Arabic with Husna Cheat Sheet

WORDS - Three kinds of words in Arabic  Remove the extra ‫ ن‬at the end of the ‫اسم‬. ‫آت‬
ٌ (aatun) ‫آت‬
ُ (aatu) ‫َرفع‬
In the Arabic language, we have only 3 kinds of Masculine Plural ٍ‫( آت‬aatin) ِ‫( آت‬aati) ‫صب‬ ْ َ‫ن‬
words. They are: ‫ت‬
ٍ ‫( آ‬aatin) ‫ت‬
ِ ‫( آ‬aati) ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬
ّ َ
1. ‫م‬ ٌ ‫ِس‬ ْ ‫ ا‬- The name of a person, place, thing, idea,
adjective, adverb and more.
2. ‫ل‬ ٌ ‫ فِ ْع‬- A word that has a tense (past, present or B. Ending Sounds
future) Heav Light
3. ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ح ْر‬
َ - A word that needs another word with it in y
order to make sense. ٌ(oun ُ(o)
‫َرفع‬
Every ‫ اسم‬has 4 properties )
Feminine ً(un) َ(aa) ‫ص‬ْ َ‫ن‬
1. Status ‫اعراب‬
2. Number ‫عدد‬ ‫ب‬
3. Gender ‫جنس‬ ٍ(in) ِ(e) ّ‫جر‬َ
4. Type ‫قسم‬
Every time you come across an ‫ اسم‬you should be C. Pronouns (‫)ضمائر‬
able to identify its four properties.  Independent Pronouns (‫)ضمیر منفصل‬
a. Always ‫َرفع‬
Status of )‫اسم (اعراب‬
 Note that making an ‫ اسم‬light or heavy will  Attached Pronouns (‫)ضمیر متصل‬
1. The three forms of status
a. Doer of the act ‫م ْرفُوع‬ NOT change the status of the ‫اسم‬. a. ‫ نصب‬if attached to ‫( فِعل‬verb)
َ / ‫َرفع‬
b. Detail of the act ‫صوب‬ ُ ‫م ْن‬
َ / ‫صب‬ْ َ‫ن‬ d. There are only 4 reasons for an ‫ اسم‬to be light b. ‫ نصب‬if attached to ‫حرف نصب‬
c. Word after ‘of’ ‫جرور‬
ْ ‫م‬ َ / ّ‫جر‬
َ 1. When ‫( مضاف‬a ‫ مضاف‬is light and the c. ‫ جر‬if attached to ‫حرف جر‬
‫ الیہ" "مضاف‬is in ‫ جر‬status) d. ‫ جر‬if attached to ‫( اسم‬such as ‫مضاف‬
2. Light vs. Heavy 2. When you call someone using a ‫يا‬ ‫ مضاف الیہ‬،)
a. An ‫ اسم‬can either be “light” or “heavy” normally 3. When partly flexible
an ‫ اسم‬should be heavy.
4. When absolute negation (‫)ال نافیۃ جنس‬
b. All the words in the Muslim chart are heavy.
for example “‫”ال الہ اال ہلل‬
Masculine
e. Note: ‫ ال‬doesn’t like ‫تنوین‬, but an ‫ اسم‬with ‫ال‬
isn’t considered light. The light vs heavy
conversation is irrelevant for words with ‫ ال‬on
them.

3. How to Tell Status

A. Ending Combination
Masculine
Feminine Heavy Light
ِ‫( آن‬aani) ‫( آ‬aa) ‫َرفع‬
Pair ‫ن‬
ِ ‫( َ ْي‬ayni) َ‫ي‬ ْ (ay) ‫صب‬ ْ َ‫ن‬
‫ن‬ِ ‫( َ ْي‬ayni) ‫ي‬ْ َ (ay) ّ ‫جر‬ َ
‫( ون‬oona) ‫( و‬oo) ‫َرفع‬
Plural ‫ن‬
َ ‫( ِ ْي‬eena) ‫ي‬
ْ (ee) ‫صب‬ ْ َ‫ن‬
‫ن‬َ ‫( ِ ْي‬eena) ‫ي‬
ْ ِ (ee) ّ ‫جر‬ َ

c. An ‫ اسم‬is made light by removing the extra ‫ن‬ Feminine

sound at the end. Do this by:
Heavy Light
 Removing the ‫ تنوین‬OR
 Status of 5 following words is not shown by ending
sound or ending combination. Their status is shown
3. Partly flexible by ending letter.
a. Cannot be heavy and cannot take a “kasrah” The five special isms are:
such that it has two forms, one for ‫ َرفع‬and Father ‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫أ‬
one form for ‫صب‬ ْ َ‫ ن‬and ّ‫جر‬
َ Brother ٌ َ‫أ‬
‫خ‬
b. A partly flexible ‫ اسم‬becomes fully flexible if Mouth ‫م‬ٌ ‫ف‬ َ
it is a ‫(مضاف‬the word before ‘of’) or if ‫ ال‬is In-law ‫م‬ ٌ َ‫ح‬
put in front of it. Possessor-of ‫ذُو‬
 ‫ رفع‬ends with ‫و‬
Words which are partly flexible  ‫ نصب‬ends with ‫ا‬
 Names of all places, whether Arab or non-Arab,  ‫ جر‬ends with ‫ي‬
with the exception if names spelled with 3 letters

 All non-Arab names, with the exception if names

spelled with three letters with a ْ (sukoon) in the
middle

4. Flexibility
There are 3 categories of flexibility: Number of )‫اسم (عدد‬
1. Fully flexible There are three categories for number of ‫اسم‬
a. Fully flexible ‫ اسم‬can show all three
statuses ‫ َرفع‬, ‫صب‬ ْ َ‫ ن‬and ّ‫جر‬َ A. Singular
There are only four Arab Prophets mentioned in
b. Most ‫ اسم‬are fully flexible. the Quran ‫د‬ َ ‫ش‬
ٌ ‫ه ْو‬
ُ ,‫ح‬
ٌ ِ‫ صال‬, ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ع ْي‬ ُ and ‫د‬
ٌ ‫م‬
َّ ‫ح‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ . If
c. Fully flexible ‫ اسم‬can be heavy or light. you memorize these it will become easy to B. Pair
d. All the words in the Muslim chart are fully recognize that almost all other names mentioned  Masculine ends with aani , aini, aini (see
flexible. in the Quran are partly flexible. Muslim chart)
2. Non flexible  Feminine ends with taani, taini, taini (see
a. Non flexible isms only have one form.  Names of colors (masculine or feminine) for
Muslim chart)
b. Look the same in all statuses. example ‫م ُر‬ ْ َ‫ ا‬، ‫مرا ُء‬
َ ‫ح‬ ْ ‫ح‬َ
c. Words that are non flexible:  Comparatives (masculine and feminine) for
exampleُ‫حسَن‬ ْ ‫ َا‬، ‫اَ ْکبَ ُر‬ C. Plural
 Words ending in ‫( الف‬such as‫الف مقصورۃ‬
‫ الف ممدودۃ‬،) eg: ‫مو‬ ُ ‫ ھدی‬، ‫ ُدنْيا‬، ‫سی‬
 Body defects for example ُ‫( َا ْبکَم‬mute) and ‫ج‬ َ ْ‫أَع‬
ُ ‫و‬ There are four kinds of plurals
(crooked) a. People plurals
 All ‫اسم موصولۃ‬
 Certain Broken Plurals with an ‫ الف‬in the middle  (‫ سالم (جمع مذکر‬Sound Masculine Plural
for example ‫ج ُد‬ ِ ‫مسا‬ َ ,‫ح‬ ُ ‫مفاتِي‬
َ (see Muslim chart). Recall that the –oona, –
eena ending combinations from the Muslim
 The singular and the plural pointing 5. Five ‫ اسم‬with exceptions (‫)االسماء خمسۃ‬ chart represent words that are masculine
words(pointers other than pairs) and plural.
  (‫ )سالم مؤنث جمع‬Sound Feminine Plural
(see Muslim chart). Recall that the –aatun
and –aatin ending combinations in the
Muslim chart represent words that are
feminine and plural.
b. ‫ ))جمع مکسر عاقل‬Human-broken plurals
 They are broken plurals that represent
groups of intelligent beings (humans,
jinni, and angels), for example ‫ُرسُل‬
ُ‫ عُلَمَاء‬، ‫ مَالئِکہ‬،
 They have no pattern like “Sound
People Plural”, need to consult
dictionary to figure out if it is plural.
 Masculine can take pronouns and
pointers as singular feminine such as (
‫ تلك‬, ‫ )ھي‬OR their normal plural
pronouns and pointers (‫ اولئك‬, ‫)ھم‬.
 Famine can take pronouns and pointers
as singular feminine such as (‫ تلك‬, ‫)ھي‬
OR their normal plural pronouns and
pointers (‫ ھؤالئك‬, ّ‫)ھن‬.
c. ‫ ))جمع مکسر غیر عاقل‬Non-human-broken
plurals
 Non-Human Broken Plurals represent
non intelligent beings for example , ‫ب‬
‫ِالب‬
ٌ ‫ ك‬, ‫ِد‬
ُ ‫مساج‬ َ
 Always treated as singular feminine
The chart below can help you determine how
plurals should be grammatically treated.
d. ‫ ))اسم جمع‬Some words are plural just
because Arabs said so such as.
 They are translated as singular but are
grammatically treated as plural because
they represent groups of people. For
َ (nation), ‫ناس‬
example ‫م‬ ٌ ‫ق ْو‬ ٌ (nation),
َ (century)
ٌ‫ق ْرن‬
Gender of )‫اسم (جنس‬
 In Arabic every ‫ اسم‬is grammatically treated as of ‫خمر‬ َ . He is tempted despite his fear of ‫ج‬
َ
either masculine or feminine. ‫ ھَنّم‬to take a sip but wards off his
 Words are assumed to be masculine unless it can temptation and uses his ‫ عَصا‬to strike the
be proved that they are feminine. drink.
 Words that represent biologically feminine beings
are grammatically treated as feminine. For
Type of )‫اسم (قسم‬
example: mother ‫م‬ ّ ‫ ُأ‬, sister ‫ت‬ ْ ‫ ُأ‬, cow ‫ق َر ٌة‬
ٌ ‫خ‬ َ َ‫ب‬
 Type refers to a word being common ‫ك َرة‬ ِ َ‫ ))ن‬or
 Some words that are not biologically feminine
proper (‫)مفرفۃ‬. In English these are called
may be treated as feminine also. They are called
indefinite and definite words or generic and
fake feminine.
specific words.
There are 5 types of fake feminine
 Normally a word is common unless we can prove
1. Words ending in the letter ‫ ة‬or ‫( آء‬only for
that it is proper.
ٰ (only for superlatives)
colors), and ‫ى‬
A. Proper (‫)معرفۃ‬
There are 7 kinds of proper words:
1. Words with )‫ال (الم تعریف‬
eg: َ‫الْکِتَابُ المُسْلِمُون‬
 When )‫ ال (الم تعریف‬is added ‫تنوین‬
Note: There are some male names that end drops
in ‫ة‬. For example ‫ُاويَة‬
ِ ‫ مع‬، ‫مة‬َ ‫ ُأسا‬, ‫حمزۃ‬. 2. Proper names (‫علَم‬ َ ‫)اسم‬
These names are still masculine despite the eg: ‫د علی‬ ٌ ‫م‬َّ ‫ح‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ ،
fact that they have a ‫ ة‬at the end 3. The one being called (‫َى‬ ٰ ‫مناد‬
ُ ‫)ال‬
eg: ‫م ُد یا‬
َّ ‫ح‬
َ ‫م‬ُ , ‫ولد يا‬
2. Human body parts in pairs  Word after ‫ یا‬becomes light
ٌ ‫ك ُت‬
ُ
 If you call someone ‫ ولدُ یا‬,ُ‫ یا رب‬such
that word after ‫ یا‬gets ‫رفع‬
 If you call a ‫ مضاف‬it becomes ‫نصب‬
such as ‫یا َعبِدَہللا‬
4. Pronouns (‫)ضمائر‬. The English pronouns are
I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
3. Broken plurals and all non-human plurals 5. Pointer words (‫)اإلشارة اسماء‬: In English
(discussed earlier) there are four: this, that, these, and those
4. Proper names of places, for example ,‫مكَّة‬
َ
‫ص ُر‬
ْ ‫م‬ ْ َ‫أ‬
ِ , ‫م ِر ْيكا‬
5. Feminine because the Arabs said so, these
are called ‫مونث سِماعي‬. These words are
highlighted in the story below:
During a ‫ح ْرب‬ َ a soldier was daydreaming
looking up at the ‫سماء‬ َ until the ‫شمس‬ َ
came up. When he snapped out of it, he
realized he was the only‫ نَفْس‬left on the
battlefield. He was surrounded by ‫ نار‬so he
used a ‫د ْلو‬
َ full of water to make a ‫سبِ ْيل‬ َ all
the way to safer ‫أَ ْرض‬. In the hot blowing
‫ ِر ْيح‬he was desperately looking for a ‫ بِئْر‬to
draw water from. In his search, he found an
empty ‫ دار‬inside which he finds a ‫ ك َْأس‬full
 6. Connector words (‫ )اسما الموصولۃ‬such as
‫(الذی‬the one who)

7. ‫ مضاف‬is proper if ‫ مضاف الیہ‬is proper

B. Common (‫)نکرۃ‬
 Usually has ‫ تنوین‬but not applicable for
proper name for example ٌ‫حمَّد‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ
 Ending combination without ‫ال‬
FRAGMENTS - The 6 Fragments  Don’t confuse the ‫ َو‬of ‫( حرف جار‬for oaths only)
A fragment is more than a word but less than a Multiple ‫ه‬ِ ‫مضاف إِلي‬ ُ with the connector ‫ َو‬which means “and”. The ‫َو‬
complete sentence. In Arabic there are 6 commonly Sometimes there are several ‫ه‬ ِ ‫مضاف إِلي‬ ُ in one of ‫ حرف جار‬will make the ‫ اسم‬after it ‫مجرور‬
used fragments that involve ‫اسم‬: construction in that case middle ‫ه‬ ِ ‫مضاف إِلي‬ ُ becomes  When ‫ِن‬ ْ ‫ م‬and ‫ن‬ ْ َ‫ ع‬are attached to ‫ ما‬they are
1. ‫اضافۃ‬ the ‫ مضاف‬of succeeding words. Therefore ‫ ال‬cannot written as ‫ما‬َّ ‫م‬
ِ and ‫ما‬ َ
َّ ‫ع‬
2. ‫حرف جار‬ precede it nor can the ‫ تنوین‬be appended to it for  If attached to a pronoun, ‫ الی‬and ‫ علی‬are
3. ‫حرف نصب‬ example ِ‫))بابُ بَیْتِ الولد‬. pronounced with a ‫ ي‬eg: ‫ه‬ ِ ‫ عَ لَ ْي‬or ‫ك‬
َ ‫إلَ ْي‬
4. ‫موصوف صفۃ‬
5. ‫( اسما اشارۃ و مشار الیہ‬Pointers) Note: ‫ غیر‬,‫ بعض‬,‫ کل‬don’t always have to be a Fragment ‫حرف نصب‬
‫مضاف‬. They can appear heavy as well with a ‫تنوین‬.  The ‫ حرف نصب‬makes its ‫ اسم‬a ‫نصب‬
Fragment‫اضافۃ‬ It depends on what it is being used for.  It can tolerate a long distance relationship
 It brings two ‫ اسم‬together with the word ‘of’ in
between them e.g Messenger of Allah. Fragment ‫حرف جار‬
 The word before ‘of’ is called the ‫مضاف‬ ُ and the  The ‫ حرف جار‬makes the ‫ اسم‬after it ‫مجرور‬
word after ‘of’ is called the ‫مضاف‬ُ ‫الیہ‬.  Nothing comes between the ‫ حرف جار‬and its
‫اسم‬
Four primary rules for the ‫اضافۃ‬  The ‫ حرف جار‬is called the ‫ جار‬and the ‫اسم‬it
1. The ‫مضاف‬ ُ (word before “of”) should be: makes ‫ جار‬is the ‫ج ُرور‬
ْ ‫م‬
َ
a. Light  The ‫ نصب‬version of the pronoun ‫ أَنا‬is ‫ ني‬and
b. No )‫ال (الم تعریف‬ There are 17 ‫حرف جار‬ the ‫ نصب‬for ‫ نحن‬is ‫نا‬.
2. The ‫ه‬ِ ‫مضاف إِلي‬ ُ should be: many َّ‫ُرب‬ With ‫ب‬ When attached to a ‫ حرف نصب‬ending in َّ‫ن‬,
a. In ّ‫ جر‬status after the ‫مضاف‬ ُ Other than ‫َاش‬
َ ‫ ح‬Swear ‫ت‬ these pronouns can be written fully, or the ‫ ن‬can
3. Nothing comes between ‫مضاف‬ ُ and ‫مضاف‬ ُ ‫ه‬
ِ ‫إِلي‬ (by Allah) be dropped. ‫ إِنَّنِي‬or ‫ ِانّي‬and ‫ ٰلكِ َّننا‬and ‫ٰلكِ َّنا‬
4. ‫مضاف‬ from/ ‫ِن‬
ْ ‫م‬ like/as ‫ك‬
ُ type is dictated by its ‫مضاف‬ُ ‫ه‬
ِ ‫إِلي‬
because of
Other than
Fragment ‫موصوف صفۃ‬
Three basic kinds of ‫اضافۃ‬ ‫عدا‬ for/have ‫ل‬
(pronoun ,َ‫ل‬ It is a noun-adjective fragment in which one ‫ اسم‬is
1. “of” translation eg: Imam of the masjid else ‫ل‬
ِ ) used to describe another ‫اسم‬. For example, we say
‫د إِمام‬
ِ ِ‫سج‬
ْ ‫م‬
َ ‫ال‬ in/about ‫في‬ oath ‫و‬ a tall boy, the tall girls etc. The word tall is the
2. Pronoun attached to an ‫ اسم‬eg: His house ‫بَ ْي ُته‬ about/away ْ‫عَن‬ since ‫م ْن ُذ‬ adjective and the words boy, girls are the nouns.
ُ
3. Special ‫ مضاف‬eg: Under the earth from
‫ت االرض‬
َ ‫َح‬
ْ ‫ت‬ on/upon/ ‫علی‬ since ْ‫مذ‬
ُ  ‫صوف‬ ُ ‫م ْو‬َ must come first. There is only one
against ‫صوف‬ ُ ‫م ْو‬َ
Special ‫مضاف‬ until ‫حتّی‬ Other than ‫خال‬  :‫صفَة‬ ِ
 Special ‫ مضاف‬are words that act as a ‫مضاف‬ to/towards ‫ِالَی‬  Must come after the ‫صوف‬ ُ ‫م ْو‬َ
99.9% of the time  Has the same 4 properties as the ‫صوف‬ ُ ‫م ْو‬
َ
However, when we translate them we do not Important notes about ‫حرف جار‬  There can be multiple ‫صفَات‬ ِ
always use the word ‘of’ in the translation eg.  Don’t confuse the ‫ك‬ َ , ‫ حرف جار‬with the  Can tolerate a long distance relationship
‫ت االرض‬
َ ‫َح‬
ْ ‫ت‬ attached pronoun ‫ك‬ َ . eg: - ‫ف‬
ٍ ‫ص‬
ْ ‫ع‬ َ is a ,‫حرف جار‬
َ ‫ك‬
َ ُّ‫ َرب‬is an attached pronoun.
‫ك‬ Complex ‫ موصوف صفۃ‬case
 When attached to a pronoun, the ‫ ل‬is How to construct fragment “Long beard of my
pronounced ‫ل‬ َ otherwise it is ِ‫ل‬. eg: ‫ لکم‬vs. grandfather”?
‫ل‬ٍ ‫س ْو‬ُ ‫لِ َر‬
 Don’t confuse the ‫ ل‬of ‫ حرف جار‬with the ‫ ل‬of Let’s approach step by step.
emphasis. The ‫ ل‬of emphasis does not make the 1. How do you say “my grandfather”? This is an
‫ اسم‬a ‫ مجرور‬eg: ‫اضافۃ‬. The word for “grandfather” is ‫جد‬
َ .
 ‫حن‬ ْ ‫ – لَ َن‬Most certainly, I swear to it, we. Therefore it will be ‫ ي‬+ ‫جد‬
َ (pronoun for my) =
 ‫ – لَنا‬For us (‫)حرف جار‬. ‫دِي‬
ّ ‫ج‬
َ
2. How do you say “beard of my grandfather”? Now  The pointer must be followed immediately by  However, you cannot say ‫ الكتابِي هذا‬because
the ‫ِحية‬ ْ ‫ “اسم “ل‬will be the ‫ مضاف‬and ‫دِي‬ ّ ‫ج‬
َ will ‫ال‬ ‫ كتاب‬is a ‫ اضافۃ‬and the ‫ مضاف‬cannot take an
become the ‫مضاف‬ ُ ‫ه‬
ِ ‫لي‬ ِ ‫إ‬.  Four properties of the ‫م‬ُ ‫ِس‬
ْ ‫ االشارۃ ا‬and ‫ال‬
Therefore we have ُ‫ِحيَة‬ ْ ‫دِي ل‬ ّ ‫ج‬َ . This is a ‫مشا ٌر‬
ُ ‫ه‬
ِ ‫ إِلي‬must match.
compound fragment consisting of two .‫اضافۃ‬ Making Sentences: Solution:
‫ِحيَة‬
ْ ‫ ل‬is the first ‫ مضاف‬and ‫د‬ ِ ‫ج‬َ is its ‫مضاف‬ ُ ‫ه‬ِ ‫إِلي‬.  Pointer should not have ‫ ال‬after it. Put the pointer word after the ‫ اضافۃ‬eg: ‫کتابی ھذا‬
Now ‫د‬ ِ ‫ج‬ َ becomes the second ‫مضاف‬ ُ and ‫ي‬
becomes its ‫مضاف‬ ُ ‫ه‬ ِ ‫إِلي‬. Let’s look at some examples from the Quran: Fragment ‫تمیز‬
3. How do you say “long beard of my grandfather”? ‫ تمیز‬is an ‫ اسم‬used to specify comparative and
Now we come to the ‫ صفۃ‬part. Before this we superlative nouns. In order to specify the
got done with ‫اضافۃ‬. Now we realize that “long ( ‫ تفضيل اسم‬we use ‫( تمييز‬translated as “In terms
‫ ”)طويل‬is the ‫ صفۃ‬of “beard (‫ِحيَة‬ ْ ‫”)ل‬. We know of”). They don‘t have to be beside one another. They
that ‫ موصوف صفۃ‬share the same four may be separated with other words.
properties. Therefore “long (‫ ”)طويل‬has to have 1. Must be ‫نصب‬
the same four properties as “beard (‫”)لحية‬. Now 2. Must be singular
from step 3, we note that ‫ِحيَة‬ ْ ‫ ل‬is ‫رفع‬, it is 3. Must be ‫نكرة‬
singular, feminine and proper (because ‫ جد‬is For Example: ً‫ماال و ولدا‬
ً ‫انا اکثر منك‬
proper because ‫ ي‬is proper). Now we have to
construct ‫ طويل‬with the same four properties. It To point at the ‫مضاف‬ Note: ٌّ‫شر‬
َ and ‫خ ْی ٌر‬
َ : These are considered
is ‫ويلَة‬ِ َ‫الط‬. To point at the ‫مضاف‬, place the pointer after the comparatives even though they don’t sound like ‫اکبر‬
4. The answer is ‫دي الطویلۃ‬ ّ ‫لحیۃ ج‬. Note: ‫الطويلة‬ ‫إليه مضاف‬. For example, I would like to say “This and are translated as ‘better’ (‫خ ْی ٌر‬
َ ) and ‘worse’ (‫ر‬
ٌّ ‫ش‬
َ ).
has an ‫ ال‬on it even though ‫ لحية‬does not. This path of mine” which is a fragment hence:
does not matter. It only matters that both are → ‫ھذہ سبیلي‬ Comparatives and Superlatives (‫)اسم تفضیل‬
proper. Always remember to do the ‫ اضافۃ‬first, There are 2 ways to turn a comparative noun into a
and then do the ‫ موصوف صفۃ‬at the end. To create a sentence with an ‫ال‬ superlative.
For example I want to say “This is the man”. a. Add an ‫ال‬
Fragment ‫( اسما االشارۃ‬Pointers) Use a matching pronoun to separate the pointer and ُ‫( اَجْمَل‬more beautiful) → ُ‫( َااْلَجْمَل‬most beautiful)
 Pointer words are ‫ اسم‬used to point at other the ‫ ال‬hence → ُ‫جل‬
ُ َّ‫ھذا ھُو الر‬ b. Make the ‫ اسم تفضیل‬a ‫مضاف‬
isms This can be done in 3 ways. The ‫ تفضیل اسم‬in all 3
 The pointer word is called the ‫م‬ ُ ‫ِس‬
ْ ‫اإلشا َر ِة ا‬ ِ and Some examples: cases is superlative because it is a ‫مضاف‬.
the word it’s pointing at is called the ‫ه‬ ِ ‫مشا ٌر إِلَ ْي‬
ُ .
 For example, in the phrase “this girl” the word
“this” is the ‫م‬ ُ ‫ِس‬ ْ ‫ االشارۃ ا‬and the word “girl” is
the ‫مشا ٌر‬ ِ ‫إِلَ ْي‬
ُ ‫ه‬
 Since ‫اإلشا َر ِة اسم‬ ِ are ‫اسم‬, they must have
four properties status, number, gender and type
 The number and gender are determined by
meaning
 Pointer words are always proper Using ْ‫من‬ِ with ‫اسم تفضیل‬
Complex ‫ اسماءاالشارۃ‬case
 Most pointer words are non-flexible, thus the How do you say “This book of mine”? To construct sentences that have phrases like “more
status can only be told based on the word’s place than” or “bigger than” we use ‫ِن‬ ْ ‫م‬.
in the sentence. There are a couple of key points to note here: For Example: ُ‫خیْرٌ مِنْہ‬
َ ‫( انا‬I am better than him)
 Chart of the ‫م‬ ُ ‫ِس‬ ْ ‫ االشارۃ ا‬can be found in  Book of mine is an ‫ اضافۃ‬fragment.
previous sections  ‘This’ is pointing to the book. The book is the
‫مضاف‬.
Sentence vs Fragment  Remember that if you want to make the pointer
Pointer words can be used to make sentences or point at a word, then you have to put the word
fragments.
right after it and put a ‫ ال‬on it (‫)الكتاب هذا‬.
Making Fragments:
SENTENCES – Two Kinds
There are 2 kinds of sentences:
1. ‫ اسم‬based such that ‫جملۃ اسمیۃ‬
2. ‫ فعل‬based such that ‫جملۃ فعلیۃ‬
‫جملۃ اسمیۃ‬
This sentence always starts with an ‫ اسم‬in ‫رفع‬
status e.g: ٌ‫المسْجِدِ فی مُحَمَّد‬
Our first job in understanding a ‫ جملۃ اسمیۃ‬is to find
the invisible “is”, here are some tips to do that:
1. Proper followed by common eg: ‫( ہللا اکبر‬Allah
is greater)
2. ‫ حرف نصب‬+ its victim:
 The invisible “is” is right after the ‫ حرف‬and
it’s victim eg: …IS ‫انّ اال نسان‬
 Remember that the victim of a ‫حرف نصب‬
can be far away from the ‫ حرف‬but we still
translate them together
3. ‫ رفع‬pronouns: ‫ ھو‬is not just “is” but “He is”
4. Break in the chain
 When you can’t connect a bunch of ‫اسم‬
together by applying what you learned of the
5 fragments, you will find the invisible “is”
where the connection is lost
‫ب العالمین‬ ّ ‫الحمد | ہلل ر‬
‫فی قلوبہم | مرض‬
an outside doer, a doer that is not a
pronoun.
 Two rules to tell outside doer
 Must be in ‫ رفع‬status
 Must be after the ‫فعل‬
 Outside doer can be singular, dual, or plural as
following:
 ‫ قال مسلمون‬، ‫ قال مسلمان‬، ‫قال مسلم‬
 Use the ‫ ھو‬version of the ‫ فعل‬if the outside
doer is masculine eg: ‫قال مسلم‬
 Use the ‫ ھي‬version of the ‫ فعل‬if the outside
doer is masculine eg: ‫قال مسلمۃ‬
 Doer is called ‫ل‬
ٌ ‫ فاع‬in Arabic
Examples:
‫جملۃ فعلیۃ‬
This sentence always starts with a ‫ فعل‬it can be
‫ ماضی‬or ‫مضارع‬.

Examples There are three parts to a basic ‫فِعلِيَّة جملۃ‬

1. The ‫فِعل‬
2. The doer ‫( فاعِل‬always ‫ رفع‬status)
3. The details ‫م ْفعُول‬
َ (always ‫ نصب‬status)

Every basic ‫ فِعلِيَّة جملۃ‬must have a ‫ فعل‬and a

Some ‫ حروف‬and their usage
‫ حروف‬for ‫جملۃ فعلیۃ‬
‫فاعل‬. The ‫م ْفعُول‬
َ may or may not be present.
A ‫ فعلية جملۃ‬can easily be made into a question by
introducing certain words in front of it. Notice that the
Two different kinds of doers
‫ فعلية جملۃ‬does not to change.
Inside Doer:
Past Examples:
 Such that in ‫ نصروا‬we are implying a doer ‫”"ھم‬

Outside Doer:
 They only work with ‫ ھو‬or ‫ھي‬. For example
only ‫ فعل‬like ‫ نصر‬or ‫نصرت‬
ْ can have outside
doer
 When your doer is not a pronoun it is called an
outside doer
 He helped is like using an inside doer ‫نصر‬
but ‘Waleed helped’ is an example of using
 Verb ‫ کان‬and its sisters are special verbs that give It continued َ ‫مادام‬
specific meaning to a sentence. They work like ‫أفعال‬
It did not depart from doing َ‫ما برح‬
but are not labeled like a ‫فعلية جملة‬
 The Arabic word for ‘WAS’ is ‫ كان‬.‫ كان‬is a past It did not stop doing ّ‫ك‬
َ ‫ما اَنف‬
tense verb and is conjugated in the same way It did not refrain َ‫ما فتئ‬
that all ‫ ماضي فعل‬are conjugated
‫اسماء موصولۃ‬
They are a set of the words that mean ‘the one
who’. They are non-flexible ‫ اسم‬and are always
proper.

Present Examples:  The Arabic word for ‘WILL BE’ is ‫يكون‬. It is These ‫ اسم‬cannot stand on their own and thus
considered to be ‫ مضارع فعل‬and is conjugated require a ‫ صلۃ‬which explains them and gives them a
as such. complete meaning.
 ‫ یکون‬is strictly used for the future only.
 In order to limit ‫ يكون‬to the future tense we
attach either ‫ س‬or ‫سوف‬

Negations
 ‫ يكون‬sentences are treated in the exact There are 7 ways to negate in Arabic
same way as ‫ كان‬sentences (they are both 1 Absolute Negation (‫)ال ناقیۃ للجنس‬
‫ جملة اسمية‬and their parts are labeled the It is very strong negation only with ‫اسم‬. The
Use of ‫”حرف “قد‬ same way) ‫ اسم‬followed by ‫" "ال ناقیۃ للجنس‬must be light
 When used with a past tense, ْ‫ قَد‬is used to and in ‫ نصب‬status. Nothing can come between‫ال‬
emphasize and imply certainty of the action, and and its ‫( اسم‬the word after it). Together the ‫ال‬
may also include a meaning of “already”. and its ism make up the ‫مبتدا‬. For example:
For example: ْ‫ كَتَبَ قَد‬means “He already wrote”
or “He definitely wrote.”

 When used with present tense, it can be used to

imply certainty, or it may also give a meaning of Meaning ‫افمال ناقصۃ‬
2 Negating ‫ جملۃ اسمیۃ‬using ‫ ما‬and ‫لیس‬
“might”. It was َ‫کان‬
There are 4 ways of negation a
The meaning depends on the context. ْ‫يَعْلَمُ قَد‬
It became by morning ‫صبح‬
َ ‫َا‬ ‫جملۃ اسمیۃ‬. You can do one of two things to
means “He might know” or “He certainly knows”
the ‫ مبتدا‬and one of two things to the ‫خبر‬. If
depending on the context. It became by evening ‫َامسی‬ there is no ‫ خبر‬in the ‫ جملۃ اسمیۃ‬just two
It became overnight َ ‫بات‬ options exists (since we can’t alter the ‫)خبر‬.
Use of ‫ ما‬and ‫من‬َ
 ‫ ما‬means ‘what’ For example: I ate what was in
It became, it changed َ ‫صار‬
my plate
 ‫من‬َ means ‘who/someone who/ anyone It became by forenoon ‫اَضحی‬
who’ For example: I met someone who spoke in
English It became by day ّ‫ظل‬
It is not ‫لیس‬
‫ کان‬and its sisters (‫)کان و اخوتھا‬ It did not cease َ‫مازال‬
 When is a sentence in ‫ل جر‬ ّ ‫?فی مح‬
a. ‫کاذبا‬
ً ُ‫( لیس المسلم‬least strongest negation) a. A sentence can occur as a ‫إليه مضاف‬, and
b. ‫کاذبا‬
ً ُ‫ما المسلم‬ therefore be in ‫ جر‬status.
c. ٍ‫لیس المسلمُ بکاذب‬ b. A ‫ جر حرف‬can precede a sentence and therefore
d. ٍ‫المسلم بکاذب‬
ُ ‫( ما‬strongest negation) push the sentence into ‫ جر‬status.
3 Negating past tense c. A sentence can occur as a ‫ صفۃ‬to a ‫ موصوف‬that
There are two ways to negate in the past tense is ‫مجرور اسم‬.

‫مفاعیل‬ Sentence as ‫مضاف الیہ‬

NOTE: ‫ لم‬only works with ‫ مضارع فعل‬but the
meaning it produces is past tense.
4 Negating present tense
Negating the present tense is super simple just add ‫ال‬
in front
5 Negating future tense
There are two ways to negate future tense. Both
produce different meanings
a. Use ‫ن‬ْ ‫ َل‬which means “will not”
b. Use‫ َلمّا‬which means “has not yet”
For example:
6 Nothing but
a. (ّ‫)ما اِال‬
This type of negation produces a “Nothing but”
meaning. For example “I am nothing but a
student”. Add ‫ ما‬to the ‫ مبتدا‬and ‫ إاّل‬to the ‫خبر‬.
The status of the ‫ مبتدا‬and ‫ خبر‬should remain
unchanged. Just add ‫ ما‬and ‫إاّل‬
ٌ‫( ھو ذِکْرٌ → ما ھو إاّل ذِکْر‬It is nothing but
reminder)
b. (ْ‫ ِان‬and ‫)إاّل‬
If you want to emphasize the negation and make
it stronger you use a combination of ْ‫ إِن‬and ‫إِاّل‬
7 Not a single (ْ‫من‬ ِ ‫)ما‬
There is a ‫ن‬ ْ ‫م‬
ِ in Arabic that is used only in
negative sentences called ‫زائدة من‬. It is used to
say ‘not a single ____’. We put the ‫ن‬ ْ ‫م‬
ِ in front
of the ‫ اسم‬we want to negate.
For example:
There are 5 types of ‫مفاعیل‬
1. ‫ مفعول بہ‬- Answers question ‘What/Who’
2. ‫ مفعول فیہ‬- Answers question ‘When and where’
3. ‫ مفعول لہ‬- Answers question ‘Why’
4. ‫ مفعول حال‬- Answers question ‘How’
5. ‫مفعول مطلق‬
Note: All ‫ مفاعیل‬must be ‫ نصب‬or ‫ل في‬
ّ ‫نصب مح‬
Sentence’s Status
So far we have learnt how to tell the status of only
single words. That was done to keep things simple in
the beginning. The status (‫ )جر نصب رفع‬can also
apply to sentences.
What does ‫ل‬ ّ ‫ فی مح‬means?
When a sentence is in a particular status, we use the
terms ‫ فی محلّ رفع‬or ‫ فی محلّ نصب‬or
‫ فی محلّ جر‬.
When is a sentence in ‫ رفع محلّ في‬status?
a. We learned that the first ‫ مرفوع اسم‬is the ‫مبتدا‬
and the second ‫ مرفوع اسم‬is the ‫خبر‬.
b. The ‫ مبتدا‬has to be a singular ‫ اسم‬or a
fragment. It can never be a sentence.
c. The ‫ خبر‬on the other hand can be a sentence; in
fact it is very common for the ‫ خبر‬to be a
sentence as opposed to a single word.
d. It can be either a ‫ جملۃ اسمیۃ‬or a ‫جملۃ فعلیۃ‬
e. A sentence can also occur as a ‫ صفۃ‬to a ‫موصوف‬
that is ‫مرفوع اسم‬.
When is a sentence in ‫ل نصب‬ ّ ‫ في مح‬status?
a. A sentence can occur as a ‫مفعول بہ‬to certain
verbs. In this case it would ‫ل نصب‬ّ ‫في مح‬.
b. A sentence that is a ‫ حال‬would also be
‫ل نصب‬ ّ ‫في مح‬.
c. A sentence that occurs as a ‫ صفۃ‬to a ‫موصوف‬
that is ‫ نصب‬would also be ‫ل نصب‬ ّ ‫في مح‬.
The two special ‫مضاف‬, namely ‫ يوم‬and ‫إذ‬, are
different from the special ‫ مضاف‬we encountered
previously. How?
These two on the other hand require an entire
sentence to be their ‫مضاف الیہ‬.
For Example:
ِ‫ َيوْم َيفِرُّ الْمَرْءُ مِن َاخِیْہ‬or ‫ستَغِيثُونَ رَبَّكُم‬
ْ ‫إِذْ ت‬
We see that ‫ يوم‬and ‫ إذ‬take a sentence after them as
the ‫إليه مضاف‬. This sentence is in ‫ جر‬status. But we
say ‫ جر محل في‬instead of ‫ مجرور‬because the ‫جر‬
-ness is not visible. Also note that the sentence can
be either a ‫ فعلية جملة‬or a ‫اسمية جملة‬.
Note: ‫ إذ‬always needs a sentence after it. This
sentence acts as the ‫إليه مضاف‬. However, ‫ يوم‬may
take a single ‫ اسم‬or a sentence as a ‫إليه مضاف‬.
Sentence as a ‫صفة‬
In this type of ‫صفة موصوف‬, the ‫ موصوف‬is a
singular common noun and the ‫ صفة‬is a sentence.
Key points this new type of ‫صفة موصوف‬.
a. The ‫ موصوف‬is a common noun and the ‫ صفة‬is
a sentence, either nominal or verbal.
b. The ‫ صفة‬comes immediately after the ‫موصوف‬
c. The ‫ صفة‬sentence has a pronoun, ‫ متصل‬or
‫ مستتر‬or ‫مقدر‬, which is refers back to the
common noun. This pronoun will always be in the
third person.
d. The ‫ صفة‬is a sentence, we don’t discuss the 4
properties, rather we focus only on the first
property which is status. The ‫ صفة‬sentence
adopts the same status as the ‫ موصوف‬i.e. if the
‫ موصوف‬is ‫ رفع‬the ‫ صفة‬sentence will be ‫رفع‬
status as well.

Sentences as ‫حال‬
An entire sentence can be a ‫ حال‬whether it is a
‫ اسمية جملة‬or a ‫فعلية جملة‬. In such cases the
entire sentence would be ‫نصب محل في‬. Every
‫ اسمية جملة‬that comes as a ‫ حال‬requires a special
type of ‫ و‬before it. This type of ‫ و‬is called
‫الحالية الواو‬
For example: ٌ‫رائیتُ زیداً و ھُو خَارج‬
Questions
Particles of questioning always come at the beginning
of a sentence and have no grammatical effect on the
structure of the sentence in most cases.
There are two question particles which are ‫حرف‬
whereas the rest of them are ‫اسم‬. The two ‫ حرف‬are
‫ أ‬and ‫ل‬َ ‫ه‬.
Note: take note of the two particles, ‫ أيان‬and ‫ن‬ ّ ‫أ‬.
 The particle ‫ أيان‬is used sarcastically in the
Qur’an – ‫أیان یوم القیامۃ‬.
 The particle ‫ أ‬is used to express
astonishment – ‫یا مریم أنّی لك ھذا‬.
Compound Questions
The original particle is ‫ما‬. This particle can be used to
construct other question particles in Arabic. How? It is Construction of a ‫جملۃ شرطیۃ‬
a two step process.  The typical sequence of a ‫ شرطية جملة‬is the
 First a ‫ جر حرف‬is added to the beginning of ‫ما‬. conditional word followed by a ‫مجزوم مضارع‬
For example: ‫ بما‬،‫ما‬ َ ‫ما في‬ َ ِ‫ ل‬etc. ‫ فعل‬followed by another ‫مجزوم مضارع فعل‬
 Then the ending ‫ ا‬is dropped in order to  Each ‫ مجزوم مضارع فعل‬along with its
differentiate it from a ‫ اسم ْموصول‬. respective ‫ مفاعيل‬is its own sentence. And the
For example: ‫م‬ َ ‫ ْفي‬،‫م‬
َ ‫ ب‬,،‫م‬ َ ِ‫ل‬ entire construction is the conditional sentence.
The particle used for quantity in Arabic is ‫َم‬ ْ ‫ك‬. It
means “How many”. Important Points
 ‫ شرطية جملة‬can also be made up of
Connectors (‫)حرف عطف‬ ‫ماضی فعل‬.
In Arabic, we use certain words to make connections  In this case the ‫ شرط‬and‫ الشرط جواب‬both
between words, fragments, and sentences. These are would be ‫فعل ماضی فی محل جزم‬
known, in Arabic, as the‫عطف حرف‬  Note that in both cases above whether the ‫شرط‬
 The part before the ‫ عطف حرف‬is known as the is a‫ مضارع فعل‬or ‫ماضی‬, the ‫ الشرط جواب‬is
‫عليه معطوف‬, and also a ‫ مضارع‬or ‫ماضی‬.
 The part after the ‫ عطف حرف‬is known as the  Sometimes ‫ الشرط جواب‬can be a ‫اسم‬, or a
‫ معطوف‬. So all-in-all, we have three parts. command or it can have a ‫ س‬or ‫ سوف‬attached
 Grammatically, the ‫ عطف حرف‬serves to carry to it. In all of these cases there is a mismatch
over the status from the ‫ عليه معطوف‬over to between the ‫ شرط‬and the ‫ الشرط جواب‬and
the ‫ معطوف‬. hence a ‫ ف‬must be added to the ‫الشرط جواب‬
Common connectors are: ،‫ بل‬،‫ ِامّا‬،‫ أو‬،‫ أم‬،‫ ثم‬،‫ ف‬،‫و‬ Examples:
‫ لکن‬etc
Conditional Statement ‫جملۃ شرطیۃ‬
A conditional statement (‫ )جملۃ شرطیۃ‬can be
defined as an “if-then” statement. It has two parts:
 ‫ شرط‬the condition
 ‫ جوابُ الشّرط‬the answer to the condition, the
consequence of the condition
For example:
If Fatima goes, then Ahmed will go. SPECIAL CONDITIONAL PARTICLES ‫ لو‬and ‫اذا‬
 ‫اذا‬
Forming Conditional Statement  Translates as ‘if and when’
In Classical Arabic, the lightest ‫جزِم‬
َ form of a ‫ فعل‬is  Can be used with both ‫ ماضی‬and ‫مضارع‬
used to communicate a ‫ شرط‬and its ‫جواب‬. For example:
For example:
ُ‫دھبْ احمد‬ْ ‫فاطمۃ َی‬
ُ ‫ب‬
ْ َ‫ن َتذْھ‬
ْ ‫إ‬
Notice that both of the ْ‫ “ أَفعال ” تَذْهَب‬and “ ْ‫َيذْهَب‬
” are in ‫ جزم‬status to indicate a condition.
 ‫لو‬
Particles of Condition and their meanings  Comes with a ‫ ل‬on the‫جواب‬
There are certain words in Arabic that make a normal  Together the ‫ شرط‬and ‫ جواب‬translate at
sentence into a ‫شرطية جملة‬ ‘had ____ happened, y’
 ْ ‫ ِا‬translated as ‘if’
‫ن‬  Can be used with both ‫ ماضی‬and ‫مضارع‬
 ‫ ما‬translated as ‘whatever’
 ‫ن‬ ْ ‫م‬َ translated as ‘whenever’
  The ‫ ل‬that usually comes on the ‫ جواب‬is
sometimes omitted in the Quran for
rhetorical purposes
For example:
Emphasis (‫)تاکید‬
 ‫ قد‬- It is used to emphasize either a ‫ ماض‬or
‫مضارع‬. It can be translated as ‘already’ or ‘in
fact’ or ‘had/have/has’. These translations are
dependent on the context.
For example:
 ‫ – ل‬Its emphasis can be attached to any type of
word. Consider these two sentences:
The first sentence is more emphatic than the
second.
 ‫ مضارع‬- ‫ ن‬and ‫ نھی‬can be made more emphatic
by attaching a ّ‫ن‬
َ to the end.
Expression of amazement
always find them followed by a ‫ اسم‬in the ‫رفع‬
status, the ‫فاعل‬.
 ‫ نعم‬is used to express positive amazement, or
praise, translated as ‘What an excellent x!’
 ‫ بئس‬is used to express negative amazement, or
blame, translated as ‘What a terrible x!’
‫حسن و ساء‬
These words are a special kind of ‫فعل‬. They are
‫ متعدی‬and can take both a ‫ فاعل‬and ‫مفعول‬.
 ‫ حسن‬is used positively and translated as ‘What
an excellent x!’
 ‫ ساء‬is used to express negative amazement, or
blame, translated as ‘What a terrible x!’
‫ما أفعلہ‬
This expression can be used both positively and
negatively. This expression is made up of three parts:
 A ‫ ما‬followed by two ‫اسىم‬
 The first ‫ اسىم‬is always a comparative
 The second ‫ اسىم‬is the object of amazement
Both ‫ اسىم‬are always in the ‫ نصب‬status.
It can be translated as:
‘How (first ‫ )اسىم‬is (second ‫’!)اسىم‬
For example:
‫أفعل بہ‬
This expression is similar in meaning to the previous,
but differs in structure. It is made up of three parts:
 The first is a descriptor that follows the pattern
ْ‫أفْعِل‬, the pattern of a command from the ‫أسلم‬
family
 The second is a ‫ب‬ ِ , the ‫حرف جر‬
 The third is the object of amazement, which
attaches to the ‫ب‬
For example:
 The first is the word ‫سبحان‬, which is always
light and in the ‫ نصب‬status
 The second word, the object of amazement, acts
as a ‫ مضاف الیہ‬to the first word.
This expression is only used for Allah, and translates
as ‘(we declare) the glory of Allah!’
Miscellaneous Expression
‫عسی‬
It is translated as ‘hopefully’ or ‘perhaps’.
Construction of ‫ عسى‬sentences:
 ‫ عسی‬is a ‫ فعل‬and is generally followed by an
outside ‫فاعل‬
 which is then followed by a an ‫ن‬
ْ ‫ أ‬that attaches
to a ‫جملۃ فعلیۃ‬
For example:
Perhaps Allah will bring victory!
Note: ‫ عسى‬can have an inside ‫فاعل‬, but this occurs
only in a few cases in the Quran.
‫کاد‬
It is translated as ‘almost’.
Construction of ‫ کاد‬sentences:
 ‫ کاد‬is always followed by a ‫ مضارع فعل‬directly
after it
 This is because the tense is determined by
‫كاد‬and not the ‫ فعل‬after it.
 Sometimes there is a ْ‫ أن‬before the ‫مضارع فعل‬
For example:
‘And they almost did not do it’
Note: that ‫كاد‬, like ‫عسى‬, can have an outside doer
or an inside doer.

‫م‬
َ ‫ْس و نِ ْع‬
َ ‫بِئ‬
These words are a special kind of ‫فعل‬. They are ‫الزم‬, ‫سبحان‬
so they do not take a ‫مفعول‬. For this reason, you will This expression consists of two components:
 It means “as for”. It is used to detail on a specific
subject or topic. It has two parts:
 ‫ أما‬comes at the beginning of the first part
 ‫ ف‬comes before detail part
‫أما السفینۃ فکانت لمسکین یعملون فی بحر فاردت۔۔۔‬
“There is absolutely no deity worthy of worship
except Allah”
“This is nothing but obvious magic”

‫ْد‬
ُ ‫ِن بَع‬
ْ ‫لوم‬ َ ‫ِن‬
ُ ‫ق ْب‬ ْ ‫م‬
Both ‫(قبل‬before) and ‫( بعد‬after) are special ‫مضاف‬.
However, they don’t occur as a ‫ مضاف‬always. In this
case they become non-flexible and have a ‫ ضمۃ‬as Note: Although ‫ هل‬is a question particle, it also used
the last ‫حرکۃ‬. They can be preceded by a ‫ من‬for a few times in the Qur’an in conjunction with ‫إال‬.
more emphasis
ُ‫منْ قَبْل‬
ِ or ُ‫مِنْ َبعْد‬
For example:

‫ث‬
ُ ‫ح ْی‬
َ ‫ِن‬
ْ ‫م‬
‫ظفق‬ ‫ حیث‬means ‘where/whereever’. It is non-flexible
‫ طفق‬is a ‫ فعل‬which means ‘to start’ and is and always has a ‫ ضمۃ‬at the end. Sometimes it is
followed directly by a ‫مضارع فعل‬. preceded by a ‫ من‬for emphasis.
For example:
ُ‫‘ → طَفِقَ َیعْمَل‬He started working’ For example:

‫لوال‬
This expression is used in two different ways.
1 The first usage is in the meaning of “had it not
been for” It is has two parts: Exceptions (‫)استثناء‬
 ‫ لوال‬comes at the beginning of the first part.
Gives the meaning of ‘had it not been for’ ‫ااّل‬
 ‫ل‬comes at the beginning of the second. There are two cases in which ‫ إاّل‬is used:
Gives the meaning of ‘would have’ 1 In a positive sentence where it gives the meaning
For example: “except”.
For example:
“Then they prostrated except Iblis”

2 The second usage is in the meaning of “Why

don’t/doesn’t …” Although this looks like a
question, it is actually not a question. Rather it is
used for rebuking. It has only one part.
 ‫ لوال‬comes at the beginning
For example:
‫و یقولون لوال انزل علیہ آیۃ من ربہ۔ ۔ ۔‬
‫أما‬
2 In a negative sentence where it conveys the
meaning “nothing but/except”.
Both ‫ اسمية جملۃ‬and ‫ جملۃ فعلیۃ‬can be made
negative by using one of the tools of negation.
Here are some of the negative particles
commonly used with ‫إال‬:
e.g. ‫ ال نافیۃللجنس‬،‫ن‬
ْ ِ‫ ا‬،‫ ما‬،‫ ال‬،‫ لم‬،‫لن‬

For example:
VERBS ‫افعال‬ ‫ماضی‬
‫مضارع‬
 A ‫ فِعْل‬is defined as a word that has a tense, for Middl Terminologies of ‫ غیر صحیح‬verbs
Middl
e Vali 1. ‫ أ‬- ‫ مہموز الفاء‬will be 1st root letter e.g ‫أخ َذ‬
َ
example, “jumped” is past tense, “talks” is e
Letter d
present tense and “will sleep” is future tense. Letter 2. ‫ أ‬- ‫ مہموز بالعین‬will be 2nd root letter e.g ‫ل‬ َ ‫سأ‬
َ
Vowe
l
Vowel 3. ‫ أ‬- ‫ مہموز بالالم‬will be 3rd root letter e.g ‫سبِئ‬ َ
Verb forms in Arabic 1 َ َ
 In Arabic the three tenses are represented by 4. ‫ ؤ‬- ‫ مثال واوی‬will be 1st root letter e.g ‫َو َع َد‬
2 َ ِ 5. ‫ ي‬- ‫ مثال یائی‬will be 1st root letter e.g ‫ن‬
َ ‫م‬ َ َ‫ی‬
two forms:
 The past tense form called ‫ماضی‬ 3 َ ُ
 The present/future tense form called ‫مضارع‬ 4 ِ َ 6. ‫ ؤ‬- ‫ اجوف واوی‬will be 2nd root letter e.g ‫ل‬َ ‫َق َو‬
5 ِ ِ 7. ‫ ي‬- ‫ اجوف یائی‬will be 2nd root letter e.g ‫ع‬
َ َ‫بَی‬
Hidden doer of a ‫فعل‬ 6 ِ ُ
 In Arabic, every active ‫ فعل‬comes with an inside 8. ‫ ؤ‬- ‫ ناقص واوی‬will be 3rd root letter e.g ‫دعو‬
pronoun (‫ضم ِْي ٌر‬ 7 ُ َ
َ ‫س َتتِ ٌر‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ ) that is the doer (‫)فاعِل‬. 9. ‫ ي‬- ‫ ناقص یائی‬will be 3rd root letter e.g ‫ِی‬
َ ‫خش‬َ
For example: ‫ل‬ َ َ‫ أ‬means “He ate”, ‫ب‬
َ ‫ك‬ ُ ‫ أَ ْك ُت‬means 8 ُ ِ
“I write”. 9 ُ ُ
 Therefore, a ‫ فعل‬is considered a complete 10. ‫ – مضاعف‬Any of root letter repeats e.g ‫ل‬َّ ‫ض‬
َ
sentence on its own, because it not only tells you 11. ‫ – لفیف‬Any of two root letter are from ‫ ي‬or ‫ ؤ‬e.g
These six possible combinations form six categories or
what was done, but also who did it. َ ‫َو َق‬
‫ی‬
‫ ابواب‬that are called ‫ ابواب ثالثی مجرد‬together but
 Thus, the simplest based sentence ‫ جملۃ فعلیۃ‬is
each ‫ باب‬has its own name (see Table 1).
simply a ‫ فعل‬on its own. Easy way to learn conjugation of ‫ غیر صحیح‬verbs are
Another 9 categories form when three root letters to memorize one example of each category with the
Three root letters accept additional external letters that are called conjugation (for help see table 3). Conjugations of
 Generally a verb has three root letters ‫ثالثی‬, e.g ‫ ابواب ثالثی مجرد مزید فیہ‬but each ‫ باب‬has its own these verbs can be found in some available books
َ‫کتَب‬
َ “He wrote”. The root letters of a word are name (see Table 1). that are dedicated for verb conjugations.
called ‫مادۃ‬.
 In verbs, the third person singular word-form Note:
‫صرف صغیر‬  Table 3 shows that some categories can be
contains only the root letters to the extent that The conjugation of a verb’s formed words (
recognizing the root letters of the verbal noun overlapping.
‫ )مشتشقات‬is called ‫( صرف صغیر‬see Table 1).
and all the derivatives are based on this word-  In all of the following tables 1, 2 and 3 empty cell
form. means that form is not possible
‫صرف کبیر‬
 Remember several words can be formed using
The conjugation of a verb and its formed words (
third person singular word-form (see Table 1
right most column for the names of formed
‫ )مشتشقات‬according to number and gender is ‫ حروف‬for ‫مضارع‬
called ‫( صرف کبیر‬see Table 2).
words or ‫)مشتشقات‬.
Light ‫ حروف‬for ‫مضارع‬
‫ابواب االفعال‬ Difference between ‫ صحیح‬and ‫غیر صحیح‬ Following are the ‫ حروف‬that turn a ‫ مضارع‬into a
root letters light version
 There are three root letters of the verb when a
verb is converted to ‫ مضارع‬the middle letter If three root letters of a verb do not contain ‫أ‬، ‫ ي‬and
might switch its vowel (‫ )حرکۃ‬for example: ‫ و‬then it is called ‫( صحیح‬sound) verb otherwise it is
 َ‫ کَتَب‬becomes ُ‫ یَکْتُب‬notice the middle letter ‫ت‬
َ called ‫( غیر صحیح‬non sound).
switched to ‫ت‬ُ .  ‫ صحیح‬verbs are conjugated as mentioned in For example:
 Hence there could be exactly 9 possible table 1 and table 2
combinations theoretically but only six occur in  ‫ غیر صحیح‬verb’s conjugation deviates from the
the practical language, such that: normal ‫ صحیح‬verb slightly
 Sometimes ‫ صحیح‬verb has repeating root letter
in that case also conjugation deviates from the
normal ‫صحیح‬
Lightest ‫ حروف‬for ‫مضارع‬
Following are the ‫ حروف‬that turn a ‫ مضارع‬into the
lightest version

For example:
‫)‪ too‬صرف صغیر ‪ (it is‬ابواب االفعال ‪Table 1 --‬‬

‫ابواب ثالثی مجرد مزید فیہ‬ ‫ابواب ثالثی مجرد‬

‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪IX‬‬ ‫‪VIII‬‬ ‫‪VII‬‬ ‫‪VI‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪IV‬‬ ‫‪III‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫ماضی‬
‫اِسْتَقْبَلَ‬ ‫اِفْعَلَّ‬ ‫اِلْتَحَقَ‬ ‫اِنْقَطَعَ‬ ‫تَبَادَلَ‬ ‫تَکَلَّمَ‬ ‫اَرْسَلَ‬ ‫شَاھَدَ‬ ‫دَرَّسَ‬ ‫کَرُمَ‬ ‫حَسِبَ‬ ‫سَمِعَ‬ ‫َنصَرَ‬ ‫ضَرَبَ‬ ‫فَتَحَ‬ ‫معروف‬

‫مضارع‬
‫ل‬
‫س َت ْقبِ ُ‬
‫یَ ْ‬ ‫ل‬
‫یَ ْف َع ُّ‬ ‫یَ ْل َتح ُ‬
‫ِق‬ ‫یَ ْن َقطَ ُع‬ ‫ل‬
‫یَ َتبَا َد ُ‬ ‫یَ َت َکل ُ‬
‫َّم‬ ‫ِل‬
‫ُی ْرس ُ‬ ‫شاھ ُِد‬
‫ُی َ‬ ‫س‬
‫ُی َد ِِّر¨© ُ‬ ‫یَک ُْر ُم‬ ‫ِب‬
‫حس ُ‬
‫یَ ْ‬ ‫م ُع‬
‫س َ‬
‫یَ ْ‬ ‫ص ُر‬
‫یَ ْن ُ‬ ‫ب‬
‫یَض ِْر ُ‬ ‫ح‬
‫یَ ْف َت ُ‬ ‫معروف‬

‫مصدر‬
‫ال‬
‫س َت ْقبَ ُ‬
‫ااِل ْ‬ ‫اال ْف ِعاَل ُ‬
‫ل‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ااِل ْلتِ َ‬
‫حاقُ‬ ‫ااِل ْن َقطَ ُ‬
‫اع‬ ‫ل‬
‫اد ُ‬
‫ال َتبَ ُ‬ ‫ال َت َکل ُّ ُ‬
‫م‬ ‫ال‬
‫س ُ‬‫ااِل ْر َ‬ ‫ھ َد ُ¨ۃ‬
‫شا َ‬
‫الم َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫س‬
‫ال َّت ْد ِر ْی ُ‬ ‫َک َرا َم ًة‬ ‫سبَانَاً‬
‫ح ْ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫م َعاً‬
‫س ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ص َراً‬
‫نَ ْ‬ ‫ض ْرباً‬
‫َ‬ ‫حا ً‬
‫َف ْت َ‬ ‫معروف‬

‫اسم‬
‫ل‬
‫س َت ْقبِ ٌ‬
‫ُم ْ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ُم ْف َع ٌّ‬ ‫ُم ْل َتح ٌ‬
‫ِق‬ ‫ع‬
‫ط ٌ‬
‫ُم ْن َق ِ‬ ‫ِل‬
‫ُم َتبَاد ٌ‬ ‫ُم َت َکِل©¨ ٌ‬
‫ِّم‬ ‫ِل‬
‫ُم ْرس ٌ‬ ‫ِد‬
‫شاھ ٌ‬
‫ُم َ‬ ‫س‬
‫دِر¨© ٌ‬
‫ُم ِّ‬ ‫م‬
‫ک َِر ْی ٌ‬ ‫ِب‬
‫حاس ٌ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ع‬
‫سا ِم ٌ‬
‫َ‬ ‫نَاص ٌِر‬ ‫ب‬
‫ار ٌ‬
‫ض ْ‬‫َ‬ ‫ح‬
‫فَاتِ ٌ‬ ‫فاعل‬

‫ماضی‬
‫ل‬
‫ُس ُت ْقبِ َ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ِق‬
‫اُل ُْتح َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ل‬
‫تُ ُب ْو ِد َ‬ ‫تُ َکلِ َ‬
‫م‬ ‫ل‬
‫س َ‬
‫ا ُْر ِ‬ ‫ھ َد‬
‫ش ْو ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫س‬
‫ُد ِِّر¨© َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ِب‬
‫حس َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ع‬
‫م َ‬
‫س ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ص َر‬
‫نُ ِ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ض ِر َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ح‬
‫ُفتِ َ‬ ‫مجہول‬

‫مضارع‬
‫ل‬
‫س َت ْقبَ ُ‬
‫ُی ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ُی ْل َت َ‬
‫ح ُ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ل‬
‫ُی َتبَا َد ُ‬ ‫ُی َت َکل ُ‬
‫َّم‬ ‫ل‬
‫س ُ‬
‫ُی ْر َ‬ ‫ھ ُد‬
‫شا َ‬
‫ُی َ‬ ‫س‬
‫ُی َد َّر ُ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ب‬
‫س َ‬
‫ح َ‬
‫ُی ْ‬ ‫م ُع‬
‫س َ‬
‫ُی ْ‬ ‫ص ُر‬
‫ُی ْن َ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ض َر ُ‬
‫ُی ْ‬ ‫ح‬
‫ُی ْف َت ُ‬ ‫مجہول‬

‫مصدر‬
‫ال‬
‫س َت ْقبَ ُ‬
‫ااِل ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ااِل ْلتِ َ‬
‫حاقُ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ل‬
‫اد ُ‬
‫ال َتبَ ُ‬ ‫ال َت َکل ُّ ُ‬
‫م‬ ‫ال‬
‫س ُ‬‫ااِل ْر َ‬ ‫ھ َد ُ¨ۃ‬
‫شا َ‬
‫الم َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫س‬
‫ال َّت ْد ِر ْی ُ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫سبَانَاً‬
‫ح ْ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫م َعاً‬
‫س ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ص َراً‬
‫نَ ْ‬ ‫ض ْرباً‬
‫َ‬ ‫حا ً‬
‫َف ْت َ‬ ‫مجہول‬

‫اسم‬
‫ل‬
‫س َت ْقبَ ٌ‬
‫ُم ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ُم ْل َت َ‬
‫ح ٌ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ل‬
‫ُم َتبَا َد ٌ‬ ‫ُم َت َکل ٌ‬
‫َّم‬ ‫ل‬
‫س ٌ‬
‫ُم ْر َ‬ ‫ھ ٌد‬
‫شا َ‬
‫ُم َ‬ ‫س‬
‫در ٌ‬
‫ُم َّ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ب‬
‫س ْو ٌ‬
‫ح ُ‬
‫َم ْ‬ ‫ع‬
‫م ْو ٌ‬
‫س ُ‬
‫َم ْ‬ ‫ص ْو ٌر‬
‫َم ْن ُ‬ ‫ب‬
‫َمض ُْر ْو ٌ‬ ‫ح‬
‫َم ْف ُتو ٌ‬ ‫مفعول‬

‫امر‬
‫ل‬
‫ِس َت ْق ِب ْ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫اِ ْف َع َّ‬
‫ل‬ ‫اِ ْل َتح ْ‬
‫ِق‬ ‫ِع‬
‫اِ ْن َقط ْ‬ ‫ل‬
‫تَبَا َد ْ‬ ‫تَ َکل ْ‬
‫َّم‬ ‫اَ ْرس ْ‬
‫ِل‬ ‫شاھ ِْد‬
‫َ‬ ‫س‬
‫َد ِِّر©¨ ْ‬ ‫اُک ُْر ْم‬ ‫ِب‬
‫ِحس ْ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫م ْع‬
‫ِس َ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫ص ْر‬
‫اُ ْن ُ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ض ِر ْ‬
‫اِ ْ‬ ‫اِ ْف َت ْ‬
‫ح‬ ‫حاضر‬

‫نہی‬
‫ل‬
‫س َت ْق ِب ْ‬
‫ال تَ ْ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ال تَ ْف َع َّ‬ ‫ال تَ ْل َتح ْ‬
‫ِق‬ ‫ِع‬
‫ال تَ ْن َقط ْ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ال تَ َتبَا َد ْ‬ ‫ال تَ َت َکل ْ‬
‫َّم‬ ‫ِل‬
‫ال ُت ْرس ْ‬ ‫شاھ ِْد‬
‫ال ُت َ‬ ‫س‬
‫ال ُت َد ِِّر©¨ ْ‬ ‫ال تَک ُْر ْم‬ ‫ِب‬
‫حس ْ¨‬
‫ال تَ ْ‬ ‫م ْع‬
‫س َ‬
‫ال تَ ْ‬ ‫ص ْر‬
‫ال تَ ْن ُ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ال تَض ِْر ْ‬ ‫اَل تَ ْف َت ْ‬
‫ح‬ ‫حاضر‬

‫اسم‬
‫ظرف‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫َم ْک َر ٌ‬
‫م‬ ‫ِب‬
‫حس ٌ‬
‫َم ْ‬ ‫ع‬
‫م ٌ‬
‫س َ‬
‫َم ْ‬ ‫ص ٌر‬
‫َم ْن َ‬ ‫ب‬
‫َمض ِْر ٌ‬ ‫ح‬
‫َم ْف َت ٌ‬
‫(زمان و‬
‫مکان)‬
‫اسم آلۃ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ِم ْک َر ٌ‬
‫م‬ ‫ب‬
‫س ٌ‬
‫ح َ‬
‫َم ْ‬ ‫ع‬
‫م ٌ‬
‫ِس َ‬
‫م ْ‬ ‫ص ٌر‬
‫ِم ْن َ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ض َر ٌ‬
‫ِم ْ‬ ‫ح‬
‫ِم ْف َت ٌ‬
 ‫اسم‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَ ْک َر ُم‬ ‫ب‬
‫س ُ‬ ‫اَ ْ‬
‫ح َ‬ ‫م ُع‬ ‫اَ ْ‬
‫س َ‬ ‫اَ ْن َ‬
‫ص ُر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اَ ْ‬
‫ض َر ُ‬ ‫اَ ْف َت ُ‬
‫ح‬ ‫تفضیل‬

‫اسم مرۃ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫َک ْر َم ٌ‬
‫ة‬ ‫ة‬
‫سب َ ٌ‬
‫ح ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ة‬
‫م َع ٌ‬
‫س ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ص َر ٌۃ‬
‫نَ ْ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ض ْربَ ٌ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫َف ْت َ‬
‫ح ٌ‬
‫اسم‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫م‬
‫ک ََّر ٌ‬ ‫اب‬
‫س ٌ‬‫ح َّ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ع‬
‫ما ٌ‬
‫س َّ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ار‬
‫ص ٌ‬‫نَ َّ‬ ‫اب‬
‫ض َّر ٌ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َف َّتا ٌ‬
‫ح‬ ‫مبالغۃ‬

‫)‪ is presented here others can be conjugated accordingly‬باب ‪ (only‬صرف کبیر ‪Table 2 --‬‬

‫نہی حاضر‬
‫مجہول‬ ‫حاضر مضارع‬ ‫ماضی امر‬
‫مجہول‬ ‫مفعول‬ ‫مضارع اسم‬
‫معروف‬ ‫معروف فاعل‬
‫ماضی اسم‬
‫ھوَ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ح‬
‫ح ْف َت ْ‬
‫الت ُ‬
‫ُیفَ َت َ‬ ‫ح ِا ْف َت ْ‬
‫ح‬ ‫ُفتِ َ‬ ‫ح‬
‫ح َم ْف ُتو ٌ‬
‫یَفَ َت ُ‬ ‫ح‬
‫َفاتِ ٌ‬ ‫ح‬
‫َف َت َ‬

‫حا‬ ‫حا اِ ْف َت َ‬ ‫ھُمَا‬

‫حتَا ْف َتِ‬
‫ن َ‬ ‫ال‬
‫ُی ْف َت َ‬
‫حا‬
‫ُفتِ َ‬
‫حانِ‬
‫حانِ َم ْف ٌت ْو َ‬
‫یَ ْف َت َ‬
‫حانِ‬
‫فَاتِ َ‬ ‫َف َت َ‬
‫حا‬
‫ح ْوا‬
‫ح ْفو َتنَ ُ‬
‫التَ‬ ‫اِ ْف َت ُ‬
‫ح ْوا‬ ‫ح ْونَ‬
‫یفتحونَ َم ْف ُت ْو ُ‬ ‫ِح ْونَ‬
‫فَات ُ‬ ‫ھُمْ‬
‫ُی ْف َت ُ ْ‬ ‫ِح ْوا‬
‫ُفت ُ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َف َت ُ‬
‫ح ْوا‬
‫التَ ْف َتحِی‬ ‫اِ ْف َتحِی‬ ‫ة‬
‫ح ٌ‬
‫َم ْف ُت ْو َ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ح ٌ‬
‫فَاتِ َ‬ ‫ھِيَ‬
‫ح‬ ‫تُ ْف َت ُ‬ ‫ت‬‫ح ْ‬ ‫ُفتِ َ‬ ‫ح‬‫تَ ْف َت ُ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫َف َت َ‬
‫ح ْ‬
‫حا‬
‫التَ ْف َت َ‬ ‫اِ ْف َت َ‬
‫حا‬ ‫ح َتانِ‬‫َم ْف ُت ْو َ‬ ‫ن‬
‫ح َتا ِ‬
‫فَاتِ َ‬ ‫ھُمَا‬
‫ن‬‫حا ِ‬ ‫تُ ْف َت َ‬ ‫ح َتا‬
‫ُفتِ َ‬ ‫حانِ‬ ‫تَ ْف َت َ‬ ‫َف َت َ‬
‫ح َتا‬
‫ن‬‫ح َ‬‫التَ ْف َت ْ‬ ‫ن‬
‫ح َ‬‫اِ ْف َت ْ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ح ٌ‬ ‫َم ْف ُت ْو َ‬ ‫ِحات‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫فَات‬
‫ھُنَّ‬
‫ن‬
‫ح َ‬ ‫ُی ْف َت ْ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ِح َ‬
‫ُفت ْ‬ ‫اسم ظرف‬ ‫ن‬
‫ح َ‬ ‫َف َت ْ‬
‫یَ ْف َت ْ‬
‫ن‬‫ح َ‬
‫اسم آلة‬ ‫اسم تفضیل‬ ‫اسم مبالغة‬
‫(زمان و مکان)‬ ‫اَنْتَ‬
‫ح‬‫تُ ْف َت ُ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ِح َ‬
‫ُفت ْ‬ ‫ح‬
‫تَ ْف َت ُ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ح َ‬ ‫َف َت ْ‬
‫ح‬
‫ِم ْف َت ٌ‬ ‫َا ْف َت ٌ‬
‫ح‬ ‫ح‬
‫َم ْف َت ٌ‬ ‫ح‬
‫فَ َّتا ٌ‬
‫اَنْتُمَا‬
‫ن‬
‫حا ِ‬ ‫ُت ْف َت َ‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ِح ُت َ‬
‫ُفت ْ‬ ‫حانِ‬
‫تَ ْف َت َ‬ ‫ما‬ ‫َف َت ْ‬
‫ح ُت َ‬
‫ِم ْف َتحانِ‬ ‫اَ ْف َت َ‬
‫حانِ‬ ‫َم ْف َتحانِ‬ ‫احانِ‬
‫َف َّت َ‬
‫َانْتُمْ‬
‫ت ْف َتح ْونَ‬ ‫م‬
‫ِحت ْ‬‫ُفت ْ‬ ‫ح ْونَ‬
‫تَ ْف َت ُ‬ ‫م‬ ‫َف َت ْ‬
‫ح ُت ْ‬
‫ُ َ ُم َفاتِ ُ‬
‫ح‬ ‫ُ اَ ْف َت ُ‬
‫ح ْونَ‬ ‫ِح‬
‫َم َفات ُ‬ ‫اح ْونَ‬
‫َف َّت ُ‬
‫اَنْتِ‬
‫ة‬ ‫نَ‬
‫ح ٌ‬‫ح ْف ْی َت َ‬
‫ُت ْف َت ِم ِ‬ ‫ت َافَاتِ ُ‬
‫ح‬ ‫ِح ِ‬
‫ُفت ْ‬ ‫ن‬
‫ح ْی َ‬
‫اسم مرۃ‬ ‫تَ ْف َت ِ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ح ٌ‬
‫َف َّتا َ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫َف َت ْ‬
‫ح ِ‬
‫اَنْتُمَا‬
‫ن َتانِ‬
‫ح َتاحَ ِ‬
‫ُت ْف ِ َمت ْف َ‬ ‫ماُف ْت َ‬
‫حی‬ ‫ِح ُت َ‬
‫ُفت ْ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫حانِ َف َت َ‬
‫ح ٌ‬ ‫تَ ْف َت َ‬ ‫ما َف َّتا َ‬
‫ح َتانِ‬ ‫َف َت ْ‬
‫ح ُت َ‬
‫اَنْتُنَّ‬
‫ح‬
‫نتِ ُ‬
‫ح َفا َ‬
‫ُت ْف َت َم ْ‬ ‫حیَانِ‬
‫ن ْت َ‬
‫ِح ُت َّ ُف‬
‫ُفت ْ‬ ‫ن َف ْت َ‬
‫ح َتانِ‬ ‫ح َ‬
‫تَ ْف َت ْ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ح ٌ‬‫ن َف َّتا َ‬ ‫َف َت ْ‬
‫ح ُت َّ‬

‫ح‬
‫ح َتا ٌ‬
‫م ْف‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ات‬
‫حی َ ٌ‬
‫تف ْت َ‬
‫ُفتِح ُ‬ ‫ح َف ْت َ‬
‫حاتٌ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَنَا‬
‫اُ َف َت ُ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫اَ َف َت ُ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫َف َت ْ‬
‫ح ُ‬
‫ن‬
‫حا ِ‬
‫ِم ْف َتا َ‬ ‫ح‬
‫ُف َت ُ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫نَحْنُ‬
‫ح‬
‫ُن ْف َت ُ‬ ‫ِح َنا‬
‫ُفت ْ‬ ‫ح‬
‫نَ ْف َت ُ‬ ‫َف َت ْ‬
‫ح َنا‬
‫ح‬
‫َمفَاتِ ْی ٌ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪Table 2B‬‬ ‫‪Table 2A‬‬

‫‪Table 3 – Verb Examples by Categories and Root Letters‬‬

‫ابواب ثالثی مجرد مزید فیہ‬ ‫ابواب ثالثی مجرد‬

‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪IX‬‬ ‫‪VIII‬‬ ‫‪VII‬‬ ‫‪VI‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪IV‬‬ ‫‪III‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫اِسْتَقْبَلَ‬ ‫َافْعَلَّ‬ ‫اِلْتَحَقَ‬ ‫اِنْقَطَعَ‬ ‫تَبَادَلَ‬ ‫تَکَلَّمَ‬ ‫َارْسَلَ‬ ‫شَاھَدَ‬ ‫دَرَّسَ‬ ‫کَرُمَ‬ ‫حسِبَ‬
‫َ‬ ‫سَمِعَ‬ ‫نَصَرَ‬ ‫ضَرَبَ‬ ‫فَتَحَ‬ ‫صحیح‬
‫مہموز‬
‫ِس َتأذَنَ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ِا ْی َتلَخَ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ن‬
‫آمَ َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَ ُد َ‬
‫ب‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ج‬
‫َا ِر َ‬ ‫أخ َذ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ب‬
‫َا َد َ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اَ َ‬
‫ھ َ‬
‫الفاء‬
‫مہموز‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫لَ ُؤ َ‬
‫م‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ِس‬
‫یَئ َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ل‬
‫سأ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫العین‬
‫مہموز‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ج ُرأ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫س ِبأ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ھ َنأ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َق َرأ‬
‫الالم‬
‫مضاعف‬
‫م َد‬
‫ِس َت َ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫م‬
‫ِھ َت َّ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫م‬
‫ض َّ‬
‫اِ ْن َ‬ ‫اب‬
‫ح َّ‬
‫َت َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اَ َ‬
‫ح َّ‬ ‫اب‬
‫حَ َّ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫س‬
‫َم َّ‬ ‫َم َّد‬ ‫ف ََّر‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مثال‬
‫ب‬
‫ج َ‬
‫ِس َت ْو َ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اِتَّ َق َد‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَ ْو َ‬
‫ج َر‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫م‬
‫س َ‬
‫َو ُ‬ ‫م‬
‫َو ِر َ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ج َ‬
‫َو ِ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫َو َع َد‬ ‫َو َق َ‬
‫ع‬
‫واوی‬
‫مثال‬
‫ِس َت ْی َقظَ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫س َر‬
‫اِتَّ َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَ ْی َ‬
‫س َر‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ن‬
‫م َ‬
‫یَ ُ‬ ‫یَ ِقطَ‬ ‫ِن‬
‫یَس َ‬ ‫ن‬
‫م َ‬
‫یَ َ‬ ‫م‬
‫یَ َت َ‬ ‫ع‬
‫یَ َن َ‬
‫یائی‬
‫مثال و‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫خافَ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫َوأ َر‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مہموز‬
‫اجوف‬
‫ِس َت َعانَ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اب‬
‫ِج َت َ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫اِ ْنقَا َد‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَ َعانَ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ج ِی َد‬
‫َ‬ ‫ل‬
‫قَا َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫بَا َہ‬
‫واوی‬
‫اجوف‬
‫ل‬
‫ما َ‬
‫ِس َت َ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ِخ َتا َر‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫اِ ْنطَا َر‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَطَا َر‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ی‬
‫ض َ‬
‫َر ِ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ع‬
‫بَا َ‬ ‫شا َء‬
‫َ‬
‫یائی‬
‫اجوف و‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَ َ‬
‫سا َء‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ی‬
‫س َ‬
‫نَ ِ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫جا َء‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مہموز‬
‫ناقص‬
‫حلی‬
‫ِس َت ْ‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اِ ْرتَضَی‬ ‫محی‬
‫اِ ْن َ‬ ‫صابی‬
‫تَ َ‬ ‫خل ّی‬
‫َت َ‬ ‫اَ ْرضی‬ ‫َراضی‬ ‫َزکّی‬ ‫خ َو‬
‫َر ُ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَ ِر َ‬
‫ی‬ ‫َد َعا‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫واوی‬
‫ناقص‬
‫ِس َترقی‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ِج َتبَی‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫اِ ْن َفدی‬ ‫ساوی‬
‫تَ َ‬ ‫تَ َوفّی‬ ‫اَلْقی‬ ‫اَل قی‬ ‫می‬
‫س َّ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ِی‬
‫َوج َ‬ ‫کَنی‬ ‫َرمی‬ ‫سی‬
‫َ‬
‫یائی‬
‫ناقص و‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اِ ْی َتلی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَتی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ی‬
‫حیِ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَری‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مہموز‬
‫ناقص و‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَری‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫َرأی‬
‫مہموز‬
‫لفیف‬
‫ِس َت ْوفی‬
‫ا ْ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اِتَّدی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَ ْوجی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ِی‬
‫َول َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫َوقی‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مفروق‬
‫لفیف‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اِ ْن َزوی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫طَوی‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مقرون‬
‫لفیف‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اوی‬ ‫اوی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫أوی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫مقرون و‬
‫مہموز‬
 ‫ابواب ثالثی مجرد مزید فیہ‬ ‫ابواب ثالثی مجرد‬
‫لفیف‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫َوأی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫مفروق و‬
‫مہموز‬
‫ناقص و‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اِھ َّدی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مضاعف‬
‫ناقص و‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اِ َّدعی‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مضاعف‬