Solid State Physics-I

Assignment # 1 Band Theory of Metals

SSubmitted To:
u Dr. Hafiz Tariq Masood
b
mSubmitted By:
i Muhammad Ramzan Zeshan
tRoll no.
t
MSCPHY-E-07
e
dClass:
M.Sc Physics (evening) 2 nd Semester
T
oDepartment:
: Department of Physics UOSahiwal
 OBJECTIVES

 To Understand Energy Band Theory

 To understand Band Gap

 To Understand The Concept Of Band

Theory In Metals
 History

 In 1927, Walter Heitler and Fritz London

discovered bands- very closely spaced
orbital with not much difference in energy

 In 1928, Felix Bloch had the idea to take

the quantum theory and apply it to solids.
 Energy Band Theory
The energy level of an isolated single atom
are well defined and usually represented as
a series of horizontal lines on an energy
level diagram.

When two identical atoms are close together,

Their electrons move under the influence of
combined E.F of the two atoms and single
energy level splits into two atoms.
 Energy Band Theory

When large number of atoms are brought together,

as in a crystal, then the energy level of the atom
splits up into ‘N’ number of sub-levels.

These allowed energy state are discrete but are soo

closely spaced that they appear to form a
continues energy band.
Energy Band Theory
 Band Gap

There are three types of energy bands

1. Valence E.Band:
It is the highest occupied energy
band in an atom. It is either completely filled or
partially filled. This band can never be empty.

2. Conduction E.Band:
The energy band above the
valence energy band is called conduction energy
band. This band maybe either empty or partially
filled.
 Band Gap

3.Completely filled E.Band:

The band below the
valence energy band are normally filled is called
completely filled energy band.
They do not take part in the conduction process.
Therefore, we consider valence and conduction
band for electric conductivity.
 Band Gap
The gap between Valence energy band and Conduction
energy band is known as band gap.
This gap is different for Metals, Insulator and
semiconductors.