Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hitesh Thakwani
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PREFACE
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TABLE OF CONTENT
S.No TOPIC
. PageNo.
1 TRAINING CERTIFICATE
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
3 PREFACE 2
ABOUT B.S.N.L. 4
4
DISTRIBUTION OF TELEPHONE LINES 6
9 POWER ROOM 27
10 FUTURE PROSPECTS 28
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ABOUT B.S.N.L.
Mission:
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• To provide world class telecom services on demand using
state-of-the-art technology for our valued customers.
Vision-2005:
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DISTRIBUTION OF TELEPHONE LINES
When any exchange is establish then there arise a problem,
the problem is that how the connection is establish between the
subscriber and the exchange? This problem can be solved by
distribution of cable / telephone lines.
Primary
Sec.
Distribution
Cable Cable
Cable
TELEPHONE LINE
DISTRIBUTION
BSNL’S CONTRIBUTION TO
DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION
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BSNL’s roadmap for providing customers with access to the latest
in telecommunications services without losing sight of universal
service access has been by way of utilizing optimally the existing
infrastructure and accelerating advances in technological component
by innovative absorption. The main achievements are summarized
here:
• Huge monolith state-of-the-art network from Kargil to
Kanyakumari and Lakshadweep to Andman Islands giving it a
national footprint.
• Leader in fixed, cellular and IP networks
• 90% share of the market with~ 40 million fixed customers
connected to 36000 exchanges
• More than 4.3 million cellular customers spread across a 1300
cities/towns
• More than 4 lakh RKM of optic Fiber & 1.6 lakh RKM Digital
Microwave
• An extensive copper access network ready for
Broadband
• Up to 2 Mbps access available to over 30,000 locations
throughout the country
• Intelligent Network with Value added services
• Call centers for customer care
• More than 43 lakh TAX lines
• 7 lakh STD PCO’s
• 460 Satellite Stations
• More than 6 lakh internet subscribers and 2 lakh CLI
Based users
• More than 3500 internet dhabas
M.D.F
THE MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME
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It is a place where both external and internal cables are terminated.
The external individual cable caries conductors from subscribers, who
are necessarily from the same locality and as such entire no., cannot
be in numerical order .On the other hand, the internal cable conductors
come from the apparatus side in the numerical order. This cross
connection between the two cable conductors is done by means of
jumper.
It carries all the protectors used in the exchange. The different
protectors that are used are:-
A) Fuse
B) Heating Coils
C) Lightening Protectors
M.D.F is the most suitable place for testing purpose. Both the
internal and the external cables are available at this frame and both
external lines and internal wiring or equipment can be tested for this
purpose.
The fuse prevents heavy current from flowing into the apparatus
and them from being damaged. These fuses are generally tested i.e.
rated for 1A or 3A and are of cartage of flat types.
It diffuses to some faults in the circuits an appropriate amount
of current flows through the exchange; it may not flow out the fuses if
its value is not sufficiently high, but much heat will be produced and
there is a risk of firing taking place inside the exchange from such
risks, heat coils are used. These are generally rated at 3A for 3
minutes.
Lightening protectors are used to save the equipments
from high voltage that is induced in the lines due to lightening
discharge. These consist of two carbon blocks with some insulating
block or mica sheet with holes between them. When the line voltage is
high, the insulation breaks through and earths the lines and thus saves
equipment from being damaged. They are generally rated at 500-600
volts.
The M.D.F. carries horizontal arms at the end of which fuse strips
carrying fuses are fitted and external cables are terminate on these
fuse are terminated on these fuse strips . At other end of the cross
arms there are fitted between the u spring in such a way that when
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either heat coil blows the line are automatically earthed internal cables
are connected from the strips carrying protectors and the cross
connection are done between the strips by means of a jumper wire for
the reasons mentioned above.
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U
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G.S.M.
THE GLOBAL SYSTEM OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
The GSM Signaling Platform provides SS7 signal processing
and subscriber identification translation that enables larger GSM
carriers to offer wholesale roaming services to smaller or emerging
GSM carriers who may otherwise not be able to offer extensive
roaming coverage. Large carriers can also take advantage of this
platform to provide similar roaming capabilities to affiliate
companies in different global markets.
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their existing roaming agreements and network infrastructure and
then establishes a billing mechanism (transaction or usage-based)
to charge the smaller carrier-customer, if necessary.
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Basic Block Diagram of G
Local Exchange
Network Management
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Inter-Exchange
Junction
Subscriber
Line
)
BSC BTS
MS
Telephone
Mobile Switching
Exchange
Centre (MSC)
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COMMUNICATION MOBILE
The BTS then transmits the information to the BSC which has
the deciding power as to which BTS should the mobile unit be
assigned.
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Europe and Asia, whereas CDMA is predominant in US and South
Korea. The user of GSM is enabled an easy international roaming. As
far as SMS, gaming and internet is concerned, both GSM and CDMA
score an equal point.
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W.L.L.
(WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP)
Introduction to WLL
Definition:
A local telephone system without wire line connected. Fixed
radio communication system.
What is WLL?
• WLL is sometimes called fixed cellular.
• WLL system can be treated as wire line loop without wire line
connected.
• WLL is normally used for Rural or unpopulated.
• WLL can be quick solutions for developing telephones infrastructure.
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Local Exchange
Mobile BTS
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Why to use WLL?
• Eliminates many problems and reduces cost inherent to wire line
loop system in certain areas.
• Decreases the time to deploy a network.
• Mobility and Flexibility
Advantages of WLL:
• Advantage over wire line:
• Ease of installation and deployment and lower cost.
• Ease of operation, administration and maintenance.
• Advantage over mobile:
• Bigger coverage area.
• Improved signal and reduced interference.
• Higher capacity.
• Fixed to Fixed propagation.
• Frequency reuse reduced.
WLL Attributes:
• Range can be 62 Km (best propagation condition)
• Based on free space loss.
• Based on high gain antenna.
• Based on spread spectrum waveform.
• The capacity is higher than that of mobile radio.
Services:
• Voice.
• Data services.
• Customer services.
• Mobility.
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Subsystems of WLL
• Base Station Controller (B.S.C.)
It is situated between the P.S.T.N.-L.E. & B.T.S. It has BTS
status management function .Its major functions are:
• Call processing
• transport service management
• voice coding
• optimal voice selection
• provision of supplementary services
• message distribution function
• call resource management
• P.S.T.N. interface
• operation and maintenance function
Specifications of B.S.C.
• No. of subscribers:-9950
• No. of channels: - 1024
• Ports to B.T.S. 48 E1 to P.S.T.N. 32E1
• Power supply -48V D.C.
• Normal working temperature:-25 C
• Interface between B.S.C. and P.S.T.N. is given
by the
V5.2 Protocol. It consists of three layers:-
• Physical Layer
• Data Link Layer
• Network Layer
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• Base Transceiver Station (B.T.S.)
It interfaces with the subscriber side in the wireless mode and
the B.S.C. via E1. It carries out the channel management & power
control function between the wireless interface sections. Functions
provided by the B.T.S. are:-
• Call processing function
• Wireless resource management function
• Software downloading
• Operation & maintenance function
• Fault management
• Testing function
• Overload control function
• Statistics & management function
Specifications of B.T.S. are:-
• Operation Band 1800 MHz-1900 MHz
• Voltage supply input 48V but the voltage is step down
to 24V by a D.C. - D.C. Converter.
• It has +-10 % overloading capacity
• Connections in B.T.S. are 4000 +-10% (urban)
1000 +-10% (rural)
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• Base Station Manager (B.S.M.)
It is the heart of the W.L.L. system. Database is managed here.
Functions performed by the B.S.M. are:-
• Configuration management
• Performance management
• Fault management
• Security management
• Software downloading
• Operator interface function
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C.D.M.A.
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
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Some concepts in CDMA
• Frequency Reuse:
Multiple users (in adjacent cells) operate on the same
frequency
• Coherent Reception:
Mobile units coherently combine multipath components
and signals from multiple base stations
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Advantages of CDMA
• Frequency Re-use
Inherent N=1 frequency reuse pattern results in
achieving high capacity
• User Privacy
Spread spectrum modulation technique distributes
the user information over an RF bandwidth, much
larger than the information bandwidth. Resulting
power spectral density of the transmitted signal
resembles thermal noise, making the signal very
difficult to be detected by simple receivers
A unique address code is required to recover user
information.
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POWER ROOM
Introduction
Power room is main heart of Exchange. It is designed to
deliver continuous and filtered power supply for electronic switching
type telephone exchange (E-10-B).
In power room, there are two sections,
• Generator room
• Battery room
In battery room there are 24 cells, each cell provide 2volts.
From these cells we get 48volts. All cells are connected in series.
Here positive terminal is grounded so we get -48volts. The
battery is connected to SMPS (switch mode power supply) and
two generator section in parallel. Capacity of battery set is 1500
Amp/Hour. In full load each cell provide 2volt and in charging
time there are 2.35 volt. Battery charging is done by converter
3phase 440V circuit of SMPS module & input SMPS module in 3 Phase A.C.
supplies.
EXCHANGE
SMPS O/P
BATTERY
2000AMP. CABINET
TO TELEPHONE LINE
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FUTURE PROSPECTS
SCOPE:
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• Growth rate is 40%.
LIMITATIONS:
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• Cellular Mobile Service 'Cell One' of BSNL was launched on
19th October 2002. The scheme will cover 4 million customers in
two phases. Phase-I will cover about 1.5 million customers covering
about 1000 cities during 2002-03, which will be expanded to 4
million in phase-II.
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THANK YOU
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