Lesson 1 Explanation of Compound Words 3 Le > Be we ae + BAA (the) Japanese HATES + HACHIB Japanese cooking RO+BAS a RBA @ to transfer The words shown above are formed by combining two words. These are called compound words. Such words as #4, EAs, #38, SS and HAS in the examples can be used as = and ~A cannot be used as separate words; they are always independent words, but attached to other words. In this lesson, you will learn compound words, including such components as ~F, ~ and ~p. 1) ~O oe This component is used in the form of a noun indicating a direction or a location - Q, or a verb (masu-form) indicating an action +L. It describes a location where people and goods go in and out, and is commonly used for places through which one passes in stations and buildings. H+O — RO eastexit mc ne Such words as BAI west exit, 411 north exit, PAD south exit and PRA central exit are commonly used at stations. RRMRORACSBICRUEL EI. Let's meet atthe east exit of Tokyo Station at three o'clock B+O + Bd ticket window eG Re FRADUSEO CHEROMGEROTCE avn Bes Capatn “eo @ Please buy your Shinkansen ticket at a ticket window where a member of the Wo station staff is in attendance. HHO exit + AD entrance EVSETO > END bottom of the stairs —+ FVD top of the stairsi 1 } i 2) A word indicating a time period or time +5 has the meaning of all through that time period. The compound words shown below are all in common use. +H + BH all day long #2 feo Itrained all day long on Sunday. Ber throughout the night spe S NEDoK. I couldn't sleep all night because of a toothache. SER > SSP throughout the year 4£¢ has the same meaning ZOBIED < tC. “UBS BEPEUTOS, ‘This island is warm and a a variety offlowers are in bloom throughout the year. 3) ~h 39 This component is used to illustrate that an action is continuing or is in progress. It is commonly used for notices and announcements as the message can be conveyed in a clear-cut manner. It is used in the form of a noun or a verb (masu-form) showing an action which lasts for a certain period of time +2. Please note that there are only a limited number of nouns and verbs which can be used with this construction. RSth + BSH having a meal REPLIES BNBD ETS EE U%. ae Please refrain from mmoking during the meal. a am sorry, but Mr. Yamada ison the ys now. ear and ~ TF meaning an action in progress at present are almost the same in meaning and are interchangeable in many cases. ~*, however, emphasizes being occupied whilst in the middle of doing something and sounds a little formal. § For information 1) A noun indicating a location + has the meaning of throughout that place. Please note, however, that nouns used for this expression are limited. SITE FRR Cie & NTWETF. This magazine is read all over the world. 2) ~DA time period +1 means within that period of time. 412 RUBRIC LAR KEWL TK EE Wo Please ‘submit the report by the end of next week. -@A time period “rel means all through that time period. Seth “eat SH in the morning ie A OTR op aI We F_ Lam at home on Saturday morning. E thsas You learned the use of © for quotations such as ~ tB Bu we Fand~ EBV in Lesson 21 of Kiso I and ~ CBUTH WEF and wel OS BRTT in Lesson 33 of Kiso Il. In colloquial expressions, & can be phonetically altered to > T/T. Generally, when the word preceding & ends with A, & is changed to T. If it ends with any sound other than A, then & is changed to > T. (EARUE IES 2 (L) 2TH BRTTS “Shiyé kinshi” means ‘do not use’. ROPFILABE SMASH A, M(E)LB 9 THSATTM, I can't hear the station announcement very well. What is it saying? For further information, please refer to the explanation of 4. [~EWI DIE, ~O TU 3zeK). You learned the use of V-7 5 UY as an expression to ask for and give advice in Lesson 26 of Kiso II. BPEBULUATTM, EX THIOL SUUTT MD, Idd like to buy a watch. Where should I buy it? PRRCE DEBUT £. You should buy one in Akihabara, V-fIEUU) is interchangeable with V-7: 5 UL. V-7 5 UL, however, sounds more informal and more like a colloquial expression. EBESI DPS OVA CH 5 [don't now the phone number“ eee{ +104 CBT IEB OY EFL. You should call 104 and ask for it. When asking for advice, V-LIEUL) is often used with an interrogative BRCENYe LAB. CITAKOUTT A. Boe te a What should do when I leave something on the train? TORH EU KOATT ON MCMUEOUTT D Whom should I ask for permission to borrow this material? In Lesson 33 of Kiso Il, you learned that Ald B £ U9 SERRZE is used for explaining the meaning of a word. (LEAVE) EZSREVIBRTT. A B “Tachiiri kinshi” means ‘do not enter’. A Ev AOI can be substituted for A ld. A EU 3 Old is often used for explaining the definition of A. B EW ZEF is commonly used instead of BEL BARE for explaining A and there is no clear distinction between the two in meaning. In colloquial expressions, B 2 T WIZEE/BIRE is commonly used. TEbAN BE EWIOI, Ro TBs THI ZETH. “Tachiiri kinshi” means ‘do not enter’. A EWIDIE, EFF BRT Pisa common way of asking the meaning of something. BPEOIO, EFWFBRCT M. What does “rusu” mean? (SUE U9 TW LECT. It means the person is not at home. Please also refer to the explanation of 6. [NOZ EH]. § For information AT Old is commonly used instead of A VF MIs in colloquial expressions. 13ee eT KEE Words of Foreign Origin i 2 ee BEML COST. Bar stagger my commuting time becune the trains are je during rush hour. are words originating in foreign languages such as English and French, which are used in Japanese without translation. Chinese words (words of Chinese origin) introduced into Japan in ancient times are not called PRE StREE are commonly used for naming Eas new products as they present a fresh and attractive image. 1) Pronunciation: Words of foreign origin are pronounced by Japanizing their original sounds and writing them in katakana. Some longer foreign words are also contracted. Av IL-Yar/t VIL (inflation) N-JHM + AY Ea B-LSNYAY (personal computer) 2) Meaning: Some words of foreign origin mean the same as the original words, while others retain only a part of their original meaning. There are a number of words of foreign origin whose meanings are slightly different from those of the original words. AF WCIBE VET. Istay ata hotel BBO Ab-—FEDFET. [switch on the heater in my room fe. AY— bia. She is slim, isn't she? 3) Origin: The great majority of these words originated in Western languages, especially English. There are also some Japanized English words created by the Japanese. —Y€ULEF. I take part in sports. Suey Ta -@R 4) Parts of speech: In most cases, words of foreign origin are used as nouns, but there are Z 4.» Let’ go to watch a night baseball game tonight. many which can also be used as verbs. In such cases the construction a foreign origin) +% @ is used to convert them into verbs. CORED y YaST ICT. Trains are jam-packed during the rush hour THEA, COBREIE— UTS HEEAD, Excuse me, but would you please photocopy this material? Some words of foreign origin can be turned into adjectives using the form of word of JSoreign origin + %& and are used as na-adjectives Boalt 2 VU TWEET ET YORE TU3 2 EE when the explanation can be made in the form of a noun. VEaPWEWIO, EFWIBRTTM. What does “manyuaru” mean? FRED ETT S Itmeans ‘instruction booklet’ pout E> | =Aiees) Claman inary ffomleare wo case and comer afer aout In the example shown above, no-smoking hours are not set uniformly but differ from one station to another. BABE TT Bo Thai food is spicy, isn’t it? “Rie CH. see ko THe WBvET. Hopper soreja B Contractions have the same meanings as the original words or expressions. They are commonly used as colloquial expressions in informal contexts. There are many forms of contraction, and you will leam V-5 » 2 #2, V-& < and V- T&S in this lesson. For other examples, please refer to “Summary of Contractions” (p. 280 and 281) in the last part of the main textbook. 1) V-59 The present form of V-T L.# 2 %, which you leamed in Lesson 29 of Kiso Il, is V- TUE and it is used to add @ feeling of regret or sorrow or the meaning of completion, that is, to completely finish ~ing. The contraction of V-T LED / LE DK isV-BRI/S EPO. The contraction of V-CLED/LEDKEisV-U PRISE PDE. BboTLEI > Bbob¥ 4d toend completely BATLE OK > EAL of to have finished reading WUTLR OK + IHL Se 2% to have erased completely BAT LEok > mA U2 to have finished carrying E3ULEDO? Whats wrong? “GAERA, NYALOF—FEBLER RATT. Tam sorry. I have erased the data on the personal computer by mistake. ‘” 5 BRIA 1 7 Have you carried the goods into the warehouse? 3h, SISBEAU Pot ke Yes, Ihave finished carrying everything. BMEWE, BRT 3! Hurry up, or the train will have left. oF 232) VES y-& < is the contraction of V-T % < whose T and 4 have become one continuous sound and altered to &. V-te-foku — V-toku, V-de+oku — V-doku LTHEET > LEEET BotThs = oes BA THEUTC ES > BBA EWTS IES UY UORWAHEIC-LESETHS, BREABBIBPSOM ERNE WTC ES UY. z Iwill make copies of the materials for the meeting, so Mr. Tanaka, please f rearrange the tables in the meeting room. Be CHRTORN CT. EBA LUT CES 0 This is the material about the trip. Please read it thoroughly. He 3) V-TS : V-T is made when Vis left out from V-T +4. BotTHS — Bots BHoOTWTKESW > HOTT RSW BATH — ATH BR. Fo C4 ? Isitraining? 3 Dh. Meo TEU ko No, itis not raining. ROCHE TCH. Wait for me at the east exit, will you? ee, ROMOAE CHEE. EATS &o Well then, [will be reading magazines in the bookstore in front of the station. You have learned the expression N wR Lv) to describe one’s desires. There is another expression V-T | LLY which is used to request that another person do ‘what one desires of him/her. As this expression is a direct request, it is not usually used with one’s elders, etc. It is commonly used with a person who would normally accept the speaker's request as it is within the scope of his/her work or actions. 24Bae FEU TIE LUAU E+ ++I like you to make copies of the material, THEA, BBO RGF TELA CTR: Exeuse me. [illite "you to help with the preparations for the meeting aA ay KOBAM YN THSN CHL TE LWATCT The bulb in my desk lamp has burnt out so I'd like you to fix it. 1) ~ZEKES (1) V-S-+Z £1 # ZS illustrates that a decision was made, not by one’s own will, but due to the natural course of events or by another person’s order or direction. 4 AP SABRHABMT STEEN ELE. WOWS SBI &WE Lk. I've been assigned to work at the Osaka branch from April. Thank you very much for everything. BRR OHH PRR OLED WETSEZELBNELED I've been assigned to take over the Section Manager’s duties while he is away on a.business trip. Q)V-S+Z EI G2 TUG is used to describe a schedule, a habit, or an agreement such as a regulation. RAPS 2 DARMOWE RUS = CK ITWETS Bs PES thus Iam going to take part in a two-1 ‘month sales training program starting next month. POSH TCS, BRAIBIRAOR OK, BAPNVALEBTS Tho Beer been a " EGS TET. My company has a rule about switching off the lights and computers during lunchtime to conserve energy. 2)~ZEIFS (1) V-S+TZEFS, in contrast to ~ZEICLS, is used to describe a decision y made of one’s own will 25WBOSBAR LED, PoCV SEHD STE ULEL ES I thought it over, and decided to leave the company after all. ANAEET SLCC OLATT Os PREC TTD. You ve been assigned to work in Kyushu, haven't you? Will your family go with you? “UMA RU CHERLE LED. M-A CHK TEI LELES BRO tion OO : No. After discussing it with my fainily, I decided to go alone. g (2) V-S+Z EIS L TU is used to describe a private habit decided through one’s own will BOBSOPCERBOT-TEMK TEI UTWET. Thin ae © PES 7 I make it a habit to listen to English tapes on the train to work. ROL, ABA SBRERMECWTEILTET, BS Bee OR ee I make it a habit not to drink alcohol on Sundays, for the good of my health. In conversations, words or parts of sentences can be omitted in many cases as long as the meaning is able to be understood. FUSAAPSWTT Bo There are so many people, aren't there? AA, SRAM EL. RRGOUL. Giese), Yes, today Sunday and the weather's fine (so there are a lot of people). BRO FUSA ERICH YELLE. Your Japanese has improved greatly, hasn't it? “UWA, EEREEOTS. 629 cee LEWE (=), No, not yet. Imust practice it more (or it won't). When asking the other person to do something, the last part of the sentence is often omitted rather than being clearly stated. This implies the speaker's feeling of hesitation, In fact, in Japanese, by only listening to some of the words of the request, the listener can guess the speaker’s situation or wish. ARI vate KWACTE Gi #), Id like to go to the Sports Center (how can I get there?). TOUR—b, BROS > eB, zg ULTWEEEEWACTO. : SS"), x ae 26 Id like any mistakes in this report to be corrected (can you do it for me?).{ i : i } i | Omissions commonly take place when the speaker also gives some advice to the other person. RORBICMBYSS05, SRASACBRL TALS? (Se 2 iE eee wR ER TER Why don’t you talk to the dormitory caretaker if you are having problems with the dormitory food (how about that?)? ~SOTF PD is attached to the following forms. The plain form of a verb or i-adjective . | one The plain form of a noun or na-adjective ~ f2—>~% ~®OCTP 5S is an expression used to indicate a cause or reason, similar to ~# 5, or ~OT. Compared with ~7 5 and ~D TC, ~HONTC FMS has a more polite nuance. It is commonly used as an expression of apology to another person or justification when something undesirable has happened. In some cases, it can imply that the result was unavoidable, rather than due to one’s will. In A OCF MP4, B, an expression making a request or showing an expectation cannot be used for B. XIELOUBSOTT D5, ERoT SEU OL Lum S (M®). FROT KS, ‘As Tam busy, please give me a hand. In this expression, the part after ~ CF 2 5 is omitted in many cases if the meaning is understood from the context. BR. BBERETTD ? (Mr) Tanaka, haven't you finished the paperwork yet? THERA, ZBL LPRSOTTM 5. Tam sorry. I've been busy this week.ieee s d V-TUEEW ELC UL & FD is an expression for asking something very politely. This is used to your superiors, strangers, and persons who are not very close to you. This is commonly used for reservedly requesting something when it is not known whether the reaction of the other person will be favourable or not. RMSIOT. FAIRER TURE EE LED. As Ihave a fever, would you mind if I take the day off today? BDI, FHEEAD, SEDEMEBA TURKU EWTL £ 9M Excuse me, but would you mind telling me the way? § For information You have learned various expressions for asking something. In terms of the degree of politeness, they can be arranged in the following order. However, the order actually differs from person to person. greater BATURKUEUTL ID BAT EEtAD politeness BAT REVELAD BATOEGETD BA ATCEEWETD BATCEEW V-S HEF Tv) is an expression to describe what the minimum necessary action required is. 7< 72 is added to emphasize this. CDAAZ. EDPIUBIATT PS How can I use this camera?RELOR SY ERT EUTUUA TE Lo All you need to do is to press this button. HEBERATULEUEUTL ES Do Would you mind teaching me Chinese? “R25 LI? Who, me? WA, IEP EEO LE EA TH BIEUCWATCT. Yes, all I am saying is that it's okay for you just to read some Chinese sentences for tabi me. 1) 2°, a particle showing the subject of an action, an ability, or a feeling in a noun modifying clause, can be replaced with ©. CAELD (tH) Ho kBM CT. This is a photograph that I took HEED (15) TES AERIS EE We Please introduce me to a person who can speak Chinese. MERGE LOT. ADOBE EACLE TT. As I like traveling, I would like to marry someone who also likes traveling. 2) #* used in a clause showing “the time when -*-” can also be interchanged with 0. BEAD (HM) BED (H) WUC, BEBEMA TS ESV. Mr. Kim, please teach me Korean when it’s convenient to do so. BED (H) BRIS DETMOSUFLECRTHVET. When I don't have any money I laze around watching TV. \& is a particle used to mention a certain word emphatically. By doing so, it becomes the main subject of the sentence or it invites comparison with others. Generally, the emphasized word comes at the beginning of the sentence, 29LR-bhE RBUTWE GAS (As for the report, I have not written it yet.) Ihave not written the report yet. PElp SRS CEBAL TET. szc nso 3 ey For instance from China, garments, etc., are imported. When (& is attached toN € and N 4°, € and 2° disappear and only N |< remains. When {d is attached toN T,N #5,N 4c andN &, they become N Clé,N #5 Id, N(clé andN 1d. When (¢ is attached to N “, either the expression N “(4 or N (& is possible. 3 i ES-ES US SOMBEMUET. taueizo At the Center, there are trainees from various countries. Ber MEMUKE ENS EA. have never worked with him. uate ‘You have learned how to connect sentences using the te-form of a verb. The masu-form of a verb can also be used for connecting sentences. Such a use is called 3 eae. = Rak gives a more formal impression than the te-form, and is commonly used in formal greetings, letters, and reports. (Formal) connective forms are made as follows. Veh Bees — Bese, ~ adjective Bu > ans .~ wuy sm FKL ~ : Negative form ~1\\ > ~iK.~ BSOACHREMS. BREECH. Be OEE sO De After listening to many people, I summarized their opinions. . = RHE te SHORES. ABE. As it was especially hot this summer, we had a difficult time. COMBS IS <. BRE, Be URES eon This road does not have any traffic lights and is dangerous. 30Noun indicating a person += has the meaning of that person. It is often used with the emphatic particle (d in the form of ~{< lz. In this case, it means for that person in particular, aside from for any others. TORT HC LTT. (As for children, this book is too difficult.) This book is difficult for children to read. BC ZOLME TESLA, (As for me, this job is too difficult.) Tcan't do this job. 3132 Lesson 4 % and & of such words as ZH, %Z and SMA axe called demonstratives which shi not only an object, a place or a person existing right in front of the speaker but also an object, a place, a person, or a matter which is mentioned in the conversation. In this case, the use of % or 4 depends on whether the speaker and the listener know the matter or not. & is used when the matter is known to both of them. % is used when the matter is known to either of the two or not known to either of them. (1) Examples of the use of é~ PELARSY [be] SMoTHETH, Have you heard of a Chinese restaurant called “Shanghai”? TRAY GETocc cra Et. Yes, I've been there once. SRSOER CRE ADEDEE LEtAD. How about having a welcome party for Mr. Chow in that restaurant? EHUB. BLLONBIE SY LUtT HS, That's a good idea, as the food there is delicious. (2) Examples of the use of = ~ a. When either the speaker or the listener knows the matter:CSCHESHELE de-+ [tel 2 CU DBR. Hots ? Where shall we meet? Do you noun/na-adjective +T % 3 (cadjective +TF — ‘adjective S34) (verb polite form —> verb plain form) AM t BABA (X-A-TI) A-A—- TCHS Rhee EWC EIUe BOM Osaka Machinery is-an automobile parts manufacturer. COWBEY (STI) Sv. CESVEAMITSCEH BECTH pa loin 5s Be O° be aes wei +) BETH So There is too much paper being used. It necessary to save more paper. Please refer to the explanation of 18h in Lesson 5. 36Lesson 5 Particles "sed at the end of sentences to convey the speaker’s emotions and feelings to the other person are called 88088. #€B)#4] includes 4 which is used in questions, ete. In addition, &, 2, £4, F/ EH and PE/OES are also #88 Ne E This particle is used to convey something that is not yet known to the other person and also to emphasize the speaker's judgment or feeling. CORFELIBSA TTS. This is how you write this Chinese character. TATA MBORRE Lo Itis almost time to leave. For expressions in which one is asking something or giving an order or advice, the use of & with a rising tone makes the sentence sound soft as it indicates the speaker's feeling of doing so for you. On the other hand, the use of ¢ with a falling tone or ina strong tone indicates a feeling of blaming the other person, who was not doing what he/she was supposed to do. RU oBATT IM. BRAT EBPOUTH Le You have a fever, don't you? You had better go to a hospital. SERWIL DL. Smdy hard . comenso tas 2) (1) This particle is used when confirming what the other person has said. WBS AIARA TS SAS CRA THRE SRA TIM. Would you mind telling Mr. Yamada that Iwill go there tomorrow? BDU E LK. FRACS BAWBOLPSEVIZTETT BL All right. You will come here tomorrow, won't you? (2) It is commonly used when the speaker talks while thinking or recalling something from memory. In this case, 2 can be used both in the middle and at the end of sentences. As it gives an impression that the speaker is well known to the other 37person, it can imply a close relationship. Its excessive use, however, conveys an impression of too much familiarity. BA HETIL E 3 TL tems How was your trip to Thailand? RICT BR. BE OKAFIMETORS To. THERA BULS TR, TOC RP DETT. Well, the hotel that I stayed in was very nice, and the food was tasty. I really had a good time. (3) Itis used when speaking with a pause to draw the attention of the other person. COBB BURNS £3 EBL BB. EK RETRO As for this machine, the operation is a little difficult, so watch carefully. 3) kt = & and # are combined to form #2. Its meaning is similar to 4 and is used when the speaker seeks the listener’s consent or confirmation: It also indicates that, compared with #2, the speaker is not confident in his opinion or judgment. It cannot be used to your superiors or those to whom you are not very close. Bx. KRAICHERO LETS kia. She speaks Chinese very well. RAS BORA CHL TOE LIED S to Yes, as she studied at a university in China. b ORG E DIF TOBA, BRS ATH ER. That man wearing glasses is Mr. Tanaka, isn’t it? CARAS EICT 0 Yes, itis. 4) &a/kb This expresses an emotion, a fecling of being impressed or envious. It is used in the form of plain form +1/tz &, % , which is made by pronouncing % with a longer a’, expresses a stronger feeling. SRB. I really is hot today. LOAAD. BERL So I want that camera, too. B BK. BNWEL/ EG. Lookat the sea. It is so beautiful. 5) Pe This is used when talking to oneself or to ask a question of oneself. It indicates a feeling of wavering or not being sure. In some cases, it is pronounced as 1 . 28 BS, Eht. SeochBe i me.Jam so tired. Should I take a little rest or not? CORBI CESPEH, wonder if he can do this job or not. It can be used not only when talking to oneself but also when conveying one’s feeling of doubt to the other person. WOSASADATICRS IM. oe a, Ws AMteE<. Die DIAG WHFS Leaves SD TKMS, Shall we ask Ms. Yamaguchi ifshe would like to join us for karaoke? I wonder whether she would go. Ms. Yamaguchi told me she doesn't like karaoke. BD means “if my memory is correct”, and is used to confirm whether the speaker's memory is correct with the other person. In this case, the ~ 7% form is used even if the memory concerned is a matter dealing with the present or the future. It is commonly used in the form #2 V-BA TU (Hot) kta. dia at the end of the sentence stresses the speaker’ wish to confirm something with the other person. PR OWBIE? 1995 Kok kh. Be btn ac ee Am right in thinking the earthquake hit Kobe in 1995? PRBS SP ok dh. BU Sous aOe Am Lright in thinking we are not going to have a meeting next week? PRA OBIE DRE: BBE GEDA TLL. Am I right in thinking we ae taanhe eos are going to use e Meeting Room No. 3 3 for tomorrow § meeting? 1) ~AEWE ~A CFP is commonly used when inviting the other person to do something 39together, asking to do something, asking for permission or seeking advice. It explains the reason for the content of the following part of the sentence. ~AZEU E is the plain form of ~ A. @4 #". The part which comes after ~A TTP /~AEWE is often omitted when the meaning is understandable from the context. EERO UG BAEWES ae ont T have tickets for a baseball game, and I wondered if you would like to come with me, Barre < SABSAKRUE, KO T< hie? Thave a lot of belongings to carry, and I wondered if you could help me carry them. age Ay BRANT a LUA LEU Ee. fo THU? Dad, I'd like to go to Hokkaido during the summer vacation, and I was wondering if you would let me go. 2) eke DPBEBOT As it contains # &, indicating a doubtful feeling, and ~ tee aCe) wake IPE £22 T is an expression which is used to invite someone to do something with the speaker, but is more modest than —#8(C & 5 ? It implies a fecling of being concerned about the other person’s reaction, and is commonly used to invite friends or those who are close to you. RM A4 TS ARIE, ESAS MIE ID thot Tam going on a skiing tour next week, and I wondered if you would come with me, Mr. Lee. DE. AA-TTM. EULBTELUER 2 THELKS Wow, skiing? I've been wanting to go and try it at least once. N G4 is used to propose N as an example, though the other person is free to present another option, As it indicates the speaker is paying respect to not only his own opinion but also the other person’s proposal, it can add an impression of politeness. It is commonly used when inviting the other person to do something with one or making proposals. CHPSEDLELEDD? What shall we do now?SEBO SPS. RETHESTHD? We still have time, so how about going to a movie? In Japanese, ~ 7 bY and @f Lv’ cannot usually be used to express the desires and feelings of someone other than oneself. V (-£$) %2°S and a U2*S are used instead. In this form, N # of N #°/@~#U and N RLY is turned toN ©. ()V CEF) LMHS and KL AS are used to describe a general tendency or a custom. BRAWNEN oT 8. BRABERALIUET, Japanese people tend to eat Japanese dishes even when they travel abroad. FHV IEMLUOSHS & ERLPV ET. Children tend to ask for new toys all the time. (2) ~#¥ 5 TUS is used instead of ~*% to describe another person’s current desire or feeling. BRS AGM LUMERL I OTWET, oe tes Ga Mr. Tanaka wants a new car. PEAHOMBICSVULEPITHWETF. bode Ce Mth She wants to see her parents back home. (3) It is not usually used to describe desires or feelings of your bosses, superiors, or those who are not close to you. To describe such things, CH 2TWET/HIL2 IT WEF or ~%9 CF are used. x BRP ELAS TOET Oo BRUGE\ Re RULER oTHRt/ 29 C4, The Division Manager tells me he would like to go to China. a(a EL AP SOI OE eS Sd _ In Lesson 45 of Kiso II, you learned the use of ~MIC, ~ which illustrates ‘unexpectedness, disappointment, or dissatisfaction toward an unexpected result. +t < can stress a feeling of regret for what one has done or a feeling of disappointment regarding an unexpected result. t# > # < is also used to stress the same feelings of kindness or an action taken by the other person. In this case, it can indicate the speaker is feeling sorry for not being able to repay the kindness of the other person. HOM. FOIF HE OROK, NYALORMEE MBA THB AT Leak. Though I made a computer program, I accidentally erased all of it. top< fame ARE TRTUREWEOK, BP LTT, THE thAtlke am terribly sorry for not having been at home when Mr. Tanaka came to my house. VebntE (aya) Bure Bo TUS is the original expression, but UYU is often omitted. V-5 7% (RIE) 5 (v°U%) indicates one’s hope. By adding ~ & B> Tuy %, this expression is used when one conveys one’s hope to others. 30 BEE Clea TS 5 tho TWETS I want to get married by the time I turn 30. WHS AKRBRORMSELTHSALSEBOTUSATT. bee Metey as Ss Thope Mr. Yamada will act as MC for my wedding ceremony. 42~@lt~# is a sentence pattern used to emphasize the information that one wants to convey most. What is to be stressed can vary from a person, a time or a place, to an object, a matter, or a reason. ~ | is attached to the plain form. In the case of the present form of na-adjectives and nouns, the sentence becomes ~2 Olt~ 72. For example, Wt &EE CAMO Rt CRAM LEE LTWE Leo changes as te daek Skee Pour RAEN bee follows depending on which part of the sentence is stressed. ~ is used as a substitute for a person, time, a place, an object, or a matter. KEE CAMOBHL CREOLE EL THEO (A) ATT Bak CSSe Ble BAN Ze Be am the one who was working as a salesperson in a company in Osaka until last year, TEP ARROSH CREOLE E LTE (HG) MSEETCS, It was until last year that I was working as a salesperson in a company in Osaka. PUPAE ES CREOLE EL THEO (Mt) ie ARmowet CH. tel Baek GauN Lee es Pte Te was a company in Osaka where Iwas working as a salesperson until last year THPAEE TAROSHT LTWED(ZE) GEROUETT. Ttwas asa. eo that Iwas working in a company in Osaka until last year The subject of the part before ~) Id is followed by 4* instead of I. The particle used in the original sentence such as C, %, #, (2, &, or lé is omitted when that part is shifted to the predicate with ~ 7, while 4° 5 and & @ remain unchanged. helar 55 aS <6 WOE emCkE NEVE. Twas born in a small town nearly five hours away from Shanghai. TEDEE REO bey 65 Stel “6 HOS GHETT Where I was born is a small town nearly five hours away from Shanghai. FARR SA C—MICRBAT EET. UE TEE ole ane Iwill go to Kyoto with Mr. Yamada tomorrow. FAR —ielc BAT T< Ola aS AETT. BUR oleThe person who will go to Kyoto with me tomorrow is Mr. Yamada. WES Ale y 2-H HFS TT. Mr. Yamada likes soccer. ~ We ADBEODET YA-CT What Mr. Yamada likes is soccer. When the speaker wants to obtain some information from the other person, ~|é is often used with an interrogative such as ~OILEZ /HE/I/W9/ E35 UT. = e APB BRAREOIEITT Do Mr. Lee, when was it that you came to Japan? RORSEAL ce LIEDISETT Do Who was it that broke my cherished doll? ~Ol4~#E is also commonly used to reply with a correct answer when the other person's question contains information that is incorrect. FEAL THE TC SOSHICROEATHM. Mr. Lee, did you join this company right after graduating from school? WA, SORA ADEOM 2 HTT. eRe a8 whee No, joined this company two years ago. T is a shortened form of % t € and is a conjunction used to continue the topic mentioned in the preceding sentence(s). It is commonly used in conversation. 1) It is used to urge the other person to convey the information that the speaker wants to know. RASHEHST. BSS z EK LEEKS Shibantes roars I decided to leave the company next month and go back to my hometown. AL BM? CHRO T. EFTSN? anes mt What? Really? And what are you going to do there? BS CLONE HE IA. wer BS USE” toe Tam going to help out with my father’s business there. 2) It is used to convey a result or a conclusion based on what is stated in the preceding sentence.Mr. Tanaka understands Chinese well, doesn't he? HEARS CML TUE L, REASPBAE LS BHEK Arte a iecGh Be He studied in a university in China and his wife is Chinese. TC. ER GAL Bo That's why he speaks Chinese well NT. ~t&, ~# is an expression to describe an impression or a thought on a certain topic. In this sentence pattern, ~17 & is inserted between N > T and ~#3. N3 T is used to mention N particularly as a topic and is commonly used in conversation as a colloquial version of the expression N £03 Id. (Regarding N £43 Old, please refer to the explanation in part 4. of Lesson 1.) ~l4&, in this case, is used to offer peripheral information or a supplementary explanation on the topic. ~#2 is a sentence- final particle for seeking agreement with the other person. ~+&. can be inserted before mentioning what the topic is or after stating one’s thoughts about the topic. EBICISBB UT HUTE, COEDRHOT. RK SW Livia. T've heard that the tendon (a bowl of rice topped with deep-fried prawns and vegetables) at this restaurant is tasty. And it really is, isn’t it? BEBO. BPEVCHH. COMMHTHOKATTUE. The streets in Nagoya are wide, aren't they? I went to Nagoya recently for the first time. N &feUE~ is used to mention N as a typical example. In the example above, 4 is mentioned as a typical example of A@BICH TKS AX. It is commonly used in conversation with a person close to the speaker. REAM BREST < DEW. BOREAL Eb. 45Mr. Lee speaks Japanese very well. I would like to become like him. 2) ~HIEWE This is 2 commonly used colloquial version of the expression ~ & 3 #2 which you learned in Lesson 47 of Kiso II as an expression of conjecture. It illustrates the speaker's subjective judgment which is presumed, although perhaps not clearly defined, based on the apparent situation. ~& =) 7 usually comes after the plain form, but ~ 7€ is omitted in the case of a present form na-adjective and a noun. mc 3 Arm DTWS. BMPS ORALWES There is a crowd gathering over there. It looks like there was an accident. BERBOAT y FEANTEH PE. MALES This vacuum cleaner does not work even when you switch it on. It seems to be broken. § For information 1) When modifying a noun, it becomes N #70 N. HUBLO HS SHPBE COC. RBALUGAICEA EV. AM ie ee Be SS aRTNae As I like places with long histories, I would like to live in a city like Kyoto. 2) N & feU¥ is also used as a figurative expression for mentioning a similar example. For further details, please refer to the explanation in part 6. of Lesson 16. RHEADEREAIB< CT. RHEACBUTUS CHR EU, Me 4 a me hes As Ms, Kimura’s mother looks young, they look like sisters when they walk together. Bake bread as hard as stone With regard to the usage of V-T < 4, please refer to the explanation in part 6. of Lesson 4. You will learn other uses for it in this lesson. 1) It describes the specific condition of an action. When V-T3R@ is used with a verb related to an action such as £3, 3 < or KS, it describes the specific condition of the action such as what kind of action is taken or what is the means of the action. 46TE SAEUTRE A, UBEAL PEUTTI DS The person who is walking toward us is Mr. Yamada, isn't it? ASIA ZUM T a7 Y-KRo TR As I was running out of time, I took a taxi to come here. 2) It describes an action which is coming closer to the speaker. NofN € ESL T isa noun indicating a person, a matter, or an action. n. It describes an WRAP AU DP SRO TRE Le be Ski 2 IT returned from the U.S. last month, SER LCRIBREAMATC2EULTIE SS EEE T heard that the Mr Tanaka who is going to be transferred here soon was in Thailand for two years. intermediary or means used for obtaining knowledge or an experience. This expression is rather formal and is commonly used in a formal context or written language. TBRFE CELT. ROMA KISSED LACMSTE CPCEK, Esuniea By visiting factories, I was “able | to learn “about advanced ‘plant management in Japan. FMB ELE LT. VAUSELEERCAUET. Children learn various things through play. (= as well as ~ is used to show the direction of a motional verb such as #7 <, #3, 18S o a? RAMIRCRBAZ TSE To aril Tam going to Kyoto on business next week 47Lesson 7 In Lesson 49 of Kiso Il, you learned a deferential expression, & V (#4) (#4. When asking something of another person, 8 V (-E%) (C%#OT< HSU as well as V CET) <# S00 are used. HV (EF) < HSU implies a higher degree of politeness and is a formal expression. As it can convey a message in a brief and clear-cut manner, it is commonly used when giving instructions politely to customers and so on in a company or in public. ~ EDFBAU SKE Please come in. AEC TRMO RI. 3BBABS EC ES. All express train passengers are requested to ae haste to Platform No. 3. Neither 8 V (EF) <8 nor BV CHF) (CS is used witha verb whose ¥ $-form has only one syllable (written by only one hiragana). For such a verb, the expression is changed as follows. (1) If the verbs have forms which fit the expression 45/2 ~{C & such as those that are equivalent to REF and Bes, those forms are used with 8/T7~¢ Sv) in place of the verb. BET~XBRCK EE W>OCH< EBWo Please look at/refer to it. Be $-XSE <#S WOBtks KBE, Please sleep/take a rest. 2) f the verbs do not have forms which fit #~(C tS, such as L&T and REF, the deferential form is used with V-T < 2 &U. LETFXSL Tek. Just when I had finished taking a bath, there was a phone call. Aa place, and N2 illustrates what it is. This expression is commonly used when explaining a proper noun, a matter in other countries, or a technical term which is not known to the other person. In the example shown above, it is not easy to understand what BSE) is for those who hear the name for the first time, but by giving an explanation such as #384) & U3 FES #, the listener can understand that it is a shopping street. BRC INCU TKR. Please get off at Maihama Station. KAVAILEWSATABEBAKEEHSH ETP. Have you ever had a Thai dish called Tom Yam Kung? Please note that & b' cannot be used when both the speaker and the listener know about BE or LAVAL. § For information In daily conversation, > €4‘4 is commonly used instead of & U9 as a colloquial expression. BROTHIRTRY Th ESU. Please get off at Maihama Station. V-IC(é is an expression describing an objective and it means in order to do something. The following part of the sentence shows a specific way or means necessary to attain the objective. V-BIC I is often followed by such expressions as V-4L JEU), V-7E 5 UU or ~H* MRRP SAE SIESTA TT A. How do I borrow books from a library? HOPE CHAS CUBRONTOBRBE. aie & TOThe Division Manager's permission is necessary for changing the training schedule. SHBIER @ SURES 3 (c[k {OBA K OD TBE. Visiting the country is the best way to study a foreign language. Ending a sentence with a noun is called PIAL. BIGILO is only used in written language and is not used in conversation. It is commonly used in street maps, signboards, traffic signs, notices for disaster prevention, titles of newspaper articles, and so on. As it conveys necessary information by converting the sentence into a minimum number of words, it is simple, easy to understand, and can have a strong impact. Chinese words are commonly used in #8 2 and particles which connect words are omitted in many cases. Some examples of $4110 are shown below, $4ALE% which have been converted into ordinary sentences with verbs are shown in parentheses. They are mostly the same in meaning. BbAxS : SHBIRBO LH AAs 105 fee Pe ei mee ek Tanaka Camera: From Nagoya Station West Exit, turn left, then a ten minute walk (BRA x Si ZHRBROBOP 5SEABUT 10 FOMICSS.) eon Peete cues a Re Bee 200 X— hase Laeee Construction 200 meters ahead. (200 x= hILETLBEL TVET.) SGI Turn right ¢ at traffic lights. 3 ERICH OTK FEE Uo) Sars ¢ Check power suppl. (BRC OSz¢€.) Tah ee RE CHS IS EL EC Rote BRE Train accident kills 35 in Britain, (RO CHUA 1) 35 AOE LK.) The masu-form of a verb can be used as a noun. Those words which you have already 6162 & \ Jeamed such as fK4, #40), D1), HH, IBV, 8) StL, DEA, and so on are nouns aU converted from verbs. i Be O# Me is effective in describing a sentence in a clearcut manner, SHE CER THC L. 2ERUMALUAEES EO. SHE CEETT CC. BURAN 2 HBS. I change trains twice to get to my office by train, Not all verbs can be changed to fit the 4#A(b form. Many of them are used idiomatically as shown below. HARTOR Lid A ($28 ECCt. Applications for the company trip will be accepted until Friday. eA Gig 0 CHS DEBNBWEDIELTS EE U5 Please do not forget to take some spare clothes with you. FEONAET UTE By RUOKAlE ETSOBA THE. The bus going was not crowded, but the one coming back was very crowded. RFORAE BPCRSLDICEW KV, Twant to master the reading and writing of Chinese characters. kr On (pF 8 (ARR DIC RAY LEt. Please open and close the door quietly. be08 fg WI SENLE WAMU You ‘had petter not lend or borrow money.Lesson 10 In Lesson 35 of Kiso II, you learned the use of V-#tlé. ~ which means a condition necessary for obtaining a certain result. V-HE is commonly used for explanations of how to use machines and so on. The necessary operation is shown in the preceding part of the sentence, and the result is given in the following part of it. BOI V-THS, V-tIE, which you will learn in this lesson, is used when explaining a procedure in two steps. Role V-T #5 illustrates the first process of an operation, and V-t |é shows the next process. olor c KBREANTH BRS VERE, A-E-PHET. First, you insert money here, and press the button. Then, coffee will be dispensed. When there are a number of processes to explain, after repeating V-T. to explain each process, V-t1|¢ is used for the last one. TTCHSEANT. [2] ORS SHUT, SHKS- EHLIE AU Sige 2a eT. Insert money here, press the “2” button and the appropriate train fare button. Then, two tickets for the same faré will be dispensed. § For information For an explanation of a procedure, other expressions describing a condition such as V-3 & and V-7= 5 can be used in the same manner as V-*UlE. OKI TICESEANT, KADEMTE, I-E-PMET. First, you insert money here and press the button. Then, coffee will be dispensed.Generally, an adjective modifies a noun and an adverb modifies a verb. In this lesson, you will learn how an adjective is converted into an adverb to modify a verb. While retaining the meaning of the original adjective, the converted adverb expresses what kind of situation is to be brought about or how the stated matter is to be done. An adjective is converted to an adverb in the following way. i-adjective 7~t\ + ~<¢ (Example OU. > Ba < ) na-adjective :~@ — —~(< (Example ‘ ‘x hue) + Shwe) Re = <4eléFo Roll the dough out thinly. BBE E SE NUICHIRT Bo Clean one’s room. RE tELSS Xo Write Chinese characters correctly. > y He eM CRERT Bo Briefly explain how to do something. In Lesson 7, you learned mimetic words used to describe one’s physical condition or the condition of a disease. In this lesson, you will learn some other mimetic words which show how an action is done or the state of an object. 1) Mimetic words describing how an action is done &5€ : doing something quickly ina short time ; Jy IDEYSS & ‘fle 0 eT RP ORABUES Upon hearing the knocking sound, he stood up quickly and hurried to the door. #2! applying power DAOSE MAN EL DK, Smo i889 T SES. Please shut the bottle tightly so that the cap doesn't come off.3 E going around, binding something around something, or surrounding something BHOBY £651 EB to Iranall around the park 2) Mimetic words describing the state of an object bo e | the state of being soft, slightly resilient, and swollen bboeLEE-a- mS DISH A SAU. Wearing a soft sweater feels so good. ZA! (E) ¢ the state of being cooked to a perfect brown color ZARH CRUIENU PE TOSY LEAK. Bread toasted to a light brown color looks very tasty. T is used with a noun showing a time or a place. In the form of V- # ©, it can be | used with a verb, V1-3 £ @, V2 is an expression used to indicate that the state or action indicated by V2 will last until the event illustrated by verb V1 takes place. AHEAD S < EG Fo CEMSARBB ECB TUK. Until I heard it from Mr. Kimura, Thad thought Mr. Sato was single. FRO. ELSA < CSE CAR CBA. THOM Re nee See oe In our childhood, we used to play in the park every day until it got dark. V-% & T is commonly used in instructions by specifying a point in time or a time limit. | BOIL TPO ETAT FMS RUT EE, | Please do not touch the switch until the blue lamp lights up. | RACs ETHEL AS CURMUUL RDA. The ‘doctor told me not to ‘take ¢ a a bath anil the wound heals, | | #@ BIEL is used when the speaker’s question is answered by the other person’s explanation, or as a word of agreement when the speaker is impressed and convinced by the other person’s explanation. 65la a &3 UTADA EA CHT TES ATTM. Why do you leave it covered with a wet kitchen cloth? BORO EOL IICTSROTH. So the surface doesn't dry out. BBIEES Oh, Isee. % Sl E is not used as a word of agreement to an answer of an ordinary simple question. In this case, 7 CF *# or that sort of expression is used. Please note that % 3(¥ sounds like you are evaluating the other person. It is not advisable, therefore, to use this expression with one’s superiors. Fs Alef CBSTEENEATTD. Which part of China were you born in, Mr. Lee? ” LRT Fo In Shanghai. 4ICTM. (XHSIEE.) Ise. § For information % BIE & is also used when the speaker is convinced of something and has his knowledge or information confirmed as correct. UUMEZE ERI T, RCH. BaIEE, ABoOSULWL, H-ER BU I heard that this restaurant was good so I came here. Now I'm convinced; this restaurant serves tasty dishes and the service is good.Lesson 11 TREE ETT EDEBV-L IP Shall pelinow?, wetoneucomnenon © Shall we gona? Fh sehiag EL describes the state of approaching a particular point in tine, For example, & 3 EB ER. Ms ala 10 o'clock AENETH DRE LBBIICE By Ith een almost half a year since I came to lapan. Italo indicates a time to-do a particular thing. For example, EA LSBSBUL. Ihave ogo back now A LALLET. 1 must be going no 1) This word is used with the volitional form V-dé 3./ V-di 3 and encourages some action fiom the speaker himself o from another person SHORTS EDEDUEL ED. Lets bring today’s meeting to an end now Mako. SKB LLIM. Everyones tired. Shall we tae a break now? 2) This word is wed with VAZ2UE (UMEFELN) to say to oneself what one has to do ow oF to urge other persons todo something. RARGRAROS, 4345%mLZUe, Since my presentation will be held next month Ihave o start preparing now. IBECHE ALOE, TAZSUBLEVE, {be one o'clock in juste minutes. We need to leave now: £21), a8 used inthe example $38 7 5 ABIIS ON) £2, (1 has boon raining v7) day since last wee), has a iting mening: theres nothing but that V-TUEM® HLS combines these two expressions, critical of the state where the same things are repeated ma the same. 4nd shows that the speaker is ny times or the situation remains 2) When the speaker uses this expression to refer o himself it expreses fein srry for others, or sereftection WOORML THO UUT. AABICB LER 1 feel sorry for everyone because I always make mistakes BALA TEP IBD TC. KOBE RS tury ‘My body is notin good condition because Ihave heen drinking quite alot thes: days: 2) When the speaker uses this expression to refer to a part F person, it expresses critical attitude toward the person. Since this expression sounds harch, itis used is front ofthat person only in limited situations, such as when a superior scois¢ subordinate, or when the speaker gives advice to close associates BRUBY So TENS. The Division Monager has heen scolding us constaty since his moming HATHEMYUEUT, MLS. You should study instead of ust playing all the time § For information 1) V-CUE°1) $5 expresses the same meaning asthe form V-T MEH) U8. COTS RBRCMSNTISHY have been geting scolded by the Division Monager a lot these days: 2) {£090 used not only witha ve but also with noun. n this case, the particle, sue a € and ff, between the noun and Uf 4) i omited STURM (£) ONHA CHT, SRBBLOU, Myson reads conte books al the tne and doesn study at Fhe Lv mongs (1) OUI CHS. RO Ane SRA S. Only Books writen by famous people sell wel, but there are ao good Book: written by unknown people. The cauaive verb V-2-4E express the ea of granting permisin fran att indented V8. VS HT C1 Us is an expression used to ask direet permis (05s thet the spac ara an jon ofthe other perso!$ROYS Le 1 wat pay she Bit Sak, DOUTCEEU, WELZ KEI LE OTOET VbETOREM ERA md VESTOARIGOCL £9 6 uo upromion ee ae eee | TaseAM. COREE Se TUR EMEUTL TON rae tne cy bok? {NU alone is often used in a conversation in such ways as (~L# THIEL (~L ‘THIEL by omitting the part in the parenthesis (—), Since ~L% < THUU and ‘~ LT BL are opposite in meaning, please be careful in figuring ou n which sense °C) is being used, Judgment can be made fom the intonation, the eontext, and the subsequent sentences, On the oer hand, 364 is almost the same as $7 4E A. in mesning and means the ‘seater is being apologetic tothe ather person butt can alo mean gratitude show tthe ‘ther person in some cases, Please note that in either case the expression is used among -slose associates ands nt commonly used when addressing superiors 1) SL. meaning is mot necessary todo that "eis used to deetine an ofer from the other person, and soon 99 S~ EROS L 29% Shall eal tax? “WUTH. BUTESET ES, Ob no thar’ alright ean walk 2) WU meaning iti allowed to be done. {Wis used to give permission to the athe person, and soon LOHR. RIMM S UTC HE. a realy lke you to let me do this job. © OU CT de HBO TK Allright, Pleate da your est meaning the speaker fees grateful toward sorry fr the ater person. BOUL. COMAOE-LTC NS? Excuse me, bu could you copy this material for me? “ASU. BDU. Yes wil” ch, 292, Rossect. This is for you, Tis i a souvenir from Kyoto. “BUTT. VIB. Ob, you shouldn't have! You always remember me § Forinformation intonation of wu CF) Dwu= ~La¢Tbovand Due follows: Oy ® uw NC 4) ae ~ UT BLY differ in intonation as (C16 is attached to 3 The verb % & means so change /develop into. When V-2 £3 potential verb ora verb that express ability, it desebes& hinge from something that tad been impossible, which hasbeen made posible. When iti atched toa volonal verb it ells us that a abi at didnot exist before has bean squire naturally. This can bea change in ndvidul habit ran overall change in oie. RWtyvareHotms, a DET So TRE DkBake ‘Aller my father bought a personal computer he starved com’ hows fame Re straightaway.BRAY 00 CSU SAPHIERNS £52 ho Tre Japanese started eating beef and pork approximately 100 years ag. § Forinformation V-@UE DIRS. VEC RS Contrary to V-S de 3(C% S, when a person ceases doing something that he/she used to Ho, VEE DIES, VE CES is used. BRCM SNTOS, PURMLEWL ICG L/MYL EK Bok, Ate beg scolded by the Section Manager; he stopped coming late ee cae ee | there ares ce hose he rea ad ee ee ees New Year's cards. amount) & 4) (numeral - When 4 is wed after word that expresses quantity, i emphasizes tha the sizeof scale ag, nd expeses ihe speaker’ suprise E-ME EC OK OMALO ? fEEMLCw SL. Tou dat 10 boes of ber atone siting? Youre ping ta be sik! WALHOTHEOK, SENANRAL, {ve been wating for the bs for 30 mints, bt it stil hasn come yt. 2) {21+ counter sutfix-+ When ® isuse ler a word hat expresses am indefinite number, sch s, A, {3.4 {ABA te it ute emphasizes thatthe numbers big NODA ~F 4 CBA GSES AN, Mundresof guests came tothe party lastnight § For information (numeral + amount) &~ tru» When (anmerat ~ amount) is used in a negative sentence, it emphasizes that the vanity is smal ofthe eel slow Zi meMe cu, SREOd SEL, ‘us clase othe stain from here. It doesn tae even five mines, n | | mae CF joe vemewee ss, oe some stances ofwobleniving )10 their colleagues and others, 15 la noun which means ime, scene and sarin 1) ~es BES ~1BE_b4 S means that dere is a chance that such a situation or incident ma FUTON, RTT AGROU HHA SES DHS. I there are any seats avcilable, there a chance you can buy your air ticket @ the airport 2) ~BEr BU ~BAHHO means that suck an tcident often happens, or that there és a high possibility that such a thing may happen. fro—ky PENAL. RRR EME x eR OBA ISO, These days, people often send dociments by e-meil using the biternet, 3) V-aiB Bi, ~ V-8 438 is attached tothe dictionary form ofa verb and is commonly used to give an instruction or an explanation. BREE BSR BITE LS OTK HEU, IF you wish to use a conference room, please be sure to obtain permission beforehand, BMT SoMa. coenUy LET. Click hereto print out a document 4) The difference between V-S 18S it~ and V-ABEls~ ‘The difference between these phrases les inthe ime sequence. VI-BAFB ls V2 expresses that V2 is done (or V2 occurs) before or at the same me as V1 is done (or V1 ovcurs). VI- ‘4B 2 Ut V2 expresses that V2 is done (or V2 ‘occurs after V1 is completed. RLRHOBAG. BTMBLT CHAU, When you take time off from work be sure to inform someone.PAPE RMB. TOMBL TC Ha, ‘he ine stops, be sare to aform someone right av ‘The examples above mean that one hast inform the company before taking eave, anid that one hss to inform the person in charge ar the line tops. 5 For information 4$, isa non, and ised wit varios particles © BESAMRC EARSESERAT, Magen < SARBLTH Considering that many guest may come, weil prepare aloof beverages. Ehewhee, PrEUTC No mater what happens, pease do not pane We Lesson 12 tres ive for me. It costs at least son. @BDE 6 You learned that % substitutes for another verb in part 5. of Les ‘¥2 in this lesson is also used to mean Ht costs/t has a value meaning between (HD (E-F & and (EE) % areas follows 1) An amount of money it AM amount of money (3° & expresce thatthe speaker values the objec highly, and however, is an expression of conjecture and that dhe object costs atleast ~ yen. This, tis commonly used to imply that i is so does not accurately describe the price. 1 ‘expensive that it would be difficult tobe obtained. TOR. BRI £b. SOO BRITS epoe. This car looks expensive, doesn ti? ahi ems cost at east S milion yen. RYE LA RIL Ago THES D ‘Shall we got the restaran that has recently opened not of the station? SORTRELES. Sho FBT SE, ‘owe ate a that resturant i wuld cesta east 20,000 yen per pergon 2) An amount of money & +4 An amount of money &F & is an expression used to describe suprise that something ‘8 far more expensive than the speaker expected. TARA. SOME UC STTE, Excuse me, hw much is tht watch? 9 RTC EU T. 115 30,000 yen 2. 8RMOT SATION, Whar? Does it cost as much as 30,000 yen?§ For information An amount of money &¥ & sometimes accompanies a feeling of resentment because tis far more expensive than expected, oF a feeling that one wants to show it off ¢ the other person because it is very expensive. LMJ = bay, BEDEPELTES OAS. IBHOLI*. Whe I had just one le thing on this laptop computer fixed, cost me as muchas | 5 Li is used the end of a sentence and expresses the speaker's judgment that w he/she has said is highly reliable. This judgment is based on information obtained fr another source or based on the speakers observation, 10,000 yen. “The form preceding ~ 5 LL is as follows: BPTHOR COA IS AHORA. verb + adjective plain form This overcoat that I bought in Ginza cost me 130,000 yen. | | SL rececte * nonsis orn ~28 | | SBADTH TR. CLUE. Sho SME ess UUs. | According to the weather forecast this morning, it seems it may start raining in. afovon | BC CHIL ORME AS. BH IES LU. 1 can hear the sound of Siren in she distance I scems aire has broken oxt ETE ~5 Les someties ha te impletion that the speaker i indieen o wha sbi wm the other Person about the speaker's opinion, or to ask for agreement. In this usage, the end of the said as it has nothing to do with him, or the speaker is trying to evade responsibility 1 sentence always cates ising intonation (). | something, because the judgment has been made based upon information obtained from ~Ue BUTT is ofen used these days as a colloquial alematve to ~“Clteos | ‘external source, TLE 3M, especially among young people, i HRSA, RABETS 25 EL. RCAOMISL TM SHotMe. heard Mr: Tanaka's geting married nest month wonder what tine the farewell party for Mr. Lee starts? He = wb. THB LU. “ETH SCOAUeTH, | Yes, it seems 50, Doesn't start at seven o'clock in the evening? | § Focinonnaton § For information | Similar expressions to ~5 LUY are ~% 9 The differences beter Besides the usage above, ~ Ui LCF #* is also used with a falling intonation ~ Ui these expressions areas follows: BUTT MC). This can convey an implication of icizing the other person or ~%9 12 is an expression used fo describe am intuitive impression of the speaker's forcing the speaker's opinion on others, so please be cael when you se this expression ‘0 convey external information as it is f0 the other person, ~ & 5 12 is an expressic COMBO LIEW. BELO THO TRUE. HOS UEML ‘used to describe the speaker's uncertain impression judged by hiver five senses. ~ eeneTD () aoe Ut is used to illustrate a judgment made both by the speaker himselfherself and bast You told me the copy machine that we bought the other day is diftcul to operate ‘om external information. uit’ easier than the previous one EOUATIBULES Ko This apple toks delicious. RRPMCISE. Sms es 3| expression is used with such words as ZS, $15, $iB(Grom now, inthe | future), & 9% ¥ (increasingly), KA EA and & A & A(gradually, rapidly). | HUNGER T. CRmOmORP WRT ETDS THC eLE \ 36 “Aecontng to the weather forecast {il star raining this evening BENFATHS. PPOMCMMD od do The mom ra mes. seems somebody was here while Fs aay. MEATS AMHR SLU. BUS NUICBORE AK LOR OT Bo Ii scems she now has somebody she loves. Everybody says that she’s Become | Asnew housing complexes increase, the town will change further " i ARGSEOAHOMA WHA TO< CRUST, | Think Japan will increasingly import more food in the future. beautiful these days. LG, which you will lea in this lesson, is also an expression used to describe a change In Lesson 32 of Kiso II, you learned the use of ~T Lt 3 to exptess the speaker's that takes place overtime. conjecture, In this lesson, you will learn ~7 5 which isthe plain form of ~ L & 3 V.T CB and V-TU differ as follows ~B 9 expresses the speaker's conjecture and judgment which is based upon the V-T« describes a change/movement that is occurring from a point preceding the circumstances and inforination, The form preceding ~1E% 3 is the same as that of ~@ base point toward the base point, whereas V-TU¢ illustrates a change/movement that Las ‘takes place from the base point toa point beyond. verb = Ladiective plain form : ] pon us na-adjective * noun plain form ~#8 QRH tMAW, omoMCMEET ES, Il leave the ofice now, I'l bein time forthe 60'elock Shinkansen. | OLER CROSS, ABaRE HSS 2, Van earthquake happens in Tokyo, it will use tremendous damage. before ‘base point (present) afer EOEACOMO AHWR THe TNMS OMA TU BI, ‘These days, the population inthis town is on the increase, It will continue to grow ocean § Forinformation ~#835 M3 1) When a state at particular point continues and remains the same, this expression is ‘When the speaker conveys his conjecture and judgment tothe other person, the form ~ used with such words as ZO # # (as itis) and ¥> E (all along). BD EBD isused E ARVCeSSIUE, COSRZOR EY TOT EBD. BX Bie nos b EALAMA TUS ES5 BUST Although there are many challenges, woul like 0 caminue his work 1 think there will continue t bea rapid increase inthe number of working women. DACORER. PLAN TV OLA CEEL Cpe nite bau. 7 ‘will have olive alone apart from my family all through my training period in apan 2) T dese shag ezuring a pal point and acer fur | |Sentences in Japanese are usually constructed in the order of subject ~> predicate. Inversion is a construction in which this order is inverted, and the predicate is described first In spoken language, inversion is often used. Inversion is commonly used to emphasize ‘what the speaker wants to convey the most, or fo bring what the speaker wants to talk about to the beginning ofthe sentence. OHA, WU (ordinary sentence) That eamora is good. Uta, EDDA. (inmersion) Ith a good camera EOE. HINA 7 (ordinary sentence) | | | | | | i Who told you tha story? | HCA? LOK (inversion) | From whom did you hear that story? | Inversion i also commonly used to remark atthe beginning ofthe sentence that what the speaker is gong to talk about isnot hishher idea but i based upon externa information. ME ACBIEARUE PRICE 300 CSU CREE NSAKST. | Mr, Ogawa fold me that people can waich a movie for about 300 yen in China | HCA LA CHH, BROAPEOMMRABL ORTH ED | tte, According to the newspaper. Japanese university students are finding it more in place of URI ¢ ‘This 8 hoa pote way of making a request, tough itis not as polite 2 V-T UE EH LeU 9, Pease note that V-T& 5 ABUT & 3 m caret implication te the speaker deserves to make such a request tothe ether person, HOOT. SIRO2—5~8B CUTE SAtUTL ESD, Since tcl could you pease turn down tear conditioner tn the meeting § For information ‘Summary of expressions for making a request 4% V-3 (the imperative frm) (Lesson 33 of Kiso 1) nis arson dr omy any ples ales kd by ama socal superior in stong tone to his subordinates in a station such as an exiergengy Ih ae ed ‘When a man urges a close asso to perform an ation Ow ies | Witch out! Turn of the machine! Mees BLA E, Since we don't have much time, hurry up! b. V-T< f (Lesson 3 of Kiso 1) Poe vite form ot LCE ic eediey maiciegsess ts, ‘subordingtes, or bya man toa close associate BREBS9 5S. beoteg och, Since T'm going to be carping some things, give me a hand © Y CE) 80 Lesson dof chalga) {Tis pression is used in most cates, by «social superior toa auboed , for Sample & tet toa child a teacher toa student Tis 2 oon ‘expression often, ‘used by female speakers, FAERBLEOT. Bo cugatan, Dont overdo it today, Take it easy and ert, V-T (Lesson20 of Kiso 1) ‘hs erpresion x commonly used in casual situations between People whoa close wo cach other, PH. Boks. semUT, When you finish using the dictionary, give i back o me Fight away VTC IEW (Lesson 4 of Kiso T) ini expression is commonly wed when making argues Since < REV is the ‘he illingness ofthe othe person SASEAM. Beats —wRDEBLT Een, Exeuseme, please lend me a ballots pen.” Y-CHE LUA 2 9 (Lesson 3 of Chokyt) Fis expresion ipl that he the: person ough to respond te spear request Wis not usually used to ones sepeion SLOL. Lim HRALe, Eso TRTE LUA CT, ‘elo. Iwo he you to bring the pea tht I ondeed ona hour go as soon as possible. } VTBBABUTL £5 M (Lesson 13 of Chakya) ‘This sounds like poit equ, sine it concer somthing only te oher peso can eve, brit implies thatthe spenkr deserves to make the request ofthe ate ersoa, REGO SA reece SaBUTL LSD, Could you please stop singing karaoke late at night? \ BV CHF) 1819 (Lesson of Chtkyay ‘This is @ polite request. It i commonly used when politely directing customers or People ina pub place SEMtowUT eRe, CHS cHBS CEEU. Please wait here until your name is announced. VTC EOLA (Lesson 26 of Kiso 1) This i @ poite expression for making a request by asking forthe other person's ‘consent. Its commonly ased when risking a request oa superior ota person wo is nota close associate PARE~SVENGERUA TER, FEREMA TCE EUE EADS would like to goto Disnepland. Could you tell me how to get there?Je VCE IEE EAM (Lesson lof Kiso 1) Ths is polite expression to make a request ty aking for the other person's consent toward the speaker’ request It is commonly sed to make a request oa superior orto a person who snot close associate RIALOUB BD DS EUACES, kB do not know how to use a PC. Would you please teach me a ile? k V-TUMEIEW BUT Lx 5 (Lesson 3 of Chaya) This form of request is more polite than V.T EHF A BS, The expression is commonly used fo address a troublesome request while asking the consent ofthe othe, | person BrotHATUREMEE SELELS. RURBN REAR, Lx KemMUMELMe 5 PO FLIILTUREGEUTLE 5H {1m sor7y to bother you when youre busy, bul would you mind my asking you to check whether there are any mistakes in my report? Sei nade hat deserts the speaker’ regret and recon on someting the speaker dos or has dan, deste hither thinking hefshe should not door shoud nea fave donee is often used in the form of DU. V-% L & > BEBoc gm oc. ounuzemocugs, "now smoking ent 00d for my heath, but am hooked. DINER CREF EBOTUAM. ES eB CH Tltom . . {ees Intndng 100 to bed carer lst night, but I as watching vdeo end ‘ded up staying up late without realising + DUC ONE sontn tone t Die Drele V2 HELI TS means o leave something In a particular state without teking ‘sppropriate acton. Wt often describes an unfavorable incident or inconvesience the ‘ested fom the coninaton of suc station & few! Favour omL A, ouch ut! The goss on RRBORC ARNEL AoMLCLEUT Eau, Ae Bors. Do not leave your laundry inthe washing machine. will inconvenience the next ‘Person wiho wants to use it V-BEZS IES His an expression to describe that am incident would have happened shordy, When words such as ® 3 £2 ET and & 3 LC are added to the sentence, the meaning that the incident would have taken place any minut is strengthened However, it mean that the incident dd mot actually occur. DULTET, SILLTHMES SETS OK, Because the car was speeding, t nearly caused an accident BEORTHTLEL, BIS LECHUBCT EDS t. fl asicep on he a and nearly missed my sop. DE Onn ‘5’ is attached to an expression that shows quantity and means approximately, but itis also used to mean at least. aBN sHUMB SUAVE EY. ‘When you are late. you should at east cll me PET ERICBO. BRE CSUm KURA AINE, nerworking is noi good for your health. You should have a good rest atleast on Sundays V-8 BALE has the meaning that one ought to do that. NCBWV-8 BAL is ‘commonly used in conversations where # social superior advises or scolds eubordinctes regarding their mistakes and fauls. V-& & OD isthe writen form ofthe expression V-3 A. PFERBA TOUT Lom utters box, Sudot are supposed to sty hard instead of beng idle MoTHEAKBOAS, BUEIWCHUFSBOL, "hen you meet somebody you know, you are atleast supposed to greet him. When # is added to a word that describes an indefinite quantity auch as (EI, (A, vs < “Peete itmeans tht there are not very many, though a definite number cannot be given LORCA PETES AKA DS, There are several people who can speak Chinese in his company HOREAKR MEDS Re ew HS, Thave met his wife several times. ‘A verb that is formed by combining two vebs is called a compound verb The latter verd §s stacked to the V (-&F) J ofthe former verb. Though the compound vetb is 7 + This indicates a szong surprise or doubt. 9B. BAAOREBTLED ICH. FLED K! Ms. Ma, today s your birthday isn i? Ts a present for you! ADNAWTTH, SALW! OW! Really? I'm so glad! (A? 5 This indicates « litle suprise or embarrassment, BTOLCPLALIBS ETE, Your eraser has dropped down under your char “h? B.ED b. What? Ob, tank you “Although ~A 4087 isin the negative, this expression i interchangeable with ~ ‘B19. This isan expression used for seeking the listener agreement withthe speaker's Conjecture, vi. “Think ~, and don you thinks, 00?” In tis usage, the sentence us with ising tone SOR MIEACBORUL, M. COTARRIUN. [met Mr Opawa just now He does look wel here days, des he? EC MRA Uw teu? on’ you think something wrong with im? Z3PeLhtUB, Yes, maybe so § For information pL are simi is in the expressions, ~ Le 46% a ~AUeEU? and ~ negative, bu thas similar meaning to ~ confidence in what Helse says. In this case, the sentence with fan expression tat indicates the speaker's ‘eth ends with a falling tone. conveys the speaker’ criticism of the lsener because the result difered from what was expected, vs. “you told me ~; but the fact was opposite” LOBRNE ID, BOB OUOT? ‘Which resturant shall we eta? How about hat one? “URAL SEU? AMES BALD THED SS Do you hink ts okay? There are alot of people nie. 25Kb, Tore righ TOBSUUGUE, TZ BU ee, Ths restaurants delicous, bt so expensive ion? Tn par 1. of Lesson 3, you lead the use of contractions of such words as T1448, TL ED nd THK. 4 this lesson, you wil learn contractions achived by phonetic alteration, which a ‘commonly usd in calloguilexpresins. 1) inthe case of ~HiF, ~tit ty + ~Be. ~tae 27 7- CHM, BOE, + 995—THBe. Bus, Going by tats fast. es Hows. oomsgung. — guns. eopegee, 1s late, s0Thave0g0 home now 2) Inthe caseof~Tli > ~S— ZEAPTUUU EOS, = ZEARROUEUS, Tou com come hare 3) Inthe case of such phonetic atlorations as UY + A. TABTEMSEN. + TABZEMBA, don’ know suck a hg é AUSTPHSEO, = MLC TA MAtH, 1 oo diel understand ferocan? — geeocan? What ae you doing? REORASADU. = AROMA SK Teant memorize these words 4) Thecaseot~TH< + fis omitted zh Borec? — Zh gore? ‘Are you going to tae his with you? AAPA ITHOT HEU, + Ht > eH ToTK KE Please tke a camera with you WohSe ee Pe py sic creiil eter EEA SURARRL ARCO oe 3s, feleg eee yy oir lmpUrae——gomnaw, aaa ee eee SAeABU BOREL RE pe a ge § For information Tate expression N Up, vb oran adjective canbe lo used fr N TAREBAL SARC B23 L. ‘rou dik that mach youl esc CAG RC SeeccegiaN, {an go arywhere cold weather ike this LARC ABL OBAT ECHL. ‘This is 00 complicated for me 10 repalr Inthe expression NIC N ff 8, the particle (= is uted to enumerate things ofthe same kind orto add something. HOGuwoeh-ahea—e-et. alwys have toast and cole for breakfast gRepHgeTe. What ar the necessary ngredions? CUACRRC MERC T. They are chicen, vegetables, and seasoning NIENAYS means the same ay NEN AFEFUT, NIENAP is commonly uted for ‘explanations of set menus at a restaurant or coffee shop, or of a comme sccessories included so att emphasize it economical price. gers? Wha are you going to onder? TAMU, ANF YS F, IEE Cas BEES 11 have this. Spaghen with salad and coffee for 850 yen ‘Ways of responding when one is prised appear to difer from one county to another. They ang from saying 351) 2F& 3 (thank you) to show acceptance of the paige to denying it with a fooling of humility. In Japanese, there are several expressions to deny the praise ith humiliy, which are shown below (1) An expression used 0 deny the pris by saying the level achieved isnot yet hat high BAB, 9¢U02, ‘our Japanese i excellent. WA, BREET. No, noryet (2) An expression used to accept tho praise a litle bt deny most oft BR 2947 TE6DBUKTT OTH, ‘Section Manager, Iheard tha you're very good at karaoke, ne, AMET ORE, ‘Na, nor so good. (6) An expression used o deny the praise entirely BREA. TB. S8UAR. TI TOARUE TMA E, Me Seok, ! heard that youre goed at baseball. ox god oa profestonal layer EATEBUSHA, 2 [Nota all. Just tet AoE a—S-OZE MEA. CHM TH oTMUEAKY LE. ‘Me. Tanaka, I heard that you know el abou computers ThELESNR HE. No, that's not 0 HRCEUTT ES_2* Expression used to accept the other person statement o some degree LORIST, DOE, BM ORTLED? Your necktie is ssh suppose i was expensive, 35h. BB. el, yes, abitLesson 15 n~ This stached to an abst noun originating fom Chines and is wed to caver ths ou imo an aeste, The fom ~928~ moles «noun an the form ~29Kc~ ‘oie vet and soon. The form ~AH97 i used asa predicate Bramples : REO specie BIRO wore FDR impressive HEINEY specialed FRY deterae 1889 ena! va ha BME TC, Aiitenwemic eau, Please write not only about your inpressions But also mention specific point inthe report. BRAROT I> cB MLT, eRMCRBC EU ELA, He participated in the Obmpte Games last ear end became famous wore PAOAE-FOLTLIA SOK ROBO TLR. Amongst today’s speeches, the one made by Mr: Rao wa the most impressive 2)~8 ‘This is ettached to a numeral or a counter suffix and is used i illustrate the order the person un Examples 1 99 thefist 8 thesecond 3.4. the shin person 1 EB the rst day 3188 the hid me RBS ARROLDS BB CT. am the second oldest of ive siblings. HO BBGRBC. 2AauAmCBEN ss, Daring the tow, we wal sayin Kyoto onthe frst night, and in Osaka on th second Drs ONSEN EBLUL, The launch ofthe rocket nal succeeded a the third attempt. 3) ~: ~B ilustrates the name ‘of something and is commonly used for headings on a form. Niabo wel incnenion tt coms aninpestottang Brune! RULE Conary Hane {EBS hon oops BEE toe ofcommody BE tems ore FEE Name RB Name of Disease Kesler tmesonernecr. ‘Seals withthe company name and its representatives name are necessary on the invoice Nenszee This is commonly used when confirming the eomectnes of «corlusion or opinion reached baed on what the ote person sid HRUS. SACHA ITT. Apparent the Company Prestden has ust rived at he apr. WEDDZER, TESQRSNSO, THBTZCENETE, That means ha he will come here at around sven ti Qza5—HT £3093 DUT is followed by a statement expressing a conclusion or result, The Preceding sentence explains the circumstances or reasons that brought about the conclusion or the result. A detailed explanation is usually given inthe preceding sentence UGRBOTEIUL, NOS BoE Ledu, Thc, RAE CRON ABUK, T3025HT. HOCUS EUT. THB. 1 cant speck English and don like foreign fod. Moreover I hate fying. That is why havent been abroad mich § For information Explanation of conjunctive expressions ‘The following is a list of commonly used conjunctive expressions end ones which you have already leaned. They are grouped by meaning.(1) meaning ANDY THEN': ELT, TNHB @) meaning BUT": 2. TH. LBL. HNES, ELBA C)reason CTS EMS, TAT LORG TIVIHUT ()addiion HA, ENE, FOIA (heoadidonal: Tle, ENV, ZI LAS, TREE, TITHE (6 changing sabes: 8. LEST, O)wcaling: 4 5UAE @ suming: DE). BTS (©) coatrming: £499 2 Ete V-SEW3Z Eld can nominalze the whole phrase. I is used as the subject in the Sentence pattem Vi EW © E¢~ iE, This expression i similr to ~O18~2E which you learned in Lesson 38 of Kiso Il, but V-S E119 ZEIL~ implies that the statements saying something generally understood V2 TC Ef isa colloquial version of VS & U3 Z Et and is commonly used inconvesation. Fr the predicate of ~7E, HELL, ASEH and other words expressing he Speakers evaluation or judgement are commonly use, MervobomBeRT ens zciezwicm LU, ‘is relly dificult o finda satsing workplace ROBEY C3 cee OMORUrRMERKZ LE, Studying 2 foreign language means learning the culture and customs of that counts dali yeti) rataaivn Tea any ~IS. B such condons were avaiable, but that sich possibly is ral. By sting imainry conditions diferent from the reality, this expression implies the speaker is wishing they were eal but knows they are notin reality 1PAREERERAT, DAVY LEU, Mouldn tit ence take a vacation fora nonhor so andreas? “Sho Ty BLU, SHARON By Yes, but thats diel. Unless T were to leave my company. is an expression to explain that situation or a result would be differen if102 Lesson 16 DUAL is used when the speaker recalls oF realizes something which is related to ‘ht th other person has just said. Is also used when the speaker associates something ‘with his oma thoughts WEA, TOTS IALEI ED, Me Ogona looks happy these days, doesn the? “ED Ky TIVAM, ZOO > EMME hoTHS The es, he does. That reminds me. He told me recently that he had nally decided to set marred RISWRAR LOLA KS>. BULCT, BHEDzB, Ive heard ther the new restaurant that opened next door recently has good, inexpensive food. Ride B TIDAL, FY FOF-EnRNEUET. SBOR — Hee crm, ae Yes itdoes Speaking of which Ihave discount tsets for lnch there. How about avin nck there with me today? ~ATEST expresses hearsay. It means almost the same as ~£ 5 in Lesson 47 of Kiso I. ~A-fE->T with a rising tone is wed to 6 obtained ffom others. It is commonly used in informal conversation lose to you, ~AEST, like iaadjective, and n which you learned confirm information With those who are ~ArCH, can be attced tothe plain form of a ver, adjective, jun. After the present form of a jective or a noun, however, BBHORDE A. pay ean sae "ve heard that Mu Yoshida of the General Affairs Section w leave the company next month 22>. RMI AR ARDY EO What, reall? He only joined this companya year ogo PMSADBSATES BhUBAH IT? ve heard that Mr. o's daughter is very beau. Is it rue? Dh, LOMPB EAD BETH TIC UL Yes. Eas surprised when I met her at Mr lio’ house the other day. fence wor na en akg ny efi cringe anges ene tec valde ea dssMidlligy Cues fir jen BEB is used. . lly, VE 5 EC BU BUY + adjective is the common form. In a conversation, inversion is also commonly used to stress degree, HAOBRGBOREENZI2< BUTT HOK. esterday’ yphoon was 0 powerfl that cars were almost blown away, BEER. 57 is more like writen language, while 221 is commonly used in conversation, “FECHLUE. SABRE ANE SE OSUKE, Betkekue sel Toe. How you work recently? ‘She had hand kee. Tm incredibly ‘work so much overtime. RBASAMOT CTT, hoo 7S L WRARUENS, dancin ace iat | Beate oaigarm ina ee ee whenever a truck passes by:100 Rs ‘ | Lesson 17 BLb > ss an averd which means to make prepartons in advance eo as not to cause Problems later. Is often used withthe expression V-T #3 ¢ 2 Ponts at what is stated in the preceding sentence. Genealy i is used whe ROUARIBUDEBATNSMS. Hoo tHE BH L Tony Tt is followed by an expression showing a possibilty or an impossbily ora word indicating an evaluation such as good or bad, dificult or easy m2 BEC S 8 reo mH, SoMce THERE Sc LCT, Whether t can obiin employment or not i the bigest issue forme right now BEAK Eo CHRRORORARMU RES cH DNICC, For foreigners, sret sigs’ Japanese towns have many Chinete chaocters ond re difficult to understand, § For information Y NEE TE cannot be used when its followed by a word directly describing an motion ofthe speaker himself suchas &F& or. XUCe > THAOEN EE Dc eRe R UES TEU EEA, Ole soEn ter cekssuge cHeusen, 1 donot ike say bad things about others very much 2) ~KE STH /~keld 2 Tid and ~(CI mean almost the same thing, but ~(18 i used witha oun relating to a person to expres a contrat such as for that person in particule, ‘se from others HOMOMCU PWC HELA OTERO, Fora physically weak person lke me, working parttime is something couldnt io even if wamted to. oyLesson 18 AoA 5 means the same as £3 22> f:5 and is used when describing the speaker's ‘own opinion based on words and information obtained from another person Is polite version is T LA 5. There are similar expressions uch as EU 3 and EAL v. COMMER AEE, RMT BU, The room rate at this Japanese inn cheap, butt doesn incu meas “RORS. REM THD. HERCAS 30 In that cas, lets have supper before goin there. LOIT—. ARBUUOE. BIBT TA, The itinerary for ths tou 's good, but he price i high, envi? “CLES. TSSRUMHTL ED. ARE ABU CTH, Ep DST. BEEIP—CooTURT. Then, how about tis one? Although i one day shorter, the price of ths tour te ‘cheaper and the itinerary isthe same VSL EMH EF illustrates that the situation takes place once in a while or Sometimes Is comsmonly ued with a adver such as 231 (once in while) or Gometines). a BACT ORNL BREE SS HUNTED, Which isthe better way of going tothe airport, by bus or by rain? “Okt. MAUER SC ew m5, EO HUE, Wel he buss sometimes delayed, taking the as Bete, BOTY RUAL CRS ZemauEtos, BRLTHRL EK EAL, Please drive with car as chilre sometimes rsh out into the set. SEM ORERROBMEHS tur AeCBonMERESZ LIES. 4 Es ‘He rarely shows hs emottons, but looks angry once ma wn VC EMNGH4 FF is ot used when the simation takes place often. tn such eases, the Brass shown inthe examples sbove ae changed to RUSE RET. Fi ORULET, § For information For emphasizing that something different from usual takes place, V-EZE-$HS is used by tuning Ato , HOME vobvagysatts Do you always take a box Inch? WA. RETRAS SLOAN ET EL, No, sometines have lunch in the cafeteria, E- is used when deseribing the speaker's own judgment or conclusion based on newly ‘obtained information ffom the other person, ~A- (57°. ~, which you will lean inthis lesson, is used inthe same context and means if ti so. ‘~/e is anached to the plain form ofa verb or adjective, When it comes afer 3 "seadjectve of the present form of @ noun, ~A. i is tamed into ~f AU. In this ‘case, however, ~ L is commonly used with the 2 omitted. ~ Ae Us ® is followed bya nepative expression suchas §5BZ, 1200 or THU THETA, BPEVWT. RENT, SARLEARUATTM, Excuse me. I've caught a cold and have a fever, 0 T would lke to sake a day off rom work today. EDs BMS ALE. EMER. Bo CURA T CEES ac That oo bad Itcan be helped yu havea fever Plate take a good re. SEOBEROBMR. —A 15,000 HE Te Te heard har the partelpation fe for this ears yearend party wil be 15 00 ‘yen per person “EARCBUALS, AABEDEU SS Iie s0 expensive, nobody wil u8Ji Kiso T, you leamed about miking nouns by adaing & tothe sem of an adjective. 2, ABE, BE and BE are some cumple, 72 can Be ataced othe tems of amos al djctives and some na-adjstives to make nouns which describe the degre of soething TOBBOGEL 30M eT. The area ofthis room is 30m CORRES E COLM OA AMUST, BORO TARCE et, "is washing machines quieter by fr than comenional models. You can do your ashing ve tig without worying about the noice Among adjectives dsebing the degree of something with th antonym, such as ® tot and 4804, those with postive meanings are usualy nominalzed, OcosgoReReo fn wih me oF Rt Lal decided ogo lone afr considering Chto edcaton Hise when on gus a ik 5. SOA. BARES Gums, oI ER BE, ues tt hi =: Yo, Me hi Wi wed hte ting te some edhe some ay BABORBCOUT ETH, soBFA DEANE Ske I GVboEBrgmes

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• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (609)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1717)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (897)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (348)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1018)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (822)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1866)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Tóibín

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1947)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (401)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4771)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (808)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4208)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1902)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2522)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)