A Study of Acoustic Resonance in a Staggered Tube Array Experimental laboratory research wa performed to study the effect of test section whith on the magnitude of acoustic resonance generated in a small pitch ratio staggered tube bank. Three differen test section widths were studied: 505 mm, 714 mm, and 953 mm Oommenctvcmacttite, IE Therefor cou esonance ere compared oe be bank date of Beis and nape Bressler (1993, J. Sound Vib., 164(3), pp. 503-533), Zinda, Bolleter, and Chen (1984, anita, Oni, Catal @S-4L7 HA ASE Syinposivn on Flow-nduced Vibrations, ASHE, New York, Vo. 2, pp. 227-242), Ziada, Oengoren, xd Buhlmann (1989, J. Fluids and Struct. 3, pp.'293-824), and Figpaurick and Donaldson (1977, ASME 1 Fluids Eng, 99, pp. 631-686). The present study showed that test-rection wide may bea significant factor in determining the max ‘mun acoustic pressures generaied by the flow. In paritculay the simple relationship between maxinume acoustic pressure nd input energy paraaneter derived by Blevins and Bressler was nota reliable predictor forthe array studied cn wil likely underpredtct the P.A. Feenstra D. S. Weaver! ema womens Frantisek L. Eisinger Foster Wiel Powe eo, Peery Comoe Pak ‘lier, 086-4090 maximum acoustic pressures in the lower modes of practical heat exchangers. [oF 10.1115/1.2349563], 1 Introduction ‘ Gas flows in heat exchanger be anays can generate a loud noise called acoustic resonanee. This noise can occur when the Frequency of a flow periodicity generated in the array resonates with one of the natural transverse acoustic standing waves of the Get. The relevant standing waves ere oriented ina direction nor ‘nal both the tbe axis and the ow direction. Whea resoaance, ‘eur, at infense pure tone aoise is usually produoed that can feause damage to the heat exchanger inlemals by metal fatigue and may also be arm to plant personnel, The loudness ofthe noise, ‘which can reach up ( 175 dB, depends upon the pressure drop cross the lube array and the damping eapacity ofthe tube bundle and duct, Tae most common remedy for this problem isto either avoid a resonance condition by specifying an off-resonant flow velocity or by installing one oF more ant-resonant bofles within thu ame 4 sor an spre he onan soma waves [1 Reviews of vortex shedding or acoustic resonance Have been | published by Weaver [2], and Blevins [3]. Most ofthe research on this topic has focused on identifying the signifieat periodicities, ofthe interstitial flow, using hot-wire probes inserted in the Sow Tanes between tubes or using a microphone inserted into the duet side wall, inorder to determine the Steouhal numbers for a given tay pater and pitch ati, [Chas been found that given ube array can exhibit multiple Strouhal murmbers, and that they ate highly dependent upon the pitch to diameter ratio as well ag array geometry and Reynolds number [4,5]. Ziada et al. (6] showed that, for in-line array geometries, acoustic resonances may occur at Strowhal numbers that ate different from those measured at off resonant conditions, According to Blevins [7] in roughly 30-40% fof the cases, a predicted resonance does not occur, Henee, there have been ‘charts of Stoubal numbers developed from oft resonant measurements [8-10], and others that were developed from acoustic resonance measurements [1-13]. “A number of stempts have been made to develop methods for predicting acoustic resonance in tbe arrays, but comparisons of these methods by Blevins and Bressler {14] and Eisinger etl [15] show that none are completely reliable. An alterative ap- TCorspaning ti. Conte byte Pessoal an Fping Dien of ASME ec puenton Inthe outs ov Ptasiee Vises Tesco Manus ested Devore 20, ous al mance esse Febuary 3 206, Review cone ty el Perigo Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology Copyright © 2006 by ASME proach was proposed by Blevins and Bressler [14), who argued on the basis of sumerous experiments thatthe maximum sound pres- sure levels in acoustic resonance can be predicted if the flow Mach mumber and pressure drop across the tube aay are known, “They also suggest that “close longitudinal spacing. in tbe bundles sopprese vortex shedding formation and propagation of acoustic "The research presented in the present paper arose as @ result of the failure of existing methods © predict the resonance observed in an industrial heat exchanger. The tube array geometty is shown, in Fig 1, The transverse pitch rao, 7/D=1.37 and the longitudi- nal piteh ratio, L/D=1.08, are below those values specitied by Bieving and Bressler [14] to suppress resonance, T/D=1.6 and LID=15, respectively. However, not only dd acoustic resonance ‘eur, but the observed maximum acoostic pressures at resonance ‘were substantially above those predicted. Thus, an experimental program was designed to study acoustic resonance in this stag fgered array with particular interest in determining how the width, fof the model test saction might influence the maximum sound pressure levels. The results are compared to those of Blevins and Bressler [14] ae well as those from the terature [16]. 2 Background “The acoustic modes that ste easly excited by the flow in a tube bank ate those genersted transverse to bath the flow direction and tube axis, Fr staggered tube arays, i believed that the scund is, generated by discrete vortex shedding within the tube stray. The frequeney of flow excitation wpieally follows a constant Strouhal homer relationship according 10 wD wy where fis the vortex shedding frequency, D is the tube diameter, land Vz is the mean flow velocity in the gap between the tubs. Conversion between upstream and gap velocity, Vy and Vp 1 spectively, i given by Sy w Vy= Vu = Ve) where Ts the transveise pitch and D is che tube diameter, For the presont case, 7=30 mam and D=19.t mm, so that T/(7~D) 2.15, ° NOVEMBER 2006, Vol. 128 / 593aL 413m, ~ OF al cot Longa th Saye thet UD L088 yma 046 Fig. 1 Unit coll of tube pattern for mode! tube array, 1 has been observed that multiple Strouhal fequencies may exist for & given tube array and that a given Strouhal number varies according tothe tube pattern and pitch rato (see (2). Loud acoustic resonance can occur when the frequency of the vorticity ‘Feoincides with one ofthe transverse acoustic natural frequencies “fir in the flow channel. In its simplest form, the transverse natural ‘requency inthe fh duct mode is given by 1,233, @ where cy is the effective speed of sound inthe tube bundle and W isthe duct widh. If the duct geometry is complex, more sophis- ticated analysis is necessary to determine the acoustic natural fe~ quencies, ‘An array of wubes act as macroscopie scatterers and reduce the sound speed somewhat from that in an empty duct. According {© ‘Meyer and Neumann [17], the effective speed of sound through the aeray, cri related tothe speed of sound inthe empty duct c, through the solidity ratio of the tube bundle ¢: Thus con om eo . For the preset tube bundle (Table 1), the solidity ratio js 0.461 For pracal heat exchanges, However Parker (18) has shown that the actual sound spoed éq in the channel will be between cx and , depending on the ratio of longitudinal depth of the tbe array to the wavelength ofthe acoustic standing ave, Ts, when the wavelength of the acoustic mode is long relative to the siteamwise tube bundle depth, the acial sound speed vill be close to c, but as the wavelength becomes smaller Ge. at the higher modes of resonance) the sound speed will decrease and approach cuy. This effect on sound speed will have a direct effect tn the frequency of the acoustic resonance. Parker [18] presented 2 method for computing the so-called cutoff mode frequencies, which essentially accounts for the fact, thatthe depth of the tube bundle is finite, the effective sound speed is higher in the dct outside of the tube bundle, and the acoustic pressure wave drops off exponentially upstream std downstream ofthe tue bundle. A discussion of acoustic modes in Jneat exchanger tube bundles and thei prediction can be found i Blevins [19] 3. Experimental Facility and Procedure ‘The experiments wore caried out in a wind tunnel witha rect angular duet of height 216 mm and width of 714 men, The wind {unpel was equipped with low-conditioning seetions to produce a uniform flow velocity distribution at the est section entrance to within 1% and a turbulence intensity of ~0.5%. Flow velocity was measured in the wind tunnel upsteam of the fest section using a pitt-statie probe connected to a low-range prossure eans- ducer that had an accuracy of better than 20.25% of full scale Fl scale on the device was 2 in. HO, which corresponds to & flow velocity of about 29 m/s. The pressuye transducer was cali ‘brated against a precision U-tube manometer with a resolution of (0.001 in. HO. This entice system was connected downstream of variable speed, 50 bp centrifugal blower, ‘Tree different test section widths were tested, 305 mm, 714 mm, and 953 mm. To accommodate the Wider and narrower test sections, tcansition sections between the test section and the wind tunnel duct were required. These transitions were designed with a 12 deg included angle to prevent flow separation and main- tain as uniform a velocity distribution acrose the test section a8 possible. The close spacing of the tubes in the array and signifi: ‘cant pressure drop across the array will also serve to produce uniform velocity distribution across the test section ‘Table 1 Tube bank paramotors ofthe prosent study" Framer Made Ge iss? Gued “est sation wid, W 505mm Tidam 953 mm [Nurs of tabes i the bande 28 380 a Nominal empty duct asoatiefegueney, 1 38 242 1 a to) 2 63s 85 3653 (G51,2,3 for fis, sesond, third modes, ete) 3 128 wr 5 4 998 R6 5 908 Predicted acoustic resonance frequency, 1 a2 234 ve Fo) by theory of Parker [18 2 ois 4 32 3 7 530 398 4 58 oo 5 599 Mase frequency a the ontat of 1 240 246 188 resonance 2 6 468 338 3 312 om 502 a 0 os 3 a ‘bo damatr: B19. my, wane abe eh, T=300 mn (i 108, ster of seas be "ane ose pein seaming n longi Se 834 / Vol, 128, NOVEMBER 2006 137, agiull abe pe Sent oe soon med, ex na. Transactions of the ASMEi 6; 0} 0; ‘OF ‘OF ‘0; O§ 0} O07 5 6 6 te) ‘O © 26~4 6 6 6 25 6 26 6 6. 85 6 sa 6 25 186 25 86 el os 25 ~ sy s) s) ‘s) ‘O. e) e 1 Oy So 0; O} 265 6 0 6 0} 6 OS 0 iS 0 80 OR 0} § 6 0 iS 0 6 0 6 0 S ie} 5 6 5 iS 6 6 0 iS 6 0 6 ies S ) 0 6 20 eee 080} 050 620} 080 O80 O80 0805 ies 0} 0} 50; ‘e) O; 0% 0% ‘0% 0% ‘} 0 03 0} (0% ; Of ‘O 0, 0} 0} 0} 289 mm 0, is) 6 0 5 os 68 6 0 iS of 0 § 0S 6 6 iS 0} S 6 2 Ss eS 0 iS 6 iS 6. 0 6 S S) 6 S tes 0} ors ee 6 6 6 0 5 6) 6 0 5 6 0 es 20 6 OG o§ oS “0; oS ‘0S § 105 es ‘0§ oS oo 80 ©: o§ oS O§ of § os 05 os ies 0 oO} 6 oO; of oS 6 105 1s 0; oS of os ies ‘05 oS os oS of Re one o of xe ) .O§ 0 0 5 0; of 105 os of ie) os » 0% 0% 03 0} 0% O} ‘0% ) 0. oe 08 ‘e (O} 0, 0} 0. O 0} 0} 0} (0) ‘0; 2, 0} 0; 0} 0; 0} (0. 0, ; o) 0; ‘0, Or ‘0; (e> O- = ‘0; 0; 0; O, ‘0; O; 0; 0} 0} ‘0; ‘0; 0} 0% ‘0; 0, 5, 0; 0% 0% 0} O% OZ 08 0} 0% o é o o o o 6 oO o o o & o o & o o o 6h o o & & o o : |__ section A. section B section C 954mm, 4 Case 1 - narrow duct: sections A and C (505 mm) Case 2 - middle width duct: sections A and B (714 mm) | Case 3 - wide duct; sections A, B and C (953 mm) i Fig. 2. Top viow of tube aray for case 3 (858 mim wide test section) i i ! A plan lew of he tabe-tunile yout forthe widest ow chan» 4 Experimental Results : nel (ae 3) shown in Fig. 2, consisting of sections A Band C° Cage. Nareow With Test Seton (W=505 mim). The ress } Lance weeps iat Polen 2 (We i for sound pressure levels in tis datum fest case are presented in width of W=505 mm. For case 2 (W=714 mm), sections A and B Fs 3 4g function of upstream ow velocity V,, Selected dala | ere lize Note that fr this ase, the tse © of Se~ CShespondng wo the made peak acouse resonance af tabled tion B did not have halftubes and had the same boundary cond ponding : raed i ton ov the Tf side of section A. The top and botom surfaces yRMe 50 MB. 3 he toa oe in rome ile oer 4 were each made of two layers of 18 mm thick birch plywood, Pet f sf where the the pater was drilled into the inside layers using a Computer numerically contelled (CNC) mailing machine. The ‘side walls of the tet section were made of 6 mm thick carbon steel plates in ofcer to minimize any effects due to wall vibration State pressure drop meastzements across the bundle were ob tained from four equally spaced pressure teps located just up- ream of the test section and connected to one side of a U-tube manometer having a resolution of 20.1 in. of water. Acoustic Sound pressure levels were measured vsing a condenser micro- phone with a sensitivity of 1.87 m¥/Pa, a resonant frequency of 50 kblr, and an accuriey of =1 dB. Frequency spectra of the Sound pressure measurements were obtained from a Hewlett Packard TET. spectral analyze, over a frequency range of (0-800 He. with 2 Hz resolution (or 0—1.6 kHz with 4 Hs esol tion for few of the experimental tials), averaged aver 100 samples, For exch case, the experimental procedure was the same. The ‘wind tanned velocity was set at a desired flow rate, and time was, allowed for stondy-state conditions tobe achieved. Measurements ‘yore then taken for the How velocity, pressure drop across the bundle, and sound presture level, The flow velocity was then in- ‘remented and the process repeated. The Now velocity was taken ‘upto the maximam capacity of the fan Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology peaks appeared in he iequeny ses, which were also consi- Ered signcant, an hee secondary pels ae Tecate by the open ese sot. nos ofthe caperimenal ls, only ene Fesquoncy peak wa sigan, The old staight ine catesponts tom avetage gap StOUhal numberof S04 (ora Suouhal mer based onupateain veloc of Se.) The horizontal dashed les in Pi cotespond to efit ie predicted res tance feguenles in te testsecon wid ealelsted using the theory of Per [18 foc pein the tansvese frequency In 8 thet cotsnng tobe bale ‘so plot in Fg 3 ac he acoustic noise ampluds indi bel The one of aco revonance war cbr in nee modes couespending 1 tequncies of roughly 340, 636, and 912 Hz ‘Tre sound pressure lve were determined nesting thesis can aco equeny peak ovr a rangs of roughly #10 Hz according, to a Tsar 6) were $,() is the power spectal density ofthe sound pressure devel athe cence fequency fof a given Tequoncy peak, and the frequency interval, was 2 He when the range on the analyzer NOVEMBER 2008, Vol. 128 / 535(ef Narow f= Om 8 a8 v0 Frequeney. he) 38 wo a wo wo we 100 Je + 68 Wo ‘psa fou velo. ) Fig. 3. Acoustic noise level and frequency measurements for ase 1 (narrow duct): ~~~ frequoney prediction by Parke [18]. ‘dominant frequency; 0, secondary frequency. was set to 0-800 Hz (for a range of 0-1600 Hz, Af'=4 Hr). In some cases, a second noise peak also conteibated appreciably t0 the noise level, in which ease it was also included in the noise level ealelation. Tae sound prossre level (SPL) from the micro phone is converted from vols to Pascals according to Po) POO Ter nv and the conversion to decibels, dB, is given by, o saL=200e{ *) o ‘The acoustic noise data presented in Fig. 3 and Table 2 are = ported interns of decibels with no weighting fiers applied For case |, the primary frequency of the acoustic noise was ~350 He. (measwred), which comesponded co a half standing wave across the fest Section widih, The noise peak of 147 dB Table 2 Parameters for maximum acoustic resonance of the prosent test case: Cue Mode SPL GD) Vpy Uns) r Lun Is 2 Ieee 282 3 oes 592 2 1 ua nt 2 tas 201 5 eat Bs a tesa om 3 1 eat 366 2 iss Ist 3 lea 27 4 Ie 230 5 ims ast “ate crept centon rx cua rs 836 / Vol. 128, NOVEMBER 2006 occurs at a gap flow velocity of sbout Vy=16.1 m/s (or Vp 8 m/s), which corresponds to a gap Souhal namber of about 42 (St, I.14). A second noise peak of ~153 AB occurs at stream flow velocity of ~7.3 mm/s, and the frequeney has Sty shifted upward to ~400 He, The corresponsing Szouhal nomber is about St,j=0.40, During this lock-in, the vibration in the walls ofthe test Section was very perceptible to the touch, Higher moce resonances occurred up 19 the third mode, and the peak noise fvels and frequencies are summarized in Table 2. The results of this experiment reveal that the useful range of fow velocity that avoids acoustic esonance is about Ve< 145 mls (¥y-=5.3 m/s). ‘There was also a very navrow range of flow velocity above this, Where the noise level was tolerable (between the acoustic reso- rnanoes of the ist arc second mode}, and this occurred at abavt ¥,=219 mvs (V,=8 m/). Thierestngly, as the fan speed was increased slighty fom about Vy=103 m/s, the acoustic mode jumped suddenly tothe Uird rode at around 912 Hr, and this was accompanied by a stlden increase inflow velocity to about ¥,=12.2 mis. Hence, in Fig, 3, the results for sound pressure lev! show a gap in the data that iS connected with a doited fine showing where this jamp in flow velocity occurred. More about this will be discussed below. I is, {interesting to note thal, although the magnitude of the noise showed a decrease when the resonance jumped from the second to the third mode (i.e, from 169 dB to 163 dB), the apparent noise level seemed louder and more annoying athe higher mode du to the presence of two acoustic frequencies at 912 Hy and 708 Hz. ‘As the fan speed was furder increased up to the maxinmzn of about Vya143 m/s, the overall noise level of the third mode continued to increase to a maximum of ~172 dB. The noise spec (a for these trials showed that the thied mode frequency peak ‘ontinted fo inctease in amplitde, while the secondary frequency peak at around 730 He diminished snd disappeared as the flow velocity increased Case 2, Middle Width Test Section (W=714 mm). The results for sound pressure levels inthis test ease ate presented in Fig. 4 a8 a function of upstream flow velocity. In tis Bore, the patie of the symbols isthe sane asin Fig. 3. The onset of acoustic res0- ance was observed in four modes corresponding to frequencies ‘of about 246, 468, 674, and 880 Hz. The horizontal dashed ines Tepresent the predicted resonant frequencies for the frst four modes using the theory of Parker [18] fr effective sound speed in ‘tobe bundle. Its clear in Fig. 4 chat seoustie resonance in the first mode occureed at an upstream flow velocity of 3.8 m/s (Vp 10.5 ms). Between the fist and second modes, there was a hateow tange of flow velocity, of about 49 SESE etm {Seles ahsessean 2 Bile de ess 2 ESPs” 0 Ht 170 g 4a RIG e i 12 1 i 2 Fol : wef i i : ronassowrcatee | wo fo . : ote i . va ee tte lg et recA AT ny tae a Eero 5 Ee Sigcmes 5 Preson dtacags 3 253m coy 2 Seems eee fo SRSaESEEs 0 S104 4 g a) og § 13% 3 i seo B10" © i PE, i 0 L SS sownonar oe | ase . a a a 01 tener pont uae Fig..7_(a) Maximum acoustic pressure versus input energy parameter (MdP) for the prosont study and Blovins and Bressler [14] (W=487 mm). Each data pot is labeled accord ing to the accustic mode. Note that the Mach number, Mf, cor- responds to flow in the gap between tubes. (b) hiaximum ‘acoustic pressure versus input energy parameter (AdP) forthe pprocont study and othor data from tho litorature, 400 Hz. Were this point tobe plotted in Fig. 7, the value of MaP Would be about 44 and Pra WOUND be about 680 Pa and the speneral observations regarding the effect of test section width Would be unaffected. 4.3. Results for Bifective Sound Speed. Figure 8 shows the Frequenoy cai, f7f, 28 & function of the rato of bande depth in the flow dvection (0 acoustic wavelength, where fs the mea- sured freguancy atthe onset of resonance and fi the predicted feeguency using the theoretial sound speed for an empty dct and sssuming the fundamental longitudinal mode. The prediction of Parker [8] forthe cutoff mode is also ploted as solid line, while te lower bound, denoted by the dashed line, coresponds 13 the imiting ease of the present bundle (ih 46.1% solidity) have ing a Tongtinal depth nach greater than the acoustic wave: ‘Transactions of the ASMECate 1.6 = 805 me (se62, W= 714 nem (ese 3,W = 53 mm adic for init septh aay Patkere (1878) mea for poser aay 4 0.01 oa 1 10 tongitudinal array depth / acoustic wavelength lonship between measured sound frequen, f, at ‘acoustic resonance normalized by the theoretical ‘ompty duct acoustic frequency, f, versus the longitudinal array ‘depth normalized by the modal acoustic wavelength. Note that ‘each data point is indicated by the transverse acoustic mode, , length (Bq, (4)). The longitudinal depth of che array is constant for the experiments at 208 mm, whereas the acoustic Wavelength, My, depends on the duct width and scoustie mode number, f, accord ing to Ww ja1,23. 0) ‘The present results show a trend thet follows the theoretical curve of Parker [18] reasonably well though they lie at slightly higher values. This indicates that the reduction in sound speed due to the presence of the tubes appears somewhat less than Parker's predic tion. The largest difference is ~5% and occurs for the frst mode of the widest duet. This difference decreases as the mode mimber increases. ‘The reason for this difference is not clear, and it is inexpected to find & frequency ratio greater than unity. However, it should be recalled that measured frequency is being compared toa theoretical frequency, both Have some uncertainty and the maximum difference is only 5%. From a practical point of view, ‘he agrocment between theory and experiment in Fig. 8 must be considered t0 be reasonably good. Similar trends to those shown 8 were presented by Zina etal. [6] for both in-line and slaggered arrays, more of which will be discussed below. 44 Results for State Pressure Drop. The measurements for pressure drop for eases I and 3 are presented in Fig 9 and com- ‘ated tothe best fit curve determined forthe data obiaind in case 2 An equation for this curve is given by rresure doe: ar=n(Lvovi) @) 0) where pis the air density (.19 kg/m), Nis the number of sireamwise tbe rows (Y= 15), and Vis he upsteam flow vloc- jig (in meter per second). The dimensionless los efficent per siteamvise ow of tubes, K22. was deterained from a least Squares it ofthe data obtained from ease 2. Note that Eq. (10) is valid as long a8 the envance and exe effets are minimized by testing with a significant number of tube rows and it does not consider the effets of acoustic resonance onthe presse dep. ‘AC various flow velocities, there is some deviation of cases | Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 5000 4000} 300} 20001 Preseure drop, 22 (Pa) o 2 4 6 $ 0 2 4 16 Upetioam fow voloety, V, (8) Fig. 9 Pressure drop measurements across the tube bank for ‘cases 1 and 3 ‘and 3 from Eg, (10), where the prossure drop is affected by the ‘occuetenco of acoustic resonance, One tendency that remains com ‘sistent in both cases as well as dhe datum case Is thatthe pressure ‘drop tises more rapidly with flow velocity when the resonant fre- ‘quency remains ina particular mode. When there isa switch to a higher acoustic mode, there i usually a sudden increase inflow velocity coinciding with a reduetion in slope of pressure drop versus Vy, For exsimple, for case 1 a jump from second to third mode resonance occurs between 10 and 12ma/s, and this come= sponds to the horizontal shift in pressure drop from above the mean curve in Fig. ) to well below the eurve. As second mode ‘resonance is lost With increasing flow velocity, the reduction in ‘ressure drop pats the wind tannel fan ino an onstable part of the ‘system load characteristic andthe fan speed jumps until stable ‘operating (speed versus pressure drop) condition is reached. This ‘explains the jump in fan speed and dashed lines refered to in Figs. 3-5. Blevins and Bressler [21] also reported observations of increased pressure drop during acoustic resonance in some of their, experiments 5 Discussion Ziade etal, [6]sudied 10 tabe-rowe-deep bundles and varie the bundle wich from 9 tubes to 4.5 tubes wide, ploting thelr efes= tive sound-speed results against thee depth-to-width(steamise- toiransverse) ratio, Their depth-to-width ratios were relatively large varying from 0.84 to 1.67, whereas those of the present study were substantially smaller, 0300.57. They did noc compute the effects ofthe cutoff mocks [18,19], and the solidity ratio of their bundles was slightly smaller than that of the present study, butte general form of their experimental data follows that shown in Fig. 8. They concluded thatthe depth-to-width ratio of the tube ray was a8 important as the solidity rato in determining the cffective sound speed in a tube array. On the other band, Blevins [19] showed that changing the depth-to-width ratio by a factor of 4 (025-1) lowered the acoustic natual frequency by only ~3% Blevins experiments, using various tube arrays with solidity ration fiom 0.06 to 0.63, showed that Ba. (4) accounted well for the reduction in sound speed due to the presence of tubes in a duc. Blevins and Bressler [14] reported experiments in which one to four tube rows would not excite fist mode resonance, but this resonance was observed for 8 ant 15 row-deep tube bundles, Fur thermore, the chenge in the numberof tobe rows from 8 to 15 had litle effect on the resonant freqoency(etfective sound speed) or ‘the maximum sound pressure level observed, Viewed indepen: NOVEMBER 2006, Vol. 128 / 539ently, dese results appear rater confusing. if ot coniting ‘The difcaly is that the experiments have examined diferent configurations with parameters that are ot dielly comparable For the seme tbe aray geometry, varying test section width with the same depth (numberof stearnvse tube rows) contol pres sure drop ut varies hoth the ow velocity (lynamie head) sae able wo excite resonance and the ratio of scotsie wavelength (0 tube ciametec The ater affects the validity of the seating theory used fo predict effective sound speed, Folding he test section width constant while varying the numberof tube rows (Section depth afets the pressure drop across the be aay ‘ells the cutoff mode. Cate must be taken in compaing various experimental results whew the configuration and parameter con: trolled ae different These is no question thatthe effects ofthe tube array onthe efotive sound speed is reasonably wll predicted by the theory “There is also no question thatthe wider est-secton widths cone sidered in the present study produced higher sound pressure levels than obtained from experiments by Blevins and Bressler [14) us ing a narower est soction, Wider test sections have ler na frequencies, and therefore, Gequeney coincidence with vores shedding will occu at lower RW velocities. In some cares, as reporied by both Zid ef al [6] and Blevins and Bressler [14] for their widest tet sections, fst mode resonance Was not éxetd “his is undoubtedly becase the energy avaiable in the Now (j= namie head) to predvce noise Was insuicient to overcome Cie acoustic damping i the system. The primary unknown fector is damping, but thor is no Sbviows reason for a significant dif. ence in damping batveen the present experiments and those of Blevins and Bresler [14] If there is no appreciable difcence in damping, then why Would wider test section prodce higher acoustic resonance sound pressure levels? This leads to speulat tion eegarding the nature ad srength ofthe sound eouee I each tube is considered to be a poeta sound sures, more tes could lead to improved global ganization ofthe Now periodicity nd, hence, higher resonance sound peessre Reels. This spel tion is supposed by the high sound prssuee levels meastred fal scale heat exchangers [15] Ta most practical heat exchangers, fhe tube array wid is much greater than its dept, Thos, the ‘widest test section ofthe present std i elosest tn most practical applications and seems t be the best predictor 6 Conclusions A forge heat exchanger with a closely packed staggered tube amray was found to experience loud acoustic resonance, The sound pressure levels were significantly higher than predicted by Blevins ‘nd Bressler [14]. and the pitch ratio was sufficiently smal that n0 acoustic resonance was expected. Thus, am experimental prograra ‘was established to stndy the acoustic resonance behavior of this, saggered (ube array and, in particular, the effects of wind tunnel testsection wid, The general conclusions drawn are a follows 1 The effective speed of sound and, therefore, the tran verse acoustic natural frequencies of ducts containing tube arrays ate well predicted using existing theory, ‘hich includes the effect of cutoff modes. This ageees with Parker [18] and Blevins [19} 2, The maximuin sound pressure lovel during acoustic reso. nance was signiticandy underpredicted by the empirical ‘energy input parameter relationship, MfdP, developed by Blevins and Bressler [14]. It appears thet test-section ‘width could be sn important parameter in determining maximum sound pressure levels, and accordingly, the [Blevins and Bressler equation may signiicanty under. predict the maximum acoustic pressures achieved in full seale heat exchangers. 40 J Vol. 128, NOVEMBER 2006 3. The scoustie resonance graphs of Blevins and Bressler [14] shovring maximum sound pressure levels as a func tion of tube patten and spacing appear to be inadequate for tube anays with small pitch sitios, indicating sup- pression of resonanee in cases where resonance accu. Great care should be tsken in using these graph for ar- says with very small pitch rato 4. No methodology that does not correctly account for en ergy dissipation (damping) can be a completely reliable predictor of acoustic resonance Sn tube arrays. No such ‘methodology currently exists. Tae most reliable design approect appears (0 be avoidence of resonance by limit ing flow velocity or judicions use of bales, Acknowledgment ‘The authors are grateful to Foster Wheeler Power Group, Ine, for sponsoring this research and permission to publish the results. References 11) Hiner. F Land Suton, 8, 203, “Sipreson f Acoate Wane in Stu Gere an He Eucanger Tae ans” ASME). rss ese ‘eco BS, pp 721-27. 12} Worn DS 1903, "teoe She nd estate Renee in Het tanger Tae Aya” fclwaony forte 30% MLK. Aang, 62, ASME. New Yo pp. 76-6 [by Bevin, RB, 184, Rove of Soon ded by Veer Sheng om (hints So a, yp 880, Fa) Newer D. 8. Lan, HY, an eang. X.Y 1993, one Seng in owed Sou Tite Any") Plas See, 7. pp. 107-121 [s) Poe Ds Re ana Weer 1S 1995 Wate Steg Nese Tne ‘eke Ney Pe Sey 8p Io [oh Zin Gangrene Dat, €2 Ty 18 “Ow Acne Ree enesin Toe Ars Pt Esprits a i Dang Cri 1 Fhe Sioei Ayp. 208-04, [0p Bien, RD, 1850, Flow Jacl bao, 2nd, a Noon Rn [8] Nener B.S. haptic J, and Eason, M, 1986, "Sioa Nenbers {er Ht Haeharger Toke Aran Cros” In Fw Wri foeu,. S Che, 1 C. Sums, aed YS Shin ee, SIE, New York PvP 4p 89-200 (0) Osagies, As fd Ztdy $1998, "An Dep Say of Vaten ella ‘Acontc Resincs ere Forcsn Neal Toga Tbe Ags Pe Smet pp 217 [UO] Zinn Ssh Gegin, A 200, How Pec and Acne Resonance fn Pal Trane Tab Bond 1: Phe Stay Hayy 17209 {01) Chea ON 1968, owcafaed ibn and Not ia Tobe Banks of Heat ching he Vn Karan Suan” ASME Eng a Be F Py (02) Chen, ¥. 1984, Inde Wrtion of Line Heat Eacanges" tn Procol’ ASME Srqetion on Ploy heed ents, Wat Pains M Chena ol H-, Bortet l ASME Ne Ys 9p. [13] Prost 1. 1986, °A Design Gite Ppt far Avge of Aste Resnans inte eal Eachagi” ASME. Vin const, Sees, Re Tea, Des 18 yp 296-30, [ua] Bloons: a Dente WM. 993 cs Hea Hashnger abe ios” St br B64) p23 [is] Enger FU, oT Sinn, 1996 “Pein of Aco di Vibes Sten Geer nd et ching fe Baka” ASME. Frauue Yes Tein MR py 221-36 [1s) ZnS. Notes 0 ud Cho 198, Votes Sheng nd Aone evra fn a Snggere Yeved Ary af Tue,” ASME Synge oa ow ede ibs an ho ASME, New Nr a dog 2 U1 Nem 17, san Asie enn A {1s} Faker 1978. "Acoic Rescracs in Pages Cotsnng Bk Hest etapa Totes" Sound Vin S70, pb 2, 19) ein .'D_ S86, "Ano eds of feat ean tabs tne”. Sein ib, 1B. fp. 1 20) Faepick 1. md Donon, 1, 197%, "A Panay Sty of Flow aut Acne enone Te ai ASME. Feit Eps 9B (20) Bevis BD, ad se, MM, 1987, "Acue Rasonaee in Heat Ea ttoage Tbe anes, Pat I Psi Nae of he Phenomenon: Pu I Frodkson wn sapresion of esoeane,” ASHE 1 esse Vee Tcl, 109, 8-28, Transactions of the ASME