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Functions Formulas
1. Exponents 3. Roots
p
a = a ⋅ a ⋅ ... ⋅ a if p ∈ N p > 0, a ∈ R Definitions:

 
p a,b: bases ( a, b ≥ 0 if n = 2 k )
0
a = 1 if a ≠ 0 n,m: powers

ar ⋅ as = ar+s Formulas:
ar n
ab = n a n b
= a r −s
as
s
n
a m b = nm a m bn
(a ) r
=a r ⋅s
a n
a
r
n = ,b≠0
(a ⋅b) = a ⋅b r r
b n
b

a ar
r n
a am
= nm ,b≠0
  = r m
b bn
b b
p
1
a−r = r
a
( ) n
am = n a mp
r n
a = a
s s r ( a)n
=a
n np
am = a mp
2. Logarithms m n
a = mn a
Definition: m
( a)n
= n am
y = log a x ⇔ a = x y
( a, x > 0, y ∈ R ) n
1 a n −1
Formulas: n
= ,a≠0
a a
log a 1 = 0
a + a2 − b a − a2 − b
log a a = 1 a± b = ±
2 2
log a mn = log a m + log a n
1 a∓ b
m =
log a = log a m − log a n a± b a−b
n
log a m n = n log a m

log a m = log b m ⋅ log a b

logb m
log a m =
logb a
1
l og a b =
logb a
ln x
l og a x = = ( l og a e ) ln x
ln a
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4. Trigonometry

Right-Triangle Definitions Sum and Difference Formulas

Opposite sin (α + β ) = sin α ⋅ cos β + sin β ⋅ cos α
sin α =
Hypotenuse sin (α − β ) = sin α ⋅ cos β − sin β ⋅ cos α
Adjacent
cos α = cos (α + β ) = cos α ⋅ cos β − sin α ⋅ sin β
Hypotenuse
Opposite cos (α − β ) = cos α ⋅ cos β + sin α ⋅ sin β
tgα =
Adjacent tan α + tan β
tan (α + β ) =
1 Hypotenuse 1 − tan α ⋅ tan β
csc α = =
sin α Opposite tan α − tan β
tan (α − β ) =
1 Adjacent 1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
cot α = =
tgα Opposite
1 Hypotenuse Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas
sec α = =
cos α Adjacent
sin ( 2α ) = 2sin α ⋅ cos α
cos ( 2α ) = cos 2 α − sin 2 α
Reduction Formulas
2tgα
sin(− x) = − sin x tan ( 2α ) =
1 − tg 2α
cos(− x) = cos x
α 1 − cos α
π sin =±
sin( − x) = cos x 2 2
2
π α 1 + cos α
cos( − x) = sin x cos =±
2 2 2
π α 1 − cos α sin α
sin( + x) = cos x tan = =
2 2 sin α 1 + cos α
π
cos( − x) = − sin x
2 Other Useful Trig Formulae
sin(π − x) = sin x Law of sines
cos(π − x) = − cos x sin α sin β sin γ
= =
sin(π + x) = − sin x a b c
Law of cosines
cos(π + x) = − cos x
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos γ
Area of triangle
Identities 1
2 2 K= ab sin γ
sin x + cos x = 1 2
1
tg 2 x + 1 =
cos 2 x
1
cot 2 x + 1 =
sin 2 x
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5. Hyperbolic functions

Inverse Hyperbolic functions

Definitions:

sinh x =
e x − e− x (
sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 ) x ∈ ( −∞, ∞ )

x = ln ( x + x −1)
2
cosh −1 2
x ∈ [1, ∞)
x −x
e +e
cosh x = 1  1+ x 
2 tanh −1 x = ln  x ∈ ( −1,1)

e −e x −x
sinh x 2  1− x 
tanh x = =
x
e +e −x
cosh x 1  x +1
coth −1 x = ln   x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
2 1 2  x −1 
csch x = x − x =
e −e sinh x  1 + 1 − x2 
2 1 sech −1 x = ln   x ∈ (0,1]
sech x = x − x =  x 
e +e cosh x  

e x + e− x cosh x 1 1 − x2 
coth x = = csch −1 x = ln  +  x ∈ ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )
e x − e − x sinh x x x 
 
Derivates
d
sinh x = cosh x Inverse Hyperbolic derivates
dx
d 1
d sinh −1 x =
cosh x = sinh x dx x2 + 1
dx
d d 1
tanh x = sech 2 x cosh −1 x =
dx dx x2 − 1
d d 1
csch x = −cschx ⋅ coth x tanh −1 x =
dx dx 1 − x2
d d 1
sech x = −sech x ⋅ tanh x csch x = −
dx dx x 1 + x2
d
coth x = − csch 2 x d 1
dx sech −1 x = −
dx x 1 − x2
d 1
Hyperbolic identities coth −1 x =
dx 1 − x2
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1
tanh 2 x + sech 2 x = 1
coth 2 x − csch 2 x = 1
sinh( x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
sinh( x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x
−1 + cosh 2 x
sinh 2 x =
2
1 + cosh 2 x
cosh 2 x =
2