PERGAMON INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies The 1000-volume original paperback library in aid of education. industrial training and the enjoyment of leisure Publisher: Robert Maxwell, M.C. L. D, LANDAU and E. M. LIFSHITZ COURSE OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS Volume 10 PHYSICAL KINETICS @) THE PERGAMON TEXTBOOK ‘) INSPECTION COPY SERVICE So tee Aa sspetion cory of sry Lok pobied in the Pergamc, Inroational Liber wi By be st i) scat all hes cation on tee eae fecermened the rapection copy amy be retained "wan cur’ compliments, The, Pubyhers Sih 6 Basa ee Bae ferred ec Sl nouns te be eed amperian¢ Internaicual Libras is alOther Titles in Series LANDAU and LIFSHITZ: COURSE OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS Vol. 1 Mechanics Grd edition) Vol. 2 The Classical Theory of Fields (4th edition) Vol. 3 Quantum Mechanics ~ Non-relativistic Theory Grd edition) Vol. 4 Quantum Electrodynamics Vol. 5 Statistical Physics, Part 1 (3rd edition) Vol. 6 Fluid Mechanics Vol. 7 Theory of Elasticity (2nd edition) Vol. 8 Electrodynamics of Continuous Media Vol. 9 Statistical Physics, Part 2eal UK USA CANADA. AUSTRALIA FRANCE, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, England Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523, USA Pergamon Press Canada Limited, Suite 104, 150 Consumers Read, Willowdale, Ontario MI 1P9, Canada Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 544, Potts Point, NSW 2011, Australia Pergamon Press SARL, 24 rue des Ecoles, 75240 Paris. Cedex 05, France Pergamon Press GmbH, 6242 Kronberg-Taunus, Hammerweg 6, Federal Republic of Germany Copyright © 1981 Perzamon Press Ltd. All Rights Reserecd. No part of this Publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, ‘magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording of otherwise, without permission in writing from the publ First edition 1981 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data shitz, EM. ical kineties. - (Course of theor physics; v. 10).- (Pergamon internat ary) 1, Plasma (lonized gases) 1. Title I. Pitaevskii, L. P- IIL. Series 53044 QC7IG —80-42167 ical mal ISBN 0-08-020641-7 (Hard cover) ISBN 0-08-026480-8 (Flexicover) ‘Transtated from Fizicheskaya kinetika, Nauka, Moscow, 1979 Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton and Co. Ltd., Exeter 3.CONTENTS Preface I, KINETIC THEORY OF GASES The dictrihution function 2. The principle of detailed balancing 3. The Boltzmann transport equi 4, The H theorem 5. ‘The change to macroscopic equator 6. ‘The transport equation for a slightly inhomogeneous eas 7. ‘Thermal conduction in the gas 8. Viscosity in the gas 9. Symmetry of the kinetic coefficients 10. Approximate solution of the transport equation 11, Diffusion of a light gas in a heavy gas 12. Diffusion of a heavy gas in 13. ‘Transport phenomena in a gas in an external field 14. Phenomena in slightly rarefied gases IS. Phenomena in highly rarefied gases Te. Dynamical derivation of the transport equation 17. The transport equation including three-particle colli Is. Ihe virial expansion oF the kinetic coemctents 19. Fluctuations of the distribution faneti I. THE DIFFUSION APPROXIMATION § 21. The Fokker-Planck equation ced gas in an electric field a weakly ionized non-equilibrium gas ‘and ionization §.25. Ambipolar diffusion § 26. ton mobility in solutions of strong electrolytes, Ill. COLLISIONLESS PLASMAS plasmas ity of a collisionless plasin 30. Landau damping, 31. Permittivity of a Maxwellian plasina ix xi 102 108 us 118 121 124 128vi Contents § 32, Longitudinal plasma waves $33. Ton.cound waves § 34. Relaxation of the § 35. Plasma echoes § 36. Adiabatic electron capture 8 37. Quasi-neutral plasmas § 38. Fluid theory for « to-temperature plasma § 30. Solitons in a weakly dispersing medium § 40. Permittivity of a degencrate collisionless plasma perturbation IV. COLLISIONS IN PLASMAS. § 41. The Landau collision integral § 42, Energy transfer between clectrons and ions § 43. Mean free path of plasma particles &§ 44. Lorentzian plasmas § 45, Runaway electrons § 46 Convergent collision integrals § 47, Interaction via plasma wa § 48, Plasma absorption in the high-frequency limit § 49. Quasi-linear theory of Landau damping § SO. The transport equation for a relativistic plasma § 51. Fluctuations in plasmas V. PLASMAS IN MAGNETIC FIELDS § 52. Permittivity of a coll inless cold plasma § 53. The distribution function in « magnetic field § Sd. Permittivity of a magnetoactive Maxwellian plasma $35. Landaw damping in mognetosetive plamas § 56. Electromagnetic waves in 2 magnetoactive coli plasma § 57. Effect of thermal motion on electromagnetic wave propagation in magnetouctive playmass i dynamics in a magnetoactive plasma is of a plasma ita strong magnetic field VI. INSTABILITY THEORY § G1, Beam instability § 62. Absolute and convective instabilities § 63. Aniplification and non-transparency § G4. Instability with weak coupling of the wo branches of the oscillation spectrum § 65. Instebility in finite systems VII. INSULATORS “§ 66, Interaction of phonons § 67. The transport equation for phonons in an insulator § 68. Thermal conduction in insulators. High temperatures 8 a 8 69. Thermal conduction in insulators. Low temperatures 70. Phonon scattering b 71. Phonon gas dynamics in insulators 133, 138 142. 16. 149 152 154 161 168 173 175 m 181 193 196 205 209 27 220 24 226 21 238 241 25 255 265 2 2% 28138 aaaR SSRIRGRSSL BYR SESS BSR 8 99. $100, S101. 5102. 5103, f Contents ‘Sound absorption in insulators. Long waves ‘Scund absorption in insulators. Short waves VIII. QUANTUM LIQUIDS ‘Transport equation for quasi-particles in a Fermi liqttid ‘Thermal conductivity and viscosity of « Fermi liquid Sound absorption in 2 Fermi liquid Transport equation for quasi-particles in a Bose liquid IX. METALS Residual resistance Electron-phonon interaction Transport coefficients in metals. High temperatures Umklepp processes in metals ‘Transport coefficients in metals, Low temperatures Electron diffusion on the Fermi surface Galvanomagnetic phenomena in strong fields. General theory ilvanemeenetic phenomena in strong: fields. Particular cases Anomalous skin effect Skin effect in the int Helicon waves in Magnetoplayma wi Quantum oscil d range as cs in metals, ny of the conductivity of metals in a wgnetie field X. THE DIAGRAM TECHNIQUE FOR NON-EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS ‘The Matsubara susceptibility (eens functions for non-equilibrium system cam technique for non-equilibrium systems Self-energy Fane The transport e XI SUPFRCONDUCTORS High-frequency properties of superconductors. General formula High-frequency properties of superconductors. Limiting cases. nduetiity of stipercondnictors XIL KINETICS OF PHASE TRANSITIONS, Kinetics of firstorder phase transitions. Nucleation Kinetics of first-order phase transitions. Coalescence Relaxation of the order parameter near a second-order phase tranvition Dynamical scale invariance Relaxation in liqttid helitim near the A-point Index vil 305 312 318 320 324 329 334 339 342 346 353 358, 363 368, 376 378 381 383 301 395 401 404 408 413, ay 404 427 32 438 au 43 449PREFACE Tuis final volume of the Course of Theoretical Physics deals with physical kinctics, in the wide sense of the microscopic theory of processes in systems not in statistical equilibrium, In contrast to the properties of systems that are in statistical equilibrium, the etic properties arc much more closely related to the nature of the microscopic interactions in a particular physical object. This is the rcason for the enormous variety in such properties and the considerably greater complexity of the relevant theory. The choice of topics to be ded in a general course of theoretical physics thercby becomes less clear. The scope of the book will be evident from the table of contents. Here we shall add only a few remarks. Much attention is given to the theory of gases, as the simplest branch, in principle. of kinetic theory. Several chapters are concerned with plasma theary, not only because of the intrinsic physical significance of this department of kinetic theory, but also because many of the problems involved can be completely solved and furnish an instructive illustration of the general methods of the kinetic theory. The kinetic properties of solids are especially multifarious. In the selection of material for the chapters in question, we naturally had to confine ourselves to the most general subjects which exhibit the basic physical kinetic phenomena and the methods of treating them. Here we must again emphasize that the book is part of a course of theoretical physics, and does not set out to be a textbook of solid state theory. There are two evident omissions from the book: the kinctics of magnetic processes, and the theory of transport phenomena arising from the passage of fast particles through matter. These omissions are due to Iack of time, and we resolved to accept them for the present edition, so as not to delay its publication any further. We trust that, although the book thus does not contain all that it might, everything in it will be found both interesting and useful. This volume completes the programme Iaid down by Lev Davidovich Landau more than forty years ago. The entire Course comprises the following ten volumes: Vol. 1 Mechanics Vol. 2 The Classical Theory of Fields Vol. 3 Quantum Mechanics (Non-Relativistic Theory) Vol. 4 Quantum Electrodynamics (formerly Relativistic Quantum Theory) Vol. 5 Statistical Physics, Part £ Vol. 6 Fluid Mechanicsx Preface Vol 7 Theory of Elasticity Vol. 8 Electrodynamics of Continuous Media Vol. 9 Statistical Physics, Part 2 Vol. 10 Physical Kinetics ‘The position of Vol. 9 results from the fact that it makes considerable use of material from fluid mechanics and macroscopic electrodynamics. In the new series of Russian editions begun in 1973, Volumes 1, 2, 3, 5,9 and 10 have so far appeared. Volume 7 can be reissued with only minor changes. Volume 4, previously published as Relativistic Quantum Theory, will lose the chapters on weak and strong interactions and shortly be reissued as Quantum Electrodynamics. Velumes 6 and & which have not been reissued for many years, require more substuntial revision and expansion; we intend to proceed to this in the near future. We should like to express our sincere thanks to A. F. Andreev, R. N. Gurzhi, V. L. Gurevich, Yu. M. Kagan, M. I. Kaganov and LM. Lifshitz, with whom we have discussed matters treated in the book. We are also grateful to L. P.-Gor’kov and A. ‘A. Rukhadze, who read the manuscript and made a number of comments. November 1978 EF, M, LarsHitz L. P. PrraevskilNOTATION Particle distribution function f (Chapters I-VI); momentum distribution functi always relative to d’p. Occupation numbers of quantum states n(p) for electrons and N (k) for phonons (Chapters VIL and IX-X1); momentum distribution always relative to d°p/(27h)’. Collision integral C; linearized collision integral I. Thermodynamic quantities: temperature T, pressure P, chemical potential p, particle number density N, total particle number W, total volume Y. Electric field F, magactic induction B; unit electric charge ¢ (electron charge —e). In estimates: characteristic lengths L; atomic dimensions and lattice constant d; mean free path 1; speed of sound u. Averaging is denoted by angle brackets ‘Three- or by a bar over a letter. imensional vector suffixes are denoted by Greek letters a, B,. -. In Chapters II-VI: Flectron mass im, ion mass M. Electron charge ~e, ion charge ze. Electron thermal velocity v1. = (T,/m)'". Jon thermal velocity ey, = (TJM)! Plasma frequency 2, = (ArN,e7/m)', 2, = (AnNize"|/M Debye length a, =(Td4aN.e")!", aj = (T/4aNze")"", a? Larmor frequency wp, = eB/mc, w, = zeB/Mc. Oe? +0; 7, References to other volumes in the Course of Theoretical Physics: Mechanics = Vol. 1 (Mechanics, third English edition. 1976). Fields = Vol. 2 (The Classical Theory of Fields, fourth English edition, 1975). QM = Vol. 3 (Quantum Mechanics, third English edition, 1977). RQT = Vol. 4 (Relativistic Quantum Theory, Part 1, English edition, 1971; Part 2, English edition, 1974); to be reissued (sec Preface). SP 1=Vol. 5 (Statistical Physics, Part 1, third English edition, 1980). FM = Vol: 6 (Fluid Mechanics, English edition, 1959). TE = Vol. 7 (Theory of Elasticity, second English edition, 1970). ECM = Vol. 8 (Electrodynumics of Continuous Media, English edi SP 2= Vol. 9 (Statistical Physics, Part 2, English edition, 1980). ion, 1960). All are published by Pergamon Press. xiCHAPTER I KINETIC THEORY OF GASES §1. The distribution function Tuis chapter deals with the kinetic theory of ordinary gases consisting of electric- ally neutral atoms or molecules. The theory is concerned with non-equilibrium states and processcs in an idcal gas. An ideal gas, it will be recalled, is one so rarefied that each molecule in it moves freely at almost all times, interacting with other molecules only during close encounters with them. That is to say, the mean distance between molecules, r~ N *” (where N is the number of molecules per unit volume), is assumed large in comparison with their size, or rather in com- parison with the range d of the intermolecular forces; the small quantity Nd? ~ (dj7)' is sometimes called the gaseousness parameter. The statistical description of the gas is given by the distribution function f(t, q. p) of the gas molecules in their phase space. It is, in general, a function of the generalized coordinates (chosen in some manner, and denoted jointly by q) and the corresponding generalized momenta (denoted jointly by p), and in a non-steady State also of the time ¢. Let dz = dq dp denote a volume element in the phase space of the molecule; dq and dp conventionally denote the products of the differentials of all the coordinates and all the momenta respectively. The product fdr is the mean number of molecules in a given element dz which have values of g and p in Biven ranges dq and dp. We shall return later to this definition of the mean. Although the function f will be everywhere understood as the distribution density in phase space, there is advantage in expressing it in terms of suitably chosen variables, which need not be canonically conjugate coordinates and momenta. Let us first of all decide on the choice to be made. The translational motion of a molecule is always classical, and is described by the coordinates r= (x. y.z) of its centre of mass and hy the components of the momentum p (or the velocity v= p/m) of its motion as a whole. In a monatomic £28, the motion of the particles, which are atoms, is purely translational. In stomic gases, the molecules also have rotational and vibrational degrees of ircedom, The rotational motion of a molecule in a gas is almost always classical too.t It is described in the first place by the angular momentum vector M of the molecule. For a diatomic molecule, this is sufficient. Such a molccule is a rotator turning in a Plane perpendicular to M. In actual physical problems, the distribution function ‘The condition for the rotation to be classical is h”/21-< T, where I is the moment of inertia of the scule and T the temperature of the gas. This condition can be violated in ordinary gases only for] "gen and deuterium at low temperatures.2 Kinetic Theory of Gases may be regarded as independent of the angle @ of rotation of the axis of the molecule in this plane, all orientations of the molecule in the plane being equally probable. This is because the angle ¢ changes rapidly as the molecule rotates, and the result may be understood as follows. The rate of change of ¢ (the angular velocity of rotation of the molecule) is ¢ == MIL Its mean value 2 ~ i/d, where d is the molecular dimension and 7 the mean linear speed. Different molecules have various values of ©, distributed in some way about 4. Thus molecules which initially had the same ¢ very soon acquire different values; there is a rapid “mixing” with regard to angles. Let the distribution of molecules in angle g = go (in the range from 0 to 27) and in @ at the initial instant t = 0 be given by a function f(go, 2). We separate from it the mean value independent of ¢: f=fO)+f@n, . 1 pn fM=57 J, Meo.) doo, so that f'(yo, @) is a function periodic in yo with period 2a and zero mean. In the course of time, the free rotation of the molecules (g = Qt + go) changes the distribu- tion function: F(g.,1) = FQ) +f" — 91, 0); In the coursc of time, f' becomes amore and more rapidly oscillating function of Q: the characteristic period of oscillation AQ ~ 2a/t, and becomes small in comparison with even during the mean free time of the molecules between collisions. All observable physical quantities, however, involve some avcraging of the distribution function with respect to Q; the contribution of the rapidly oscillating function f’ to such mean values is negligible. This enables us to replace the distribution f(¢, 2) by the angle-averaged function F(). The above arguments are, of course, general ones, and apply to any rapidly varying quantities (phases) which take values in finite ranges. Returning to the rotational degrees of freedom of molcculcs, let us note that in polyatomic gases the ribution function may also depend on the angles which specify the fixed orientation of the axes of the molecules relative to the vector M. For example, in molecules of the symmetrical-top type this is the precession angle between M and the axis of the top, whereas the distribution function may again be regarded as independent of the rapidly varying angles of rotation of the top about its own axis and precession of this axis about M.t The vibrational motion of the atoms within the molecule is practically always ‘In the rotation of a spherical-top molecule, such as CH, the two angles remain constant which define the orientation of the molecule relative to M (ie. the direction of the angular velocity 2). In the rotation of an asymmetrical-top molecule, a, combination of angles remains constant which represents the rotational energy Fw = M¢/21) + M,2/21:-+ Mz/2I, where Mr Mm Mr are the components of the constant vector M ulong the rotating principal axes of inertia of the molecule, i,