www.medinaz.com FIRST EDITION VISUAL MNEMONICS Wet Dr. Nazmul Alam MEDINAZ4 ‘MEDINAZ Copyright © 2018 by Nazmul Alam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and Medinaz and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without Medinaz’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. www.medinaz.com“ Contents ) BACTERIOLOGY VIROLOGY ) MYCOLOGY ) PARASITOLOGY ) IMMUNOLOGY ) MISCELLANEOUS& Visit my website for other mnemonic books MEDINAE ; www.medinaz.com VISUAL MNEMONICS Pharmacology Visual Mnemonics (MEDICINE) a BY DR.NAZMUL ALAM : BA www.medinaz.comBACTERIOLOGYActinomyces israe www.medinaz.com Actinomyces israelii produces yellow “sulfur” granules S aureus produces yellow pigment Aureus (Latin) = gold which is Yellow www.medinaz.comAnaerobes Bacteroides Fusobacterium Actinomyces israe’ Anaerobes Can't Breathe Fresh Air Caused by: S pneumoniae, H influenzae type b Neisseria “attack on SHIN”. www.medinaz.comBotulism Symptoms www.medinaz.com Diplopia Dysarthria ec ao Dysphagia 4 D Ss Dyspnea Catalase-positive Organisms Nocardia “Cats Need Beautiful PLACES B cepacia ‘ith Hunan” Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E coli Staphylococci Serratia H pylori www.medinaz.comCorynebacterium diphtheriae ‘wr. madinaz.com “Must Pronounce ABCDEFG” Metachromatic granules Pseudomembranous pharyngitis ADP-ribosylation P-prophage Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Elongation Factor 2 Granules www.medinaz.comEncapsulated Organisms Bacteroids, Bordetella H. influenzae S. pneumonia Pseudomonas Neisser Cl. perfringes Cryptococcus, Cl. butyricum Bad Killer Bacteria Has Some Pretty Nice Carbohydrate Capsule ENDOTOXIN Edema Nitric oxide DIc/Death Outer membrane Tha “ENDOTOXINS” O-antigen + core polysaccharide + lipid eXtremely heat stable IL and IL-6 Neutrophil chemotaxis Shock www.medinaz.commapas Facultative Intracellular Salmonella Some Nasty Bugs May Neisseria Live FacultativeLY Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia pestis Gonococci Vs Meningococci Gonococci acidify Glucose. Meningococci acidify Maltose (and glucose). www.medinaz.comHelicobacter pylori www.redinaz.com Triple therapy. Amoxicillin (metronidazole if penicillin allergy) Clarithromycin Proton pump inhibitor “Antibiotics Cure Iron is required for the growth of... LA www.medinaz.comKlebsiella Aspiration pneumonia Abscess in lungs & liver Alcoholics diAbetics Klebsiella Abscess in lungs and liver www.medinaz.comsopnaz Klebsiella Wwivwemedinaz-com Aspiration pneumonia Abscess in lungs and liver Alcoholics DiAbetics ; CurrAnt jelly sputum 5A’s Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria Citrobacter Klebsiella E coli Test with Enterobacter MacConkEE’S agar Serratia www.medinaz.comLegionella pneumophila www.medinaz.com Use silver stain Gram ve rod \, Medium needs iron and cysteine Grow on charcoal yeast extract Leptospirosis is associated with.. ‘wwww.medinaz.com Rat Rainfall =) & a°¢ Rice field www.medinaz.comUnique among gram +ve bacteria Liseis has L ipopolysaccharide ae serves as an Endotoxin It’s Really Cold outside Rickettsia and Chlamydia can’t make own ATP www.medinaz.comOxidase Positive Organisms www.medinaz.com H. pylori Legionella pneumonia Pseudomonas Vibrio ‘He Loves Painting Very Neisseria Nice Picture on Building Pasturella Brucella Pseudomonas AERuginosa www.medinaz.comPseudomona Pseudomona aeruginosa can produce Green pus Pseudomonas aeruginosa wwmedinaz.com Aerobic Exotoxin A “AERUGINOSA” Rod / Resistance UTIs, burns, injuries Iron-containing lesions Rod Negative gram 7 Odor of grapes Slime layer in CF patients Adherin pili ent Tour ct anes www.medinaz.comMES Pseudomonas aeruginosa imedinaz.com Aerobic Exotoxin A Gram -ve 7 & —~ odor of grapes Green-blue pus 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Treatment vwwwmedinaz.com Carbapenens ‘Arinogycosides Monobaetans Palymyxin (eg, polymytin B,elistin) Fuoroquinlones (ea, ciproflxaci,levefoxacin “ThiR and fourth. generation cephalosporins eg, ceftaidine,cefopine Extended-spectrum percilins (e9,piperacilin, ticarcilin} “CAMPFIRE” LA www.medinaz.comPseudomonas aeruginosa Produces woww.medinaz.com Phospholipase C (degrades cell membranes) Endotoxin (fever, shock) Exotoxin A {inactivates EF-2) CHILLIN’ WITH MY Pigments: pyoverdine and pyocyanin PEE p [towe-areen pigment) ae a Rot Gram ve Shigella Fingers Flies at www.medinaz.com‘MEDINAZ Staphylococcus aureus causes www.medinaz.com Skin infections Osteomyelitis Food poisoning Toxic shock syndrome Pneumonia Acute endocarditi: Infective arthritis “SOFT PAINS” Streptococcus pneumoniae www.medinaz.com Most common cause of Meningitis Otitis media (in children) Pneumonia Sinusitis e ° Mnemonic a MOPS can spread |( pneumo Q www.medinaz.comStreptococcus pyogens cause www.medinaz.com “NIPPLES” Necrotising fascitis & myositi Impetigo Pharyngitis Pneumonia Lymphangitis Erysipelas & cellulitis Scarlet fever, Streptoc Zoonotic bacteria www.medinaz.com “Big Bad Bugs Form Yellow Pus” Bartonella = Boriella burdorferi Brucella Francisella tularensis Yersinia pestis Pasturella www.medinaz.comVIROLOGY‘ . Virus having segmented Genome Picorna virus Arenaviridae “DARBO virus” Reoviridae 7 Bunyaviridae Orthomyxoviridae Pa Ra Myxo Virus Ravainfluenza RSV Rubeola Mumps e Orrin vious => &) fluenza www.medinaz.com‘ . Cytomegalovirus infection in Newborn wwwmedinaz.com EBV = Heterophile positive CMV = Heterophile negative €RV \— positive CMV GC, negatir www.medinaz.comCommon Cold Viral Causes w.medinaz.com Paramyxovirus “common cold PRIMArily caused by” Rhinovirus Influenza virus Myxovirus Adenovirus naz_artonomy B1 9 Virus Babies (Sth disease, infectiousum erythematosa) Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics. - anaplastic anemic crisis) Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis) www.medinaz.com& DNA Viruses See e ene “ H H APP P, Herpes virus viruses” Adeno virus Pox virus Parvo virus o Papova virus : - Hepatitis A virus Asymptomatic Acute Alone! Ws carrier sate) LA www.medinaz.comHepatitis B virus Transmission Blood Baby- making (sexual) Birthing (perinatal) Hepatitis C virus Cirrhosis Carcinoma Chronic Carrier state (very common) www.medinaz.comHepatitis D virus Defective virus Depends on HBV HBsAg coat for entry into hepatocytes Hepatitis E virus Expectant (pregnant) {Fulminant hepatitis in women) Enteric Epidemic www.medinaz.comHIV Infecti on Cough Coryza Conjunctivitis www.medinaz.comMumps Symptom Parotitis Orchitis aseptic Meningitis Pancreatitis “Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-Poms” Caliciviridae (Norwalk virus) “naked CPR” Picornaviridae (Enterovirus, Poliovieus, Cocksackievirus) Reoviridae (Reovirus, Rotavirus) www.medinaz.comNegative-stranded viruses Arenaviruses Bunyaviruses Paramyxoviruses Orthomyxoviruses Filoviruses Rhabdoviruses. “Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication” ») Picornaviruses Poliovirus Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxsackievirus HAV www.medinaz.comSegmented viruses pww.medinaz.com Bunyaviruses Orthomyxoviruses (influenza viruses) Arenaviruses Reoviruses “BOAR” www.medinaz.comOncogenic DNA viruses Hepatitis B virus Epstein Barr virus Pox virus Adenovirus Papilloma virus v.medinaz.com “HE is my PAPa” www.medinaz.comMYCOLOGYAspergillus Acute / narrow angle (45 ) Septet hyphae Penetrate vessels Eosinophilia fRuiting bodies “ASPER” Aspergillus A. niger —, Otomycosis A. nigER Ear Infection www.medinaz.comwae Aspergillus A. flavus —, Aflatoxicosis (Hepatotoxin) Fumes go to lungs and disseminate cause Pulmonary and Disseminated mycosis www.medinaz.comEndemic Mycosis medi om “Pakistan Cricket Board Headquarter” Paracoccidioidomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Blastomycosis Histoplasmosis www.medinaz.comBlastomycosis Blasto buds broadly Broad-based budding of Blastom: (same size as RBC) Histoplasmosis www.medinaz.com Histo hides within macrophages Macrophage filled with Hist (smaller than RBC) www.medinaz.comPARASITOLOGY: Parasites Causing Autoinfection MEDINaZ www.medinaz.com Capillariasis Cryptosporidium Hymenolepis nana Enterobius Strongyloides Tenia Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes www.medinaz.com A Africa [3 Blindness C amen Hh a Mes www.medinaz.comLyme Disease Bell’s palsy (B/L) Erythema migrans Arthritis K(cJardiac block Arthritis Bels palsy (8/4), medinaz.com “BEAK” Cardiac block Nematodes in Intestine Small intestine... N ECATOR Ancvtostoma S TRONGYLOIDS A SCARIS Large intestine.. E NTEROBIUS ‘Trichuris . medinaz.com www.medinaz.comGardnerella vagina Clue cells I don’t have a clue why I smell fish in the vagina garden. 7 ) ) fishy smell / vaginal discharge Gardnerella vaginalis Falciparum malaria complications Cerebral malaria / Coma Hypoglycemia Anaemia Pulmonary edema Lactic acidosis Infections Necrosis of renal tubules “CHAPLIN” a www.medinaz.com: ; : Nematodes spreading by esa Ingestion ‘MEDINAZ w.medinaz.com, “ATE eggs” Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Enterobius vermiculari: Trichomoniasis features www.medinaz.com Flagella Frothy discharge Fishy door (sometimes) 66 Fornication (STD) Flagyl (metronidazole as Rx) www.medinaz.comLyme Disease Bell’s palsy (B/L) Cardiac block Arthritis Erythema migrans oo” naz_artonomy www.medinaz.comChlamydiae Wwww.medinaz.com Elementary body (small, dense) is “Enfectious” and Enters cell via Endocytosis; transforms into reticulate body Reticulate body Replicates in cell by fission; Reorganizes into elementary bodies. www.medinaz.comIMMUNOLOGYComplement System Classical Pathway IgG & IgM mediated “GM makes classic cars” Complement System C3a, C4a, C5a mediators of anaphylaxis C3b binds bacteria www.medinaz.comHistamine Features HCL production Inflammation Strong vasodilator Therapeutic value none Allergy Mast cells Neurotransmitter/ Narrow airways JE “ Hypersensitivity types wwwmedinaz.com Anaphylactic and Atopic (type I) Cytotoxic / Antibody-mediated (type II) Immune Complex (type Il) Delayed (cell-mediated, type IV) oo AC “ACID” www.medinaz.comawa Immunoglobulin types www.medinaz.com IgG “GAMED” IgA - IgM IL-4: fever (hot, 1.2: stimulates T cells. 1L.3; stimulates bone marrow. IL-4; stimulates IgE production IL-5: stimulates IgA production. | « ” IL-6: stimulates akute-phase Hot T-bone stE AK’ protein production one www.medinaz.comseas Killed vaccine Rabies Influenza (injection) Polio (Salk) hepatitis A “RIP Always” Salk = Killed MHC I vs MHC I Rule of 8: MHC II x CD4 = 8 MHCIxCD8=8 | ~ LA www.medinaz.commedinaz.com uw MHC- | MHC- Il ENDO EXO MHC I molecules express MHC II molecules express Endogenous antigens Exogenous antigens MHC I vs MHC II MHC I loci have t letter 1 Tong chain, 1 short chain MHC 1 loci have 2 letters, 2 equal-tength chains (2 a, 2 8) MHC 1 4 4 AOD sennyee MHC 1 www.medinaz.comLive attenuated vaccine www.medinaz.com “Attention! Please Vaccinate Small, Adenovirus Beautiful Young Infants with Polio (sabin) MMR Regularly” Varicella (chickenpox) Smallpox BCG Yellow fever Influenza (intranasal) MMR Rotavirus poor www.medinaz.comSerositis Oral ulcer Arthritis Rate. sensitivi SLE Bucoa disorders « Alntinuctear antibody Tinmunotogic disorder 4 N eurologic disorder www.medinaz.comSLE criteria www.medinaz.com Discoid rash ANA (+) Malar rash Photosensitivity Arthritis Serositis (pleural, pericardial] Renal involvement Hematologic abnormality Immunologic abnormality Neurologic abnormality (seizures, psychosis) | DAMP AS RHINO” Oral / nasal ulcer, Observed www.medinaz.comMISCELLANEOUSBugs show positive Quellung reaction w naz.com Klebsiella pneumoniae Salmonella Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae type B Neisseria meningitidis “Kapsules Shield SHIN” Tiny — Typhoid fever G —> Gonococcemia E —> Endocarditis R —+ Rocky Mountain Spotted fever a Meningococcemia S — Sepsis (bacterial) www.medinaz.comapinag Asplenics need vaccines to protect against.... N meningitidis S pneumoniae H influenzae Bloody Diarrhea w.medinaz.com Campylobacter EIEC/EHEC Enteroamoeba Salmonella Shigella Yersinia enterocolitica www.medinaz.com“eons Blotting Techniques wrw.medinaz.com SN2 WwW DROP Southern = DNA Northern = RNA @ =O Western = Protein (naz _artonomy Dick test for Scarlet fever “Dick test for Sex” Dick test, Scarlet Schick test “Diphthe LA www.medinaz.comBugs do not Gram stain well ‘Treponema, Leptospira’ “These Little Microbes May ; Unfortunately Lack Real Mycobacteria Color But Are Everyuhere” Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia Important Growth Factors S. Typhi - Tryptophan Gonococci - Glutathione Legionella - L-cysteine Atypical mycobacteria - Aryl sulphate, Amide RoTa virus - Trypsin MyCoplasma - Cholesterol NoCardia - Carbon source (Paraffin) www.medinaz.comMumps Complications Salpingitis Orchitis Oophoritis Aseptic meningi Pancreatitis Day of appearance of rash in febrile patient “Very Sick Person Must Varicella - day 1 Take Double Tablets” Scarlet fever - day 2 . Pox (small) - day 3 °° Measles - day 4 Typhus - day 5 Dengue - day 6 ‘Typhoid - day 7 www.medinaz.comRickettsia Vs Typhus Rash ‘www.medinaz.com Rickettsia on the wRist (Rash starts on hand and feet) Typhus on the Trunl (Rash starts centrally and spreads out, sparing palms and soles) Palm & Sole Rash vrwsedinazcom “We drive CARS using our Palms and Soles” Coxsackievirus A Rocky mountain spotted fever Syphilis www.medinaz.com@ Sandfly ( Phlebotomus ) Pp h Leishmaniasis e b Oriental Sove t Qroyes Fever am u andfly Fever Diseases transmitted |’ VDRL false positives Wars (mono, hepatitis) D rugs a’ a Goll R heumatic fever L upus and Leprosy ous www.medinaz.comStains for Metachromati granules medinaz.cor Ponder’s stain Loeffler’s stain (most commonly used) Albert's stain Neisser’s stain “DLAN” Syphilis vs H. ducreyi wwww.medinaz Som In du-crey-i, you do cry (Because the ulcer is painful) www.medinaz.com‘MEDINAZ Toxins encoded by lysogenic phage shigA-like toxin (EHEC) Botulinum toxin (certain strains) Cholera toxin Diptheria toxin Erythrogenic toxin of Strep Pyogen: OF fy cao . ABCDE tS] Transport Medias Pike’s media Streptococcus pyogens VR media ~~ Vibrio Cary-Blair media - Vibrio cholerae, shigella, salmonella Sach’s media —— Shigella www.medinaz.comVDRL False Positives www.medinaz.com Pregnancy Viral infection (eg, EBV, hepatitis) Drugs Rheumatic fever Lupus and leprosy a LA www.medinaz.comEggs of these organisms are found in stool TIN: Taenia 3(tri) = Trichuris SIS = Schistosoma NANA = H. nana DAANE (pimples) D. latum medinaz.com “TINA’s 3 SIS and NANAji have DAANE on their FAce” ames Ascaris Ancylostoma Necator americanus Enterobius FAce = FAsciola hepati www.medinaz.comASpergillosis NN ww.medinaz.com Acute angle 45 Septate hyphae Aflatoxins (associated with hepatocellular carcinoma) www.medinaz.com