WrocaABWA MAKERONUAa ____——————— * LESSON A Learning to read Bulgarian Bulgarian is written in the Cyrillic alphabet, the same alphabet in which Russian is writen. The comespondence between letters and sounds in Bulgarian is very close to that of Russian, Dut not identical. Once students who know Russian have adjasted to the minor differences, they will find Bulgarian very easy to read Stdents who are encountering the Cyrillic alphabet forthe first time should not despair ~ it isnot as hard as it looks. Indeed, it will be considerably easier to Tea to reed Bulgarian than it was to learn to read English. One of the reasons for this is that, with very few exceptions, every Bulgarian letter always stands fo the same sound. Furthermore, every sound is always rendered by the same Bulgarian Teter. Once the correspondence between letter and sound is leamed, therefore, one is able to read (and to write) Bulgarian. ‘The few exceptions tothe “one letter ~ one sound” rule wll be detailed in Lesson C. ‘The letters of the Bulgarian alphabet are presented below in four different ‘groups, The full Bulgarian alphabet is given atthe end of Lesson A Letter and sound found in English, letter-sound correspondence as in English Leter sound asin father bet skin, score L small, mix i sll nares [Note that 1 and -x- are pronounced withour the puff of breath that nonmally accompanies them in English, Pronounce "kin" holding your hand in front of your ‘mouths now pronounce “skin”, You will note tht the “K" in “skin” lacks the pu of treath that is present when you say “kin”. All instances of x: (and of --) in Bulgarian should be pronounced in tis second way, without the puff of breath. 3Tetter and sound found in English, letter-sound correspondence not as in English Video, evidence Itiled -r] * sister, center oot [velae -ch-]** * found in many European languages ag in Scottish loch or German Bach ‘The sounds represented by -p- and -x- exist in English only as an imitation of the native pronunciation of certain European speakers. These sounds are quite ‘common, however, expecially in certain inellecwal environments. "The sounds represented by -0- and -y- ae very close to those of English -o- and -u-. The difference is tat the Bulgarian vowel sounds are pronounced without ‘the offlide (the slight “w sound atthe end) that accompanies them in English Pronounce “boat” and "boot very slowly and listen forthe point at which each Yowel plies down into a hint of *w", To pronounce the Bulgarian sound correctly, Top Before the English -o- or -oo- sound moves to the “W” stage. Sound found in English, letter not found in English Lener sound asin £ e shi, sugar ashtray ‘ofa * Bnglish unstressed (a) BesneneeneKET Regence - OU ON Ne MAH EE ORK Me BH KOU Mm: BS SORE NO KORE UN ER ORGOHRGKE FERS AQ a j Cesenekoneuaazonnornensraae QeLearning to write Bulgarian Its best to leam to write Cyrillic by practicing on lined paper. Write the letters ‘double height atthe beginning, so as to leam which ones extend above (or below) the Tine and which ones remain the same height. The handwritten words on the following piges illustrate the formation of capital and lower case Iter at the beginning of & word, End of lower case eters in the middle of a word. The student should be able o guess the meanings of most of these words. Tis advisable to leam (o write Bulgarian leters comectly atthe outset. I is ‘much hander to unleam mistakes once they have become se nto habit “Height of the letters All capital eters extend tothe full height. Of the lower case eters, only 6, and é are writen as high as capital leers (in the scheme as given below, only they ‘Extend above the line) Allobers are writen a the same height (the height of the space ‘between the two middle lines). Pay particular attention fo this in the case of x and they do not reach the same height as their English counterparts. Depth of the letters ‘The eters mp, y, wand mm extend below the line. This wil seem natural for 3 and y, butt must be leamed especially for the others. For mand my the portion that fxtends below the linc is the Toop atthe lower right comer. Diacrities and other distinguishing marks “The breve mark must be writen over the leer in order to distinguish it fom the Jewer a. Indeed, there are two words which consist only ofthe letter. The one ‘which means “her is writen witha grave accent mark (i) in oder to distinguish i from the one which means “and” (w). "The letes ay mand are written with a small hook at the bepinning, which mse ‘be there inorder to distinguish them from other eterscon ———eboarrig, 79Ten — taps ——— racer roo qed vey Lie zLESSON C Learning to pronounce Bulgarian ‘The best way to lear to pronounce Bulgarian corecty is, of course, to listen regularly and carefully to native speakers of Bulgarian (or to tapes of them) and to {imitate them. The following commens are only « guide: the way to succes is constant fd consistent practice. ‘Word accent ‘Word accent in Bulgarian js similar wo that of English in a number of ways. First, the syllable of the word which is accented js pronounced louder and with more ‘emphasis than the other syllables of the word. Second, one eannot predict which Syllable of the word is accented but mast lea it for each word. Thi, the syllable ‘hich is acented Is pronounced clearly as its written, but the syllables which are Tmaccented are often pronounced with less enunciation. As an example, divide the English words “initiation” and “stationary” into their separate syllables: Genie 4-tion sti tionary In “initiation”, the fourth syllable is accented, and in “stationary”, the fist syllable is ‘accented In each case the accented "a" sound is clearer, stonger, and somew! than the other sounds. To pronounce these words comely, ope must know ‘which syllable to accent in each word. Unfortunately, the spelling of English does not provide this information. Bulgarian i similar: one must know the place of accent in order to pronounce the word corecty, and Bulgarian spelling does not provide this information. As a guide to Teaming, therefore, all Bulgarian words in this textbook willbe accented. The student Should memorize the place of accent when leaming each word, and read and speak aloud ‘much as possible so thatthe place of accent will bepin to sound right tothe ear. Another similarity between Bulgarian and English concems unaccented words ‘ad particles. Take a¢ an example the English sentence "TI see you.” Although itis ‘composed of four meaningful chunks, only two bear clear sess (and infest speech, ‘only’ one does). These four chunks are 1 see you“The words marked with a hyphen are writen as separate components and have separate meaning. In terms of accent, owever, they must lean on the neighboring word in order for the sentence to be pronounced correct Bulgarian has « number of small words of this sor, called “clits”. They have ‘no accent oftheir own, and obey strict word order rules, Learning to pruce them in the proper order while sill not ccenting them takes considerable practice. Once fchived, however, its a major step towards the acquisition of a real Bulgarian “accent”. One accentual property of Bulgrian which isnot shared by English isthe fact ‘hat Bulgarian can shift spcent between certain forms of the sume word (such as singular ‘s-plural. Such ehanges of accent must also be leamed with each word. Unstressed vowels Syllables which are not accented are pronounced with less enunciation than those which are; this phenomenon is sometimes called ‘vowel reduction”. The degree and Tanner of this reduction vary in different areas of Bulgaria, but the following description is characteristic of most speakers in the capital area, Sofia. (Throughout ths textbook, Testers witen within brackets represent the sound of a word and not its spelling.) ewer sound when sound when ‘accemed——wnaccenied ° fol bie a fa) bl x isl tir) or sometimes like a mix between fo} and Unsttessed ae, -y- and -e- usually do not change their pronunciation, To ‘ustrate vowel reduction, hee is the spelling, ad the most frequent pronunciation by (meaning) several post office ton [for clothing} “This incomplete comespondence of sound and leuer can give the student some difficulty atthe begining. With attention its relatively easy to get used to.‘Voicing assimilation ‘Most Bulgarian consonants exist in pairs, according to a phenomenon called voicing". The terms (voiced” vs, “unvoiced” are not important to learn, but the relationship is. This is because when certain consonants are pronounced together, the fist wil adjust is degree of voicing to the second, in a process called voicing er “Voicing” refers to a relatively stronger vibration of the vocal cords. ‘To hear ‘voicing in English, hold your hand on your throat and say frst “bin”, then “pin”, ‘The vibration which distinguishes the sound -b- from the sound -p- is called voicing, ‘The Bulgarian consonants for which this distinction is important are the following: iced) unvoiced) ox Toe To rm ‘When a voiced consonant occurs immediately before an unvoiced one, itis pronounced as its unvoiced parner (the one immediately below it in the chart); and ‘when an unvoiced consonant occurs immediately before a voiced one, itis pronounced as its voiced partner (the one immediately above it in the char). When Yoioed consonants occur atthe end of the word, they are pronounced like their ‘unvoiced partners. Here are examples of voicing assimilation in Bulgarian: veritten form spoken form assimilation process ‘ranjexant [Weifekan] | voiced» unvoiced before unvoiced (-3- -c- before --) fonérinan —[fox6siaan] | unvoiced » voiced before voiced (1- > -m- before -6-) pia _[epir] ‘voiced > unvoiced at end of word ("Gramma promactaion] > ‘There is a striking non-correspondence between letter and sound in the case of, three different grammatical categories. Ta these instances, sounds that are written as 4 of ate always pronounced as (-s] ot [ifs]. When the vowel is unstessed, the difference is minimal, a8 unstessed -a and -« are usualy pronounced as {-] / (3) fanyway. When the vowel i stressed, however, the difference is very noticeable, ‘This phenomenon occurs in the 1* singular and 3" plural present of verbs, and the definite form of masculine nouns. In the following examples, the apostrophe indicates thatthe preceding consonant is softLason C selling pronunciation meaning F singular Tread = walk they read they wal 3 plural ‘masculine definite inthe coy ay ddaring the day Holiday sgn in dovetown Soi, Inte December 1950 6DIALOGUE Or Bipua 90. Coan 1) Manéxa Slatérop, Awren, Téians u Hagan msrfuar 9a Céus or Bépa. // Maueua: ‘Tprrmane! His-ndexe! Anren: Bile sa xuaé mrysare? FLmvarrsp: 3a Cégus. A nie? ‘Auren: Hi ds maaan a0 Céspus. Kai ce wisnare? Awscrsp: Aa ce xésnam Zynnirep Créfixos. A 74.. Muurena; Keéseant ce Muzéua! Mnaéua Créfixonal Aurea: Orauaé cre? Or Béipua am cre? Smaersp: [Md Hie ewe oF Bépaa. Annes A wie roenéae? ‘xyan: Aa ce nanan oejiam Bémp. Crynéurxa cost, ov AtépuKa. lense, M6 com cryaéur, cso or Asépuna. Kasam ce Jéimnx Boa ‘Auren: Or Auépica su cre? Cryaéums? Muro marrepécno! Muntens: Ea! Onion ajsa? Crisa reaéxme! ewyam: Kaxné ¢ “rexénne”?BASIC GRAMMAR ‘L._ Gender of nouns [Nouns in Bulgarian are either masculine, feminine or neuter. Practically all ‘masculine nouns end in a consonant, and most feminine nouns end in a. This includes most personal names. Here are some examples of masculine and feminine feminine Munda (Créitxosa roendxama crynéurxa “Nouns referring to profession or role are usually masculine, They can refer ‘either to & male person, of to the category in general. The same noun with -Ka aulded refers ony 10 a female person 12, Vocative form of nouns ‘When a person or object is being addressed, a special form, called the ‘vocatve, is wed, The endings are -e for masculine nouns and -o (or -e) for feminine ‘nouns. Here ate examples of the most Trequently used vocative forms, those forthe ‘nouns meaning “Mz”, "Mrs." and “Miss’. Note that the accent changes place in the vocative of rocnoxcé (Tocnéxo). neutral form vocative form Gveaning) rocnomin ——_roruouinre Me round ——_rocudao Mrs. rocnéama —rocnéxcitire Miss 13. Plural of nouns ‘Most masculine nouns, and practically all feminine nouns, form the plural by adding -1, Masculine nouns add this ending directly to the singular form, while feminine nouns replace the singular ending a by the ending -u. For example:Tispat ypox / Lesson 1 singular plural masculine crynéar ——eryxéar-m Feminine cryaérea—eryaéare-n ‘The noun rocuowt shifts stress in the plural (rena), Such sites shifts are very exceptional. 14, Personal pronouns: the verb Following is the conjugation of the verb "be" in the present tense. It is given together withthe personal pronouns. I" person (HS Ga 2 person | tot 3 person | roe ea ' (ingle person / familiar) —% Gingle person / formal, or more than one person) ‘The 3* plural form ea is pronounced [cs]. 15. Present tense of verbs All verbs have six forms inthe present tense. The subject ofthe verb pu tges determines which form isto be used, Here is the present tense conjugation of the) © 4S" verb maryaas “go, ravel". Many other Bulgarian verbs are conjugated according to Because the ending of the verb always specifies the verbs subject, personal pronouns are optional in Bulgarian, The phrases “I am a student” and “I am traveling to Sofia” can be expressed both with and without the pronoun “I’. For exampleTispan ypox / Lesson 1 Tiwrjan 3a Coibus. Tam traveling to Sofia, ‘Aa mrrynane 20 Cédbus. frame] Cryaéi com Tam a student As eum crynéar. same] 16. Questions ‘Questions in Bulgarian, as in English, ae of two types. One type includes a word such as “why?", “who?", and “where?” This type of question requests specific information. ‘The other kind simply asks whether a particular statement is tric oF no, land expects yes or no as an ansWer. In Bulgarian, as in English, each type of ‘question has specific word-order rules associated with it Ifa question word such as “where?” is present, it always comes right before the verb. ‘This i a subject is present, the word order will be different from that of English, For example: 3a mene unfuare? Where are you going? Bile aa xen murynare? {same ‘The word order in a yes-no question changes only ifthe verb is ems In these sentences the verh is placed al the end. Otherwise the Word order stays the same. Al yes-no questions, however, must contain the particle am. Tis particle is placed right Defore a form of the verb cuts and right aftr all ther verb forms. For example: Bie muxfoare és. You are waveling today. Bie _meryoure am auéc? Ave you traveling today? Brie cre eryaéer. You area student Bile cryaéir acre? Are you a studeat? 17. Prepositions ‘The usage of prepositions in Bulgarian (asin English) is highly idiomatic. “Most prepositions have a basic meaning, but all have numerous additional meanings which are aot directly predictable from the basic meaning. (@) The basic meaning of the preposition or is that of English “from”. This ‘meaning is oko present in the compound question word onxeaé. As evo or Bépua. 1 am from Varna Onmenxé ayaa? ‘Whereis it blowing from? 20Tixpant ypox / Lesson 1 (b) The basic meaning ofthe preposition 32 is that of English *for’._ When {Rlerring to 4 travel goal, itis usally translated “to”. The English expressions ‘Where are you headed for?” or “'m leaving for Europe” may help the student 10 remember this usage of 92 Trsryaane 2a Céxpum. We are traveling to Sofia. ‘3a xa unsere! Where are you traveling to? 18. jes and word ordi ‘Bulgarian includes a number of small, unaccented words called cits. ‘Among the most frequent clitics are the forms ofthe verb env and the particle e=, Cites aiust obey special word order rules, the most important of which is that they ‘Cannot begin a sentence of phrase, In addition, the particle ce must always occur Sent the verb i accompanies (and directly before it if possible). Likewise, a form Gr eum must always occur next {0 predicate noun or adjective (and directly before it if possible). Here are examples: ‘Aa ce nésnant [\énmu Bénin, My name is David Boyd. Ksuaw oe [etm Bota. ame] Aa cum cryaéer. 1am a student, (Crynéer eas. ‘bame] 19._‘The conjunction “and” “There are two diferent ways to express the idea “and” in Bulgarian, If the ‘wo things Joined are considered 10 be equivalent, the conjunction w is used: ut if thore is some sort of contrast, Bulgarians use the conjunction a. For example: Mga crap meron 0 ‘Mila and Dimitri are traveling to Sofi “Munéua monjna sa Céduua, a Milena is traveling t0 Sofia, and Vesetin ‘Beceaiin toryaa 38 Ts6pono. is traveling to Gabrovo.Tropa ypox / Lesson 1 EXERCISES Write the questions to which the following are answers: Hide mnfoane sa Bipna. Nie 7ituveme 2a Verna Td, 16 ca cyte, Bay rote nap. Or Cégoua evo ‘Toi e oF Céipus, a ni © oF Bipua. Késoant ce Mauua. seven oe Mi lene. Ton ce xésa Mine, Ye) 20 voor Mek Noveepe Fill in the Blanks with the correct verb form. Asren____ or Céipus Madu w Toate ‘As oneaaé Baie or Andpaxa am 2 ‘i cryacer am _—? Hie cyan, ‘Te oF Coa ov Bépma. nareepe Ml. Choose the correct conjunction. 1. Ase ndanane Hind aie na co xdsnare? 2. Hile exe or Bipua ——1é ca or TiGposo. 4X Mayan __ [leita ca cryaéirmn or Amépma. ‘Auren ne & eryatr. 4. Hod Kora ea adkapu, 5. Mei © aécap __Keera e aénap, 6. Min © aéxap —— Tmatrop ne €. 7. hace kiauast Mapa, ‘sf ce xisea Mapas. 2Tiapan ypox / Lesson 1 ADDITIONAL GRAMMAR NOTES Lia,_Gender of noun: ‘Both first and last names in Bulgarian usually mark gender. Thus, male ‘members of a family will have surnames ending in a consonant (Cxémxoa), while female members will have sursames ending in -a (Créfixo0®) Foreign names are spelled as they are pronounced: Jiagim Béneup lie Baker Tense Boas David Boyd Masculine nouns referring to profession or role cover a broad range of meaning: they can mean the catgory in general, a specific male person who is a member of tht category, or Gin the plural) a mixed group atleast one of which is ‘male. ‘The same noun with the suffix -xa refers exclusively toa specific female ‘erson who belongs to that category. Compare the following possible translations: ‘Té ca cryatirm, They are students. 4) they” = a group of male stadents 1) “they” = a group of male and female students ©) “they” = general (gender not important) “T6 ca erynéame. They are students “they” = a group of female students ‘When Bulgarians choose to focus more onthe fact of a profession than on the sex of {is practitioner, they may also use the masculine form to refer to a woman representative ofthat profession: ‘The xéuap, She is a doctor. For many nouns such as erynéir and aéxap, there also exist the suffixed nouns ‘and aéxapea. In all cases the non-suffixed noun refers either to males Specially or to the category in general, and the suffixed noun refers exclusively 10 females. Glossary lists inthis textbook Will designate nouns ofthis sort as follows: Glossary listing: cxyaéirr (ca) stentTiapan ypox / Lesson 1 13a, Vocative form of nouns ‘The tile roca is used in the vocaive when it stands alone, but when it appears with @ sumame, the neutral form is used. Toenoasine! Sit! Toenosiin Avaicon! Mr. Atanasov! CCertin masculine nouns add -o inthe vocative. Among these are apyrp comrade” and upustren “friend”. The vocative forms of apyrap and apyrapxa are ‘apyrape (bh with and without a sumame) and xpyrpxo. ‘The vocative forms of personal names will be leamed in Lesson 2. ‘a, Personal pronouns; the verb “be” {As in most European languages (other than English), Bulgarian has two ‘different words meaning *you". The singular form ni is used to address chien, tnimals, God, and close fends. The plural form mie is used to address people one {does not know well and wishes to teat with courtesy, oF those who are elders or people of higher rank. In this meaning, the pronoun aie refers to a single person ‘When it s writen in a leter, iti usualy capitalized, The pronoun mie (00n- capitalized) is also the only form one can use to address a group of people. In English, one must always use a subject pronoun. One cannot, for instance, say * “Am a student, but must rather say “I am a student”. (The asterisk means that 44 phrase or sentence is ungrammatical) In Bulgarian, however, subject pronouns are optional. They are used when the person is identified for the first time, or when one ‘wishes to emphasize the identity ofthe subject. Otherwise, they are omitted. “Thind person singular pronouns are tA (masculine), 1 (feminine) and 16 (novter). Although most nouns designating human beings are either masculine ot feminine, there are a few neuter nouns which also refer to humans (such as eré child”, moneeé “boy” and movie “gir”). The neuter pronoun is used to refer to these nouns. 16a. Questions Both Bulgarian and English have specific word onder rules for the formation fof questions. Furthermore, both languages have diferent rules for yes-no questions fd for Q-word questions (those containing a question word such as “who”, “what”, or the lke). 4Tispau ypox / Lesson 1 ‘Qeword questions in English must reverse the order of subject and auxiliary ‘ves. In the following, for example, the subject, “you”, and the auxiliary verb, “ae”, ‘switch places: (tatement) You ae going. Guestion) — Where ae you going? ‘To form correct Q-word questions in Bulgarian, one mast remember both that the ‘word order does not shift, and that the Q-word itself must always precede the verb directly. Thus: Gtatement) Bie merfoare. (question) Bie sana ——maafare? 3a xoaé —morjeare? YYes-no questions in English are formed by changing the order of subject and ‘verb and adding rising intonation, Note the difference between the statement and the ‘question inthe following: Statement word order sentence intonation ‘You are a student, [subject ~ vero] ating Question word order emtnce inonaton Are you student? Iver = mbjecy] ing Jn Bulgarian, the word order changes only if the verb is cea; otherwise it remains the same. ‘The particle amis always added, however. It caries no stress of its own, bat causes a strong high-pitched sitess on the immediately preceding wor. Study the following contrasts between statement and question: Statement ‘meaning monaion Bie rurfuare sé. You are traveling today. sentence fling Biie re yaar. You area student, semence: fling Question ‘meaning nation Be muuare mu sus? A you eaveling today? ver Moh ie cryzéie mu cre? Are you a student? predate: high once faleTispan ypox / Lesson 1 ‘Tia, Prepositions “Monosyabic prepositions ae pronounced together with their objects as one ‘word. Each of the fllowing phrases, therefore, has only one accent: or Bépma from Varna 3 Cou to Sofia ‘Students who know other Slavic languages must pay especial attention to the usage of ‘ecpositional phrases in Bulgarian. This is because nouns in Bulgarian, unlike those En ther Slavic languages, do not have case endings. Relationships between nouns are expressed exclusively by prepositional phrases, andthe same preposition can have ‘2 number of different meanings depending on the context. One example is the ‘reposition na, which has atleast three basic meanings: Meaning Corresponding case form in other Slavic languages on LLocative (sometimes called prepositional) to Dative of Genitive 18a, Clities: the particle ce “The particle ce occurs together with & number of verbs. This particle has several meanings, the most general of which is to make a verb intnsitve, When ce fcvompanies a verb i is an integral part ofthat verb and must appear with every instance of the verb. Although some verbs do not even exist without ee, most verbs ‘xis in two variants ~ with and without ce. For these verb, itis imporant to note that the presence or absence of ce changes the meaning. For instance, nissan (ovithout ce) means “say”, but xésam ce means “to be called” Konan ce Tajo Bétenp. My name is Julie Baker, 19a, ‘The conjunction “and” “The contrast in mesning between the conjunctions a and w is much greater when they ae tsed at the beginning of a sentence. In these cases, wis usually translated 25 “also”, while a Continues to be translated as “and”, For example: HE fs morjnane 2 Cogs. {'m also waveling to Sofia A mie, roendaae? ‘And you, miss? 6Tispaut ypox / Lesson 1 SAMPLE SENTENCES ‘Méeap am cre? Hie. 3a xagé mnjuare auc? 3a Bapna Haile an? =n 1 Eaéua m Suxdua ca cryaéern. A Mapsin Uioxpat Hf Mapas e cryaénres. A Hexpa ne € crynéirxa. Ti © upenonanizena. 4. Aa nfanane “Ka ce xdanare?” ‘To xfana: “Képas ce Anrea, A ict” Ag edapane “da ce xésnan Anres.” Kaxné xisnau? Kanan icra Kx ce xissau? Késnaw ce Hois, SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION 1. Ae you a teacher, Mis? 2. Are you from Vara? We are going to Vara soon. 4 His name is Angel. He isa physician. Hei fom Plow 44. Does he know Mrs: Antonova?_ She is also from Plovdiv. 5, The Stoykovs are traveling to Sofia toxay. Tey ar teachers 6 Where ae you fom, si? And where ae you going? 7. lyon and Milena are fiends. David and Jie ae aso fendsTispan ypox / Lesson 1 READING SELECTION ‘Konesnonnémma - BBéiixo Arandcos ¢ néxap. Kamina Aranicosa e yufrenxa, Té ca or Cécpus. 1. B66 Miiven e aékap. T6n e or Cén Ppamicno, a ceri morypa 22 Cons. + Cin pamnicKo Tocnomsin Arauscos, ‘As oe nésnan PéGepr Mifvea. Iéxap cost. Tipwinen cna ua Sx6x psi, Ton e yruiren w Coes. Tloswiva rocnorsd Aranicona. ‘cxspo meryaam 3a Coda. Brio cerd 2 Coda au ere? A mie, xésea Tiaéu, ere aéxap. Sumy, mie one aékaps. Muro mrrepéeno! Ga eumanéne 42 panGvipam céxo seinko GxarapcKi. Pésepr Miiven ‘Alexander Nevahy Cal, Sofia (tal of dors) 28GLOSSARY Traps ypox / Lesson 1 ‘you miss i ay me el ld man erm of aes) alpine) ym 6 ‘yon pie) ‘ee bowing 60) ee len sc rcaie x term of ares) fox, ‘nce are yo ging? torent ‘at eas, 0, de dao a you aswell ising ‘he ta ihe sys ‘her mame tate * ‘yous Gail) om ‘wi your ae? (oti) i ‘here ae you tom? he koe, Ct wi ove ae tavelig 0) aden (lg) an) us ted Suies of Amen) ny verbal parceTapa ypox / Lesson 1 ae now ese amen, dat ‘Serie a ‘ecey ” ou, fiir) oe wea) * Ktvarey ey she) exipo toon xa bet one tee pt) irae [note lang Sea Thee pting be ™ Shei Sra rend ‘tert det thc nina te me a a Gel) Sater (0) Svey ent ye teacer (p10 ae * ain gad) oor ams) 0 abe ase wae Ihgeere the Stee « ey CULTURAL COMMENTARY Reference te the US. hu many sow i the wo, Bulan we the term Asp colo orf se Us, “Te ofl wm for he Us CAM (Cheat wepextneor ns, pronounced as ‘ne wo eat Some lo reler w the US. ealqualy as MDiv (the Se ‘Teavelng: ae currents "en certs oon, Baan re ver sense to comet ofa, expecially when traveling. "The bel i tat pore o rch samen wil ase hes, especialy ln. Forme of address Mr Ms et profesional es "The ca roceomd wedi th mater of Engh °M when one can nt (tds ot wish to) spety the maa sero he woman concaed, Ifthe woman i known be singe but ‘Smilesead or oder ti a conse tes pitt fer to era acon “The tems roca cao snd rotéxonn ae now the neta ones of aes. They ‘vee atodoced it Bulgar tte te 1 centy Yo replete od ere aes ea, Hp Gib) and Ga (de Ie sed only for ole mes} Dusng he socials rege (19881989) they ‘tee ed only to aes foegn fom te wet in Balai stat ine one wd xpyrp and [oyripe. The erm ah i sil eed fay eet lor people Tor certain hirenips poles cnsdre Serpsory 10 the orm ening it tp fer es woman psconer of tht pfcison Ter nnanc, one woul treo 4 woman Sastry: ofthe UN. a experpes ene one ware ply dstespct ewer writing "et Balin wre dt, they pat he ste ft and then the month nla Yo English “tie neath of March), A Ir i ead Wt he date the plac of Sa rig Schoo systems "Kein he coat, tere one system of booing that a te student fom he lemestary ges gh sata fom High schoo cd anther ati concerted With witty lcaton’ Galpin ene ts tarenc oven othe were fr "ware yuren tft excuse) {Sr tec in lemenary ot hiph soo sn mpeonarsnenencsivly 8 ache avers {Sve Smite fem eno fers ol to uve sae ‘Ther an Exp langage highschool in Soa, Which for many ous has employed ‘Batnh and Amst teacher" Aifagh he snes re Bulgtan ll ntocton i Eph ‘Aiisan he shoo highly compstive. Ther are sina schol Mi satscton in ch, ‘Geman Span, snd Ranson Aa Arion wiser (ala with English language estvtn) as ‘peed ta Buigaa in 191. Ie nce i he southwest Bularan ty of Blagoov ga 30Bropm ypox / Lesson 2 LESSON 2 DIALOGUE Thamar c nad 1 Towatrsp, Maéua, Aurea, Tajo, énaua (x xpfea) murfsar © sxx ot Bépua 20 Cus. Budxer e muéro sar. TE ci Kynéro e ricuo, Kopuaépur céuuo © réceu. Bpar ‘Tix orndps aparda. // ‘Tawa: issue, wag e witcro No 1 (némep ex16)? Aurex: Té ¢ go uparéra. Mieroro ¢ cxo6éauo. Kamen: A mie, iw? Tans: Brie cre nya. Kainene, ni cu ma No 2 (néwep 3pé), a Hiaxa © ua No 3 (wovep 1p. Aurex: Ero, roensxco, micro Xa 2 € esuio 20 wparéra, a wicro No 3 € w epeara, Wisare mi 6a? ‘Tas: Baaronapé, sméro cre o6ésen. Exo, wine m xfibap. wrara e wax, no réika, KYebapsr € rons HO He 6 TORK. Kavew: Mio, xaxa6 sine» wiurara? Tainen cox, WC axaen, Mt Hoga € ‘aca! Hie cme acim! Tans: Téeae, Késene, Kayes: Kaxaé iva 9 sitrara? Tond ne 6 at unnué? Tans: 1, ond © uae, w6. KaMon: Kaxné viva » unmuéro? Tens: Pansia. Or ofn0. Aue: Pant mi? Tooé e wyaéeuo!_Ho6pé sow, rocnsno!BASIC GRAMMAR 2i_Gender of nouns Every noun in Bulgarian belongs to one of three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter, Because pronouns, adjectives nd ances all have different forms ‘Sepending on the gender of the noun they refer t, itis extremely important to know the gender of every noun. ‘The gender of a noun can usualy be inferred from its ending. Since endings by definition contain a vowel, masculine nouns (which end in a consonant) are said fohave a "zero" ending, Nester nouns end in -o or -, and feminine nouns usually fd in the sound fa, which ean be written ether -a or “a. For example: ‘masculine feminine neuter ards paré aye 4 hero aie roenox xopunép para ‘reve 22, Pronoun agreement [Every pronoun which refers to singular noun must agree with that noun in ‘gender. "There is only one plural pronoun. Here are the forms, followed by examples ‘of usage in sentences: ‘masculi ‘masculine: Toni e aan. ‘That's a tain, "Téa e im. Tis long, feminine: ‘Toad e parcin. This is akin Tae cima. tis stag. newer, ‘Eso céso. Here's a village, To e wénxo. tis small. plural: ‘éea x Hej ca crynénrm. David and Julie ae students. Te ca or Anépmaa, ‘They are from America. ‘Ero, wdura w xf. Here, a bag and a suitcase "Te ca exact, ‘They ae heavy.23, Definite articles Bulgarian has a definite article, similar in usage to English “the”. The Bulgarian definite article is added afte the ending ofthe noun, and must agree with itin gender. Here are the forms of the article, followed by examples of usage in sentences. ‘masculine feminine newer plural Fond ¢ naan. ‘That's 8 tain Badiear ¢ iran. ‘The tain is long ‘Toni e pausis. This is rakia Paciara ¢ caw, "The raka is strong. Bro céno. Here's a village. Cén0r0 iano. ‘The village is small. ‘Tosd sa crynéem. ‘These are students. ‘Cryacmnere ca or Aspumca, The students ae from America fro és wfapu. Here are bags and a suitcases. SEéumze ca reac, “The bags are heavy, a xjapure we of tex, but the suitcases are not heavy. “The masculine definite article is always pronounced as (rl, After nouns ending in ten, -ap, and -f, tis writen -zr. Nouns ending in -& drop the -8 before Seding the definite aricle. For example: Indefinite form —exyntorr wap pines ‘panna definite orm eryaéarast = Néxap-xr == mpwren-ar © tpavni-ar 2.4, Adjective agreement ‘Adjectives in Bulgarian mast also agree with the nouns they modify. ‘There ‘are three endings in the singular, corresponding to the three genders, and ome in the plural, Here are the endings, followed by examples of usage. ‘masculine feminine neuter ‘The suitcase is heavy ‘The hag is heavy ‘The seat is empty. ‘The students ate free. [ ~ not busy]ropa ypox / Lesson 2 ‘Those agreement pattems follow a ‘thyming principle”, whereby nouns, efinite articles and adjectives often repeat the same sound. ‘This principle is especially clear in feminine and neuter nouns “Eaurang c ronsona w réxcca, The bag is big and heavy Céaoro ¢ ménxo m xfGav0. The village is small and prety. 25, Fleeting vowels in adjectives Feminine, neuter and plural nouns and adjectives end in a vowel. Masculine ‘nouns and adjectives usually end in a consonant. Frequently, this consonant is receded by the vowel -b- ore, which drops out in other forms ofthe adjectives {and is therefore called “feting’).. For example: masculine feminine newer plural 206-6-p 06-pd 06-96 06-pa yoewk rocks reeno | Tea aface radon radqxo raga cooGéi-en || cooddxa eao6du-o enone 2.6, Alternating vowels in adjectives ‘A number of adjectives cccur with -s- inthe singular and -- inthe plural, (Certain ofthese adjectives have -e- in the masculine form as well. For example: masculine feminine neater plural roma roma romawo ys. roast Gan Gama Gano ys. Gem rece vs gona rgcmo vs, Teco 2.7._ Vocative of personal names ‘Tho vocatve of masculine names ends in -2, If the neuzal form of the name ‘ends in ap, this > is lost before the vocative ending neutral form vocative form ‘masculine Kébeer Kéncene Anwutrep — hnoniape Trersp Tlerpe oenomin —roenoaineBropm ypox / Lesson 2 “The vocative of feminine names ends in -0 or e. If the neutral form of the name ends in uty ra of -xa, the ending -¢ is added. In other nouns, the ending -O is used neutral form — vocative form feminine ia ‘wine roenoxd ——rocti6xo Hana Hésxe Ona One Pociua Posie “The verb sant means “have”, ad corresponds in wsage to English “have”. Vinare au Garcon? Do you have [any] baggage? “The 3 singular form via is also used in the general meaning “there is” or snore ate. ‘This form of the vetb is unchanging regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural. For example: in am rjxa ewo6énmo suicro? Is there an empty seat here? ‘Kanes yea » watrara? ‘What i ther) in the bag? 1B sarara snea mrrepéome “There ate [some] interesting books in ‘air. ‘the bag. 29,_Negation ‘Verbs are negated by placing the particle ae immediately before the verb, “Auhough this particle Is nt accented it canes the fllowing word to receive « ‘Stone avoont, even if this word is clit. Por example: Hie ne mrjuame sé ‘We are not traveling today He com yore. [Lam not a teacher. Hee 6 erynéamea. She is not student. [Negstion ofthe verb san isan exception. Here, one must we 2 different verb, asvan. For example Vian at exut 6? Do you have a pencil?” Ldon't have a pencil” 3820, mn oF mt ‘The question particle am usually occurs right after the verb. Exceptions ere ‘the verb enst, and a conseious intent t0 focus one's question on something other than the verb. In the case of eum, the particle mm occurs immediately before the verb, unless the verb is negated, in which case am occurs immediately after the ver, “Toit cxyatirr sm e? Is he a student? ‘Toit ne 6 am exyaéir? Isn't he a student? Inthe case of special focus, the particle mis placed after the word in question. When question focus changes, word order often changes as well. For example: Paxsix an? Is it rakia (you've got there? ‘Késew sm monyoa an6e? 1s it Kamen who's traveling today? Kew ane sur mera? Is it today that Kamen is traveling? Huge nn onjna Kiser? ame} 2.il,_ Prepositions (@) The basic meaning of the preposition » is “in (or “nto”, depending on the context), ‘The sense "within a closed or defined space” is usually implied. Thus: ‘Té ca n xyné No. ‘They are in compartment No. 7. Thi ew n cpenina, ‘You are in the middle [of the row) It-can also mean “within the confines of* in less Ieral sense as in the idiomatic ‘expression » éruyeka “on leave, on a break, on vacation”; one could think ofthis as “within the time frame allowed to one to be absent from work”. (8) The basic meaning ofthe preposition ao is “next to”, “by” (or “up to"). The ‘general idea is that of approaching limit. ‘Mécroro © 20 sparéra. ‘The seat is next tothe door. Kopmaépor ¢ 20 Kynéro, ‘The comtdor is by the comparament. (©) The preposition ma has a number of different meanings. The first (seen already in Lesson 1) is that of possession. For example: Bperdra na xynéro ¢ sarnépens. The door of the compartment is closed, Tipnaren cxat ia Jbxon Fpsitm. Iam a frend of John Green’. Kigirara a Has. ‘The book is Nadia’Bropu ypox / Lesson 2 In another meaning, nai closely related tom, and is ofentasated on”, at” ot sae he flloeng example, for instance the reference isnot o being physically in ie seat but to having the Hcket fo hat Seat ‘Ti cx ua uésep moé, a4 e na You're in seat no, 2, and she's in ‘dep Tai 0.3 (@) The basic meaning of the preposition ¢ is “with”. When refering 10 means of Conveyance, its transsted idiomatically as “by”, For example: Te mvnjnar ¢ oni, a 78 “They are traveling by train and she rnvrjna ¢ anro6ye. ‘is traveling by bus. Wind at te enrance 19 Nes, ear BereasBropm ypox / Lesson 2 EXERCISES Fill in the blanks withthe appropriate pronoun. 1. Omaé ¢ parisra? or eéno. 2. Sa xoé munjna mndicie? maga sa COs 3 Kaaée eénore? ___ € a0 Cogs 4. Onxuaé ca Soairap a Muaéna? ___ ca or Bépma, 5 Knté ca nytapmre? ca BETO. 6 Barra ompdpena aut e? He fe sarndpena. 7. Kiné e Hoare? Grae. Tl. Complete each sentence with the article and the appropriate form one of the {following adjectives: nowduten, synéeeu, Mairx, roms, xine, TEAHK, SATR6PEH. Kéma___e Bparé___e LIL, How many diferent questions can you make out ofthe following sentences by using the particle mm in diferent positions? ‘Ton msfysa c nin. Kynéro e ricuo. Microro e cxodéano. ‘Kanen e rainen m acézen, B uumeéro siva parca. ‘Tax ornip spars. Mifero néwep ané © 20 spardra, severe 38Bropm ypox / Lesson 2 ADDITIONAL GRAMMAR NOTES 2la_Gender of nouns, ‘The great majority of masculine nouns end in « consonant; that is, their ending is the "zero" ending. Certain masculine pouns refecring to persons, however, fend in a vowel, Mos feminine nouns end inthe vowel a, bat there are a sizable ‘huraber of feminine nouns with @ zeo ending, The forms of these iegular nouns ‘will be learned Inter. 22a, Pronoun agreement Pronoun agreement in Bulgarian difers considerably from that of English. ‘With certain idiomatic exceptions, the English pronouns “he” and “she” refer only «0 male and female persons. Otherwise the pronoun “i” is used. “In Bulgarian, however, it isthe grammatical gender of a noun which determines the form of the pronoun, English speakers would refer to a tain or = ‘door as “i, but Bulgarian must refer toa train (aux) as 268, and a door (spurd) as ‘Ti In the plural, however, English and Bulgarian are similar: the pronouns “they” and 1 are used regardless of the meaning ofthe noun, 23a, Definite articles ‘The forms of the definite article in Bulgarian are unchanging. Every feminine oun takes the article -ra no matter what i form, and every neuter nown takes the trticle 70, Most plural nouns take the article ere andthe great majority of ‘masculine nouns take the article -wr / oar. The spelling at occurs in a number of, ‘masculine nouns. In masculine nouns which end in -ap or rea or in the consonant “this spelling is predictable. In others, it must be learned. The definite forms of the later type of nouns will be noted in vocabulary lists. "The ueage of definite articles in Bulgarian ie generally similar to that of English: when a noun has been specified or “Uefined” in a conversation, subsequent ‘mentions of that noun are usually accompanied by the definite article. ‘There are Uiffeences, however. One of these concerns reference to family members. When the relationship is a direct one and is clear from the context, Bulgarian uses the article ‘where English would use *my", “you” or the lke. Por example: Tipdmass 6parosséaxara am sending with my cousin Kristina ‘Kpweniaa eso nmané ‘bottle of homemade rakia. rowan puis, EyBropm ypox / Lesson 2 25a, Fleeting vowels in adjectives ‘The stem of an adjective is found by dropping the vowel ending from the feminine or neuter form, ‘Thus the stom ofthe adjective néxxa is Teac, the sem of the adjective no6p4 is 706p-, and the stem of the adjective raana is raag. When the sem of an adjective ends in two consonants, the masculine form usualy insets & ‘vowel between these two consonants. This vowel is called “fleeting” because it isappears in all other forms ofthe adjectives, Fleeting vowels can be either -te or -. That in stems whose final consonant is -- wil often be -e; and for stems ‘whose final consonant isi, it will often be Adjectives are listed in dictionaries in the masculine singular form. While it is not postible to predict with certainty which vowels will *flet” and which will renin, the general rule is that -t- and unstresced -e- will disappear. Thus, one should assume thatthe feminine forms of 6daeu and ature are G6aua and sara, respectively. Exceptions to this rule will be noted in vocabulary lists. If you {encounter an adjective in a non-masculine form and have troubi finding it in the ‘ictionary, try predicting a masculine form with an insered vowel. 2.6a._ Alternating root vowels ‘A number of Bulgarian words occur with -- in some forms of the word, and ein others. The rule governing the altemation is a8 follows: Ifthe vowel is strested, -e- occurs if there it -e- or -a- inthe following syllable; otherwise - ‘occurs, ‘Ifthe vowel is unstressed, itis always +e. Adjectives learned in ths lesson ‘exemplify the fist half of this ral. Examples ofthe second half will be seen later. 27a. Vocative of personal names ‘The regular vocative ending for masculine personal names, and for feminine ‘personal names in -ka, ra or ua, is , The ending -0, however, is used regularly ‘nly with those feminine nouns which refer to relationships (eg. roen03ké, soa). In personal names, this vocative ending is used more snd more rarely (and, for some speakers, caries a tinge of unfriendlines). Students ace advised to avoid it ‘The ending -0 in apyrpxo is an anomaly: since the neutral form of the noun ‘ends in -a, one Would expect the ending -, 28a. bam vs. ua ‘The impersonal meaning of sua is largely the same as that of French ily a, and Russian coms. (and is similar 10 that of German es gibi). Similarly, the impersonal meaning of sta is lke that of French if na pas de and Russian nem (ead is similar to that of German es gibt kein) 0Bropu ypox / Lesson 2 2i2,_“Presentative™ rosa “The word road is used in connection with the verb cna to introduce persons or tops. Although it can be translated with English “this”, “tha”, “these” or Iuove’ its form in Bulgarian is unchanging. Its order in the sentence is likewise ‘unchanging: i always comes atthe beginning. Students must pay attention to this ‘word order rule when rood occurs in & question. ‘Thus: ‘Tosa e naira ‘Thistha is a book. ‘Toni ca samira. ‘These/those are books. ‘Fond xauirn su cx? [Are these/those books? ‘Tons ne é at mnmué? Isn't that a bottle? i3._ Agreement with sue ‘When the plural pronoun mie refers to single person, the verb continues to be plural, Adjectives, however, are usually in the singular. For instance: Biie re m6 moséseu ‘You are very kind 214. ‘The conjunction “but™ ‘The conjunction no implies strong contrast and is always translated “but” ‘There is gradation between the three conjunctions m, a and wo which is schematzed in the chart below and illustrated by the examples following. conjunction translation meaning “érara e ronda w éxxa, The bag is big and heavy. ‘idurara e wana, a xfbaper ¢ The bag is small and the suitcase ronine is big. ‘Udwrata e winx, wo e-xéacxa. The bag is small, but itis heavy. 41Bropit ypox / Lesson 2 SAMPLE SENTENCES 1. Miwa ina at 2. Méawa su moja? 3. Kaw e raiaen. 4. Kaen exéaen an &? 5. Kise am eainen? 6, Pama © or eéa0. 7. Pansat cén0 0 6? 8, Toad pain or céao au e? 9. Rinna w Suna ca purennn. 10, gnaw Senna prem 11 Bada w Sana a 62 pie? 12. Rasen Hawa ca radian A Aurea e achaen, no me € rane. 13, Waarara ¢ ronda w néxka A xdaper e ronan, wo ne 6 réxws. SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION 1. Rosita, is there a good lawyer herein Sofa? 2, Maden, do you have a manal for the TOEFL test? 3, The cortdors are very narrow, and the compartment i also cramped. 4, There ae hungry sents inthe compartment. They are als tisy 5. Where are there houses with large dors and entryways? In Plovdiv, Mladen’ Thouse is small, but it has a large entryway. In Sofia, Stoyan's house is large, but it has a small entryway. 6. The wind is very strong. Whereis it blowing from? 7. Is the sitease heavy? No, it isn't heavy. But the bag is very heavy 2Bropa ypox / Lesson 2 READING SELECTION ‘Kopecnounéomms = 2) Gerd Béttxo 1 BSG ca npmirem. B66 omdao ew Cie Opamuicxo. BSH en Cégus, Kain wsysina anraitoes. Hie ove snp. Bi rmycea pemounipaye ‘inane Saxe vivo pécora, a so mpEe, Bae edi ore? Sapam mu cro? Beso xf6a00, Bénko Tlarprima Miven ¢ annosirea, 2Keud e ua PoSepr Muiven. 4 sémm, Cin parcicxo Apérw Bono w Kania, “Buaromapé sa pansiara, Ti sadro anal Hile » Karipn o6mmonéno te oGiiawe waro ciiten anxox6n. Ho oGivawe paxsixra, Td nsferita © sas6ro xfana, Tite ne ews dro aoGpé. B66 e mismo G6nex. Ys npocrjza. Kaxné pewomnipa Bétixo » xsmara? Tiésapamm, Terps PS, Oxatmo mpéman 24 Kaavina ysé6um an TOEFL.GLOSSARY ee Seon ea) ‘enter = i a HEE Fae, LP Pee 3] Bropu ypox / Lesson 2 yee English Gags) esses nan whe ‘on abe, weston too fie, wether al eventing ‘Me ben any laa, big fat) of ernee wo counting) 1 a eat 0 wel tie elcome pol Ered ear ase. pla) long one, Gnascline) te (a eoutng ee Gen) iy closet aly teal thee i th thee als lof ‘ek ( dl ster no mac time ts vey windy he has ou have Gute) > you ave fm Tonge? you hve friar) vat is he in the bg? the panagenay mara Serene Ssepwimrt No.7 the compartnent ‘serampes awe ee lie, (vey) tle Mom Mom! fate) ch lot of work beac ise you've got No.2 fell lyBropm ypox / Lesson 2 oraips sie opes hao sven ‘resp ea oe ao vitae onem ‘spurl, onder sian eens epurae covet pea ste rane sin once more Spat teary ‘rayon ‘ea time of vacation seme teary ne sa ye seem ie Hi cramped, aro ‘i vero ‘ov iore ae Seno epann Web) the dor bo ‘a, ts naps pexing od we € ion hat «bole? oe ‘te aherwards ee? aa Tom senng,T2end TOEFL ‘Test OF Engh 50 ocr fail ines) ori Lanse mya ‘ite tel, oo warm “etme nia ton jaune weal ae io tee teeing aa re ocatin; ao fi enjoy tin ym textbook, mana ior work asi at ong ft san fin, is, bei, ‘wand | perian ral make ees. pews ‘ihe os aes ‘ers ug, ties ‘spas oe ‘avo, wondefl . vit sane ae ‘ose es, ot cued ‘Sec co acs Trot ty a0 at say Rotunda “St George, downtown Soi 4sBropm yp0x / Lesson 2 CULTURAL COMMENTARY ‘Traveling: rains "Fal wea very common mein f travel in Bulga. Each car ofthe tri it vied in amber of compares Afer citing op note wai, one was along the aro’ conor which ‘ant the nth ofthe et and efers a compsrent by aiding a doo se. Wii he compartment te te rows of ens acing ech ther, sutng fom the se large widow to the compare ‘orSeconélsecomperent fe fur seen each oe ood aad ike ria ake Gat) which song, doubl-istled rants, i ina sent he natal ik ‘is oormally ade finn grape, tc be ae frm rit lums or apacts canals ev fhe me. The at rt wich shoe, ouside the ety. The dking of akan moderate {Ronis i comsleed tobe good for one Reh bo pyc and emma. Indes, or many ‘Bigs eiking rain together para esi ial ‘ity and country “A yay ng prt of Bulga sce eral, fcised oe he village (eo) and ‘paccaly everyone who ves in they al as some soto connection wi ig, wally ‘rough ary. ine Bulan conser ht the mos appopise (an the mos cen) way to sent someane ft overt lng stance ir rend’ wit ¢ponon The peo to whom the pit i enuxed sunt ‘Seong sligton to delves even isthe dees aot know the recipe The ripe int, ‘uly obliged to crane person ating go-betnee, teat Bre nd (arr) 1 send x ai in rea Vacation “vacation xx complex concept in Bulga. The may of te off om work sent ‘on old bt in king ae othe nest aly Ife One fen hers Bulga su, oak yin ft ht hey Red 0 go ack to Work in Ort et ome res. ‘Learning English “Leaming Engh x cxzemely porulsnag Bulan pox. Some er English beans it us bso te fro sscond angeape, but ost ea fet ave a salble sil. Passing the sanded TOEFL st afi that one pssst sll” One Ses In Sia ww eouless Sl apense tht fer ch eae in Engh ta ain 10 prepare en or he TOEFL Iprenounces rar). Body language "Pe ead movements accompanying the Baan words fr “ys” and“ ae he opposite ‘of those ted Ea and soot ober Wester anaages) To sig “yes", Bulgatans ne tee Neate fom sd ose, wih sgh rocking overt. To sg “mo ny move tr beads ‘nd doe: hs peste always Begins with a sharp upward movementDIALOGUE Kaxeé mpi? ‘Hagka: Miso, xaxeé mpdnn aénnra? = alc et Hagxa: HM ds vera! Aa updns Karo néasral io aan eee mo amet Sam igi li Seah eta eee ‘Haake, éro emt xyGas méunes. HoGpé am cH ba tt nr oo ‘Dxyan: Kaxed xy6ana xia! oe = barn emcee ee, ean are a ane = sata He ae te, is a ee ee Maunene: Hi 43 ne oGiivay 1éau nposdpen, sauéro © eredpen, Créna revéue! “Tons ¢ ware duo! ‘Aurea: Cia ¢ r6su nposspen! Toenéxxo, nam pare esto ummm? Kuaé © ‘rosé imme?) Xanute no exud rasreal a‘pera ypox / Lesson 3 BASIC GRAMMAR 3i._Present tense ‘There are three present-iense conjugations in Bulgarian. They are named after the vowel of the 3 singular ending: the a-conjugation, the u-conjugation, andthe e- conjugation. Here are examples of the three conjugations; -conjugation singular plural plural TP person | iijorast aie” “satwdp-ae Zi person | mrya-am — maye-ere saradpsre person meray sarsdp-s Verbs whose 3" singular isin also belong to this conjugation; the -m- is consistent throughout the conjugation. All verbs of this conjugation are accented on the syllable immediately preceding the ending. ‘conjugation singular plural gee ee 1 person ipa pi r Sp Zéperson mpc upia-e Spovire See cares | | est. eek ‘Verbs ofthis conjugation ean be accented on either the stem (as rpin-) oF the ending (as 6po-f). The place of accent must be leamed with each verb conjugation singular singular plural Pi person i ‘iene fperson — mim-emt person sce singular singular plural I person : ed ‘names rperson cemé-em ——aeere person 8 NEE 8