 4 Consensus on events most fundamental prncipes, let alone on appropiate fds o eve the means o those eds” Eight ears ae, the ene¥lopae Amencan Handbook of Psychiany opened with tls starement “Parhaps no ‘ther Cel of human endeavor is 0. dffical 10 define as tat of psyche.” Anrew Lao, «professor of sociology atthe Unversity of Califia in San Diego. aly opines "Two centres afer i inventor, paychaay’s lisses have neler hown causes nor definitive tentment.” This di not peeve hi, fiom writing a book about the daghosis and westmeat of a pacular meal seas, "bipolar illness” ¢paiculr county Argentina Pataps even more dramatic isthe recent comment by Nancy Andreasen, professor of psychiany atthe Univesity of Towa and a former editor ofthe American Jounal of Psjchiauy, about American psychlany's sacred symbol, schizophrenia CConcems about the American Paychatle Associaions “Diagnose and Statsncal Maal of Mental Disorders (DSM),” she writes, “led the author vel several totals fr ie American Joumal of Pachlany abut the cent problems that have been created by DSM... Europeans can save American feience by helping ws figure oxt who relly has schizophrenia or what ‘ehzoprenta realy fa” One wanders how Andreaten reconciles her uncertaity bout "who really has schizophrenia ex “what schizophrenia realy is wih the fandardlopl-peydierie practice of tshg the dagnose to deprive nnacet ons of liberty and excuse guilty prsoasof cies, and deprive tem, 00, of Nery offen fora mach longer period han they woul ave na been sentenced ‘0 prison. Acmally, iis easy to define paychisny, The problem is at dng so — acknowledging ts sel-evident ends and the means nsed to achieve them ~ is ‘cllly unacceptable and profesional ada The lay, social expectation, and Psychic wadton and. practice point to coercion as the professen's Paraigmarc daracersic, Accordngly, 1 define ysyclany as the theory and Practice of coercion, ratlonalized as dhe dgnsts of mental ness and jst 48 matical reatment aimed at protecting the patent rom himself and socety from the patent Its impolite and impolite to take tis Hvis and i consequences seriausy [Non-acknowledgmea ofthe fact hat coereion i a characters and poteally ever-present element of so-alled psythiavic weaunens 1s mneinsic to the Stundard dicionary definitions of psrchiney. According w© the Unebrlged ‘Webster's, psychlaty is “a branch of medicite dat deals with the scence and practice of wesing mena, emouonal, ad béhavieal disorders.” Plainly, voluntary psychianie relaons ditfer from snwoluntry psychianic interventions the same way 25, sa, sexual relations between consenting alts diffe: from’ te sexual asaults we call “ape” Semeumes to be sie psjchanists deal wih voluntary pateas. As T have shown elsewhere, i is necessary therefore not merely to distinguish between coerced and consenstal psjchanic elation, bur © conbast thm. The tem “psyehiany” ought to be plied to one or the other, bat not both. As log as paves and eocety Fefuse to recog dl there can be no real pychiaee historiography nor any Popular understanding of fe vale practiced called "payelante beaten Consider te parallels between coercive payehiaty and missonary Cistaniy. ‘The heatien savage doesnot afer from Tack of inaght into the divinity of Jess does not lack theological help, and does. not stek the services of imissinares. Similay, he psyehone doesnot safer from lack of Insight no being mentally i, doesnot lack psychianic weaument, and does nt sok the services of psjchiasis Tiss why the missionary tends to have conremptfor the heathen, why the psychiamst tends © have contempt forthe psycho, and why Doth conceal the uve seinents behind 4 facade of caring. and Compassion Each meddler believes he is by possession of the “tit each Ihasbots« assiaate deste w improve he life of the Oe, exch fels a deep sense of enitcment ont into the fe ofthe Othe, id ea tery resents those who dismiss his precus isight and benevolent intervenons. as ‘worthless and harmful ‘The wings of historians, physicians Joumalists and others addessing the history of poychiany rest on three eroneous premises that so-called mental diseases exist, that hey are diseases ofthe bai, and dat dhe incarceration of dangerous” mental patients is medically ratonal and morally Jost The a conceived asthe absence of mental nes, automatically insures dhe making of Fightand sate choices in one’s condicof fe. Bathe fats are ll the oer ey. 11 the maling of good dholces fe that others regard, retrospectively, as ood mena eth? ‘The myth of mental ilnss encourages 1s, moreover 10 believe Int ogi corollary: that social inecourse would be harmonions,satsving, and the Scare bass of a "good Ife” were it not forthe dismpting nfiences of meal Ines or “psjchopatology” The potenalty fr universal human happaess, 2 for goal could be achieved, however, only atthe cos of many men, ad not just fev beng wing and able wo tackle te personal, social and ebucal coaflts ‘This means having dhe courage and neyity wo forego waging bates on false fronts. fining solutions for subsinne problems ~ for instance, fighting the ate of stomach acid and chronic fatigue instead of facing up 18 mal cence Our advasanies ae not demens, witches, fate, or mental ness. We have no ‘enemy whom we ean fight, exorcise, or dspol by “ure.” What we do have are problems in tving whether these te biologi, ecatomic, politcal, oF Seciopsychological In tis essay 1 was concemed oxy with prob’ belonging to the lst menvdoned catgory, and witin fis group mally with those Pestanig to moral values "The field to which modem peyhiany addresses fis vast and I made no efor to encompass ital My zgument was limited to the proposition tha mental lles (ea myth whose fant Ii to dlgulse and thus Tender more palatable the biter pill of moral conflicts in human relations, References HOLLINGSHEAD, A. B., & REDLICB, F.C Social class and metal illness New Yorke Wiley. 1968 JONES, E, The life and work of Sigmund Freud. Vol Ul. New York: Basic Books, 1957, LANCER, 5. R, Philosophy n anew hey New York Mentor Books, 1953, PETERS, RS. The concep of motwation. London: Reatledge & Kegan Pat 1st, SZASZ, T. S. Malingering: “Diagnosis™ r social comlemation? AMA Arch NowolPayehian, 1086. 76-22-88% SLASZ, T'S. Pain ond pleasure: A sty of boy feeings. New York: Basic Books, 1957. (3) 6 1 donot end woofer anew conception of pychianie lnest” nor anew fom of “therapy” My aim is more modest and yet also more ambitious. 1 is to figgest tt he phenomena now called menial lies be loked at aed and tore simple, tat they be removed from the category of ilies, and that they be Tegarde as the expressions of man's stuggle withthe problem of how he shoul lve, The last mentioned problem 1s obviously a vast ene, ts enormity Feflecing not only man's inability to cope with his environment, tt even more Iismereasing selietlecvenese. refer tha ily explosive chaln reaction whieh fall from divine grace by partaking ofthe rut of the eee of iowledge: Man's awareness of hsiself and of the world abouthin seems 1o be 4 steal expanding one, beingig in is wake an ever lage; burden of lnderstandng (an expression bovowed ftom Susanne Langer, 1953). This burden, en, isto be expected and must not be misiwerpreted Our ealy rational mens fr lightning its more understanding, and appropiate ction based cn ich understanding, The main allematve les a acing as hough the burden were not what in fact we perceive it 10 be and taking refuge shan ‘urmoded thealogical view of man nthe later view, man daes no fashion bis Ute and much of is world about bin, tu merely Ives aut is fate in a world created by superior beings. This may. logically led 0 pleading onresponsbliy in the face of seemingly unfathomable peblens and ities: Ye, i man fll to ake increasing responsibility for his (p. 118) eins, individually ab well as cllectvly i seems unlkely dat some higher ower or beg would sesume tis tak and cay ds barden for in, Moreover, this seems han he proper time in human history for obscirng the ise of tars responsibly for bis actions by hidng i behind the sit ofan al explaining canception of mental iliness. conclusions 1 have ated to show that the notion of mental ness has outhved whatever tsefulnes i might have had and fat it now functone merely as 2 convenient myth. Asch, i 4te ec religious myths in general, a to he belie witcher in partir he role of all hese belie-system's was to act as sta Uangullzers, thus encouragim, the hope that mastery of cerult spellic problems. may be achieved by mems of subsituive (symboli-magicl) Speriions The nouon of mental ness thus serves malaly to obscure the creryday fact tat Mfe for most people 1s « connoous svuggle, not for biological srival, but for a place mthe sn." o some other human vale. For san aware of bse and of the world about im, once te needs for preserving the body (and perhaps the ace) ate more or less satisfied, he problem arses as to what he should do with himsell,Susained adherence tothe myth of mental lines allows people o avoid facing this problem, ellevig Hat mena heal, 15 problems so cested ate them compounded by fale — puxposeul or ‘nadverent— to dstngish teen noo radically diferent hinds of peychianic practices, consenaaland coerced, volintarly sought and frebly imposed. In free socedes, onary social relations between als are consent: Such relations ~ i busines, medicine religion, an pyehiiary — pose no special legal tr politcal problems By canrast coerewverelations~ one person aufionzed by te sate to forcibly compel anoter person to do or aba rom actions of his dolce are aerenty political m nature andar lays morally problematic Mental disease fctious disease, Psychlaric diagnosis is disguised. sda, Paycuanie weatment fs coecion canceled a8 care epically cared out It prisons called “hospital.” Fermeely, the social function of psychiatry ws more ppatent than it fenove The asylum Samat was Incarcerated agaist hs ll. ‘unless for Uber). Toward he end of the nineteen cntuy, a new typeof psychlasic relationship entered the medical cane persone experiencing so-called “nervous symptoms” began to eck medical lel ypicaly from the family physician or a specialist in “nervous ‘sordera” ‘The led paychawiets to dlsngulsh benseen to Kinde of meal seuss, neuroses abd psychoses. Persons who comphined of thelr own behavior were classifieds neurotic, whereas persone abot whose davior others complained were clasiied a psychone. The legal medial, psychic and social denial ofthis simple distinction and its fa-raching implications dered the hoase of cards tats mde psyehiany” Fashionable Cliches Psychiany and society fae 2 paradox. The more progress scenic psychiary allegedly makes, the nore hlerable Becomes the wea hat Men ness is a myth andthe efor to neat Ita wllo'the-wtsp. The more progress scientie medicine acwally makes, the more undeniable it becomes hat “chemical Imbalances” and. “har wirmg” are fashionable cliches. not evidence at problems in tving are medical diseases justifiably “weated” witout patent nse Add he more often psychatsts pay’ he oles of une, judges, abd prison guards, the more uncomferable they Teel about being i fact Pseuomedical coercers society's wal-pald pais The whole cauundrum is ‘oo horrible face, Bever to cetine calling unwanted betavirs “diseases anu disnebing persons “sick and compel them to submit pschiauic “eae” Tris easy wae, then, why the igheinking person consdes it inconcevable that there might be no ste thing as metal healt or ment ines. Where ‘would that leave the sory of payebiany pornayed as the diam of heroic Dysicians combating homble diseases? Where woul it leave psychias, the fiw and the public hat depend onthe myriad socal ineiutons dat rest on the smendacous premises that the penomena we call ‘menal illnesses” are ‘nese, and that “mental nesses are ike oterlnsses"? 4 “Chemical Straitjackets for Children” by Thomas S. Szast, M.D. I Febmary, a grup of physlclns wrling in the Jounal of the American Medical Association repored that the use of “psychoropic medications prescribed for preschoolers incressed dramatically Between 1991 and 1955." ‘About neice as many’ dren between the ages of? and 4 ware given Ruan, Prozac, and ofr so-called psychotropic drugs at the end of that pried 25 tthe begining of Ina frontpage story, the New York Times cited experts calling the finding “very suprising" [ls about a aurprising ae finding te proverbial fox feasting on chickens. In 2 paper published nJantary 1957 ~ atthe dawn of ‘he “new psychianc revolt’ I sated that psychiatric drags are “chemical saijackee” that contol ~ not cire ~ the persons seltacringly called *patiens In my last column (May), 1 commented about the ninetenth-enuury epidemic of mental tess called “mastery Insanity.” In this column, 1 comment bout our presa-day epidemic of mental less called “atention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).” ‘To asp the encrmiy ofthe stupidity that informs these so-called diagnoses, we sist be clear abot the difference Between a dingosis and a disease Diagnoses Ate NorDiscases Webster's Dictionary defines diagnosis a “The art or act of identifying. 2 ‘sease from its signs and symptoms” According to The Oxford English Dietonary (OED), its the “cermination ofthe nate ofa diseased coniton ‘ae, de pinion formally stated) eating from sich knvestigaon.” The concept of diagnosis is comingent on the concept of disease. Diagnosis is se name ofa disease Justa, say, olet she name ofa flower For example the term “diabetes” names a type of abnormal ghicose metabolism, The daease {gua somate pathology ~ tral deeate ~ ie the abnormal metabalism, the ‘ignons,“Albetes”" tts name, Somatle pathology i daghosed by findug abnarmalies (lesions) im bodies or boi pats. Disease qua somatic pathology ay be asymptomatic and danging the nosclogy (classification of disease) can ‘hangs the name but atthe realy of somatic patiology as disease, Unless we Keep un mind that diseases ae facts of name, whereas diagnoses are arcts onsite by ban beng, a that Be cre meaning of he ter “sese” is lesion. we forfeit tie possibilty of understanding the uses and abuses ofthe erm "Eagnosis™ Manipulating dings eifcal,someties impossible, Manipulating names is easy we do tall de time Vole might be dename of «flower, oc a cole, or& 5 practiced as tho noting oer than restoring the patent from 3 fate of ment ilies has something to do with man's soil (ti, of ethics) fo not {p. 117] ase hn this process [1] Yet. In ane sense much of psschotierapy may revolve around nothing ofr than the eluelation and ‘weighing of goals ad vales~ many of which may be mumllyconradctory = fds the means whereby Mey might best be harmonized, relied, or ‘elingished ‘The diversity of human values and the methods by means of which they may’ be realized isso vast and many of them restan so unacknowledged, that fey not fll bat Tend to confess human relations. tndee, to say hat human Teladons at all levels ~ from mother to cl tirugh fustand end wife, 10 ration and nation — are franght with sites sain and disharmony i, ace gain, making he obvious expliat Yer, what may be obvious may be also poorly understood. Tis dk se ese here, Fort seems ome hata east Sour sciatic teares of bavior~ we have failed to accep the simple fct ‘hat human veations are iberendy taught wiih dificues and that make them even felatively harmonious requtes much patience and hard week: 1 ‘bm the dea of mental ese e now beg pt o werk to obscute cera ‘icles which at present may be inherent — not that Gey need be ‘modifiable ~in th social inercourse of parsons. I his is tue, the concept fenton t+ a guise; for instead of calling atenion to conflicting human need aspirations. and valves the notion of meta lines provides an amoral ‘nd impersonal “thing” on "ines" as an explanaten for problems fn living (za, 1959) We may recall iy dis conection that not so lang ago It was devils and witches who were held responsible for men’s problems in social living. The belo br mental illness, se something other than man's vaube in geting along with his Fellow man, ste proper et to he belie in demonology ‘nd witchcraft Menral ilies exists Is “real” nexacty the same sense at ‘which thes essed oe were rea choice, Responsibility, and Psychiatry ‘While rhave argued hat mena nesses donot exis 1 obviously dt no iply ‘har the socal aid psychological ocaurences to which this label i cure being ached also do not exist Like the personal and socal woubles which people hin the Middle Ages hey are real enough tthe labels we give ‘hem tat concensus and, having labeled tem, what we do about die. While {camer go nto the raid implicadons of hs problem her, is word ning that a demonologic conception of problems in ving gave ride therapy along theological nes Today, a belie in mental hess implled nay, reques = therapy along metcal or psychotherpeutc ines Whats implied nthe ine of thought et fais here is something quite diferent, 1 work? If they do make a differance what are we to fer from I Dees i not Seem reasonable that we ought to have diffrent psychiatric therapies — each, ‘xpreavely recognized forthe eel posione which fey embody ~ for, Catholics and Jews religions persons and agnostics, democrat nd comminists, white supremacists and Negros, and so? Indeed f we look at how psychiatry 1s actualy practiced today (especialy ine United States), we find tat people io seek psyehiaric help accordance with ther social sans and ethical beliefs (Hollngshead & Resid, 1958) This should rally not smprise ws mare than being fold that practicing Catholics rarely frequent bith cenrl clinics ‘The foregoing poston which olds that con- emparary psychoterapss deal ‘wih proms in iving ater than wit mental lessee and tei cures stands 'n opposition to cameny prevalent lim, according to which mental ness is istas veal” and “objecve" as boy ness. This isa confslng la nce ‘Sever own exacy whats mean by such words a real” and “objective”. | suspect, however. that what ws unended by dhe proponents ofthis view is to {tent te des in the popular mind that mena lines ls some sort of disease ‘ei, ike an infection ora malignancy. If this were tue, one cou cath or get {mental ties", one might have ar harbor it one might transmit to othr, ‘nd fmally one could get rd of i In my opinion, there fs not a shred of {evidence to spor this idea, To the coneay, ll he evidence isthe other way ind suppore te view Gr what people now call mena nesses are forthe most par communications expressing unacceptable ideas, often famed ‘oreover, ian unusual idiom. The scope of this exsay allows met dono more ‘han mension this altematve theoretical approach 10 this problem (Szasz, 19570, ‘Tiss the place to consider in detail the similarities and éterances between body and menrlHlinesses 1 shall atic for us hereto emphasize ony one Imporsant differences berween them: namely shat wheres bly disease refers 10 pub, piysicochemical occurances he nodons of mental les is used to cy telaively more private sociopsychological happenings of which the observer (agnostician) forms a par ofer words the psyehiamst doesnot stand parc rom wiat he oseves, uti, n ary Sack Sullvan's at words, « *pacpant observer This meas hate is commie to some pictre of what ‘he considers reality ~ and ta what he tanks socetycousders realty ~ aid he observes and judges de patient's bdbvior in the light ofthese considerations. ‘This touches on ou ear observaton thatthe notin of mental symptom ell lmples a comparison berween observer and observe, payclaner and patient This is 50 obvious dat I may be chmged with belaboring trivilies Let me serefore say ace more that my alm kt presenting His argument was expressly to rtcze and counter a prevaling contemporary tendeney © deny the moral woman, o a set Simlaty, a disesesoundng term may be the mame of 2 bodily malfuncion, or the malfunction of 2 ear, a computer, an economic stem, ofthe Ddivior of an individal er proup. We cannot dlsingus between the literal and metaphorical used of the term “disease"™ unless we deny Hs root meaning, are hat 1818 the eral meaning ofthe word, ad treat all oer uses of I as figures of speech. tn conformity with adonal medical practice, | tke the reot meaning of disease to be a bodily lesion, ihderstood to inchde not only sructral malfinctons bx also deviations fom normal pysology, suchas elevated Blood pressure er depressed red Hood cll oun 1 we actept tis definidon, en te erm “Oagioss, used erally, Fefers to and iste name of disease, and use macphoricely, refers (0 as the name cof anansase. By Wentiying diagnosis as a opinion, the OED recognizes that i refers wo a judgment, Typeally, the process of daynosing disease begins with the patent Iimslé he has aches or pains, Tels feverish or fatigued, and ges tht x A Ife complains about his body, then ~ in a medical context his complain constintes a-gmptor, a medical-seunding word that implies that dhe pains fnpertence (a2 manifestation ofa dscae: The pot ta keep i mid that a symptom may ar may not indicate the presence of a (el) disease, Whether 4 fomptom is or not a manifestation of disease depends on ite confirmation or non-confirmation by objective daw based, for example, on Iaboratcry teats oF the examination of a biopsy specimen. In conrast 10 te so-called “clinical ‘agnods", the “pathological diagiode” Is based ntiely an objective — Istologica, morphological, cheacal, selogial, radiological, and other plysial-chemical ~ evidence. Historically. scenic medicine (as opposed © nical medicine) i based on fe postmortem examination of te hody; i ‘modem medicine its meresingly based on ante-ortem scientific measures of ‘gormal bodily funedonmgs. Diagnosing Disease: Cui Bono? Unie body tneses, mental ilesses are diagnosed by finding unwanted Deavirs in persons or by atritun sch behaviors fo den. Bodily lnesses — say, cancer a diabetes — are located. bois: ment esses — say lepiomanl o schizophrala~ are located In socal contexts. Robinson Crusoe ‘cold sffer from cane, bt not rom hlepomani. ‘The dlaguoss ofa meal nesses validates its own disease states, Disease qua psychopathy cannot be asymptomatic and changing the nosology can Change disease into naredisease and vice aves (for example, homoserval nto ‘ul nght and smoking into substance abuse). Mental diseases are dignoses, not diseases. Cawversly, pychiatic dlagneses (however constcte) ae, by efnidon, menial dscases (or “disorders, use the mental hea 6 professional's prefered weasel word), ‘Tounderstand the ace rather tan desaspave uses of tem sch a "and Tatient, we must ~ following Cicero (106-43 BC) = ake Cu bono? Cacero explained the imporance of posing his question, primarily to ones as follows “When ying a case (te famous Ridge} L, Css never fled inquire, “Who gainet by #” Man's characte such ato man nertakes ‘ies wut hope of gan Mui musa, no man asses at he of someone else as an ness without ‘ope of gain, The goods that a person gas from ssering sh a Gat range from securing medical help for hime vo Jasying conlling the Other by Aefining coerson as cure Consider the evidence “The disease of masturbation affected malalycildren; so does the disease of Inyperctvity The disease of masturbation pained paren, teachers, and other adults, not the ‘dominated patient: the disease of hypaacuvty pais and doesnot pa the same persons respectively: ‘The disece of masnubadon wis gested with physical resale forcibly imposed om the toies of chile the disse of hyperactivity i tested ith ‘emia retain forlly noduced int the bodies of cule, “The disease of masturbation wae the forte diagnosis of doctors and paces ‘dealing with toublevome dilldren the rete conti, tenon deficit hyperactivity disorder isthe favonte diagnosis of doctors and parents dealing ‘wi noublesome chien 04a Belief m masurbatory insanity was, a8 | emphasized, not an innocent emer [Neher is lief th ADHD. Each belief sa manifestanon of the ads amoyance by certam ordinary Guldhood activites, ter efforts to contol or liminate the acuvies wally their own discomfor. and the medial profession's willingness 10 diagnose dsurbing culdhood behaviors dhs Sedialzing and jstfving she domesticauon of clea by drugs defined as therapenic Formaly, quacks had fae cues for real diseases; now, they claim to have real cures for fake diseases, “

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