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a oF “4. There aie certain categories of problems where
problems having boundaries at infinity are better treated by the boundary element method,
5. For some problems, there may be a considerable amount of input dita. Errors may ereep up in
thus obtained may also appear to be acceptable which indicates
is always desirable to make a visual check ofthe input data.
‘number of|
accuracy oF| erroneous results in some cases. For many problems the increase in
the aimber of digits for the purpase of calculation impraves the accuracy.
1.16 APPLICATIONS OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
(Originally, the finite element method was developed forthe analysis of aircraft structures. However,
the general nature of able 10 wide veretyof problems in engineering
‘The specific application of the finite element method can be classified into three major catogores,
namely
|. Equilibrium or steady state or tim
2. Bigen value problems and
3. Propagation or transient problems.
In an equilibrium problem, we need to find the steady-state
indeperident problems
placement or stress distibution if
isa beat transfer problems,
‘The propagation or transient problems are time dependent problems. This type of problem
arises, for example, whenever we are interested in finding the response of a body under time
ing force in the area of solid mechs under sudden heating or cooling in the field of
0 types
Introduction — 19
51 Problems
ss analysis including bars, iruss and frame analysis.
Example: A beam subjected to different types of loading
Non - Structural Problems
1. Heat Transfer ana
Example: Steady state
2. Fluid flow analysis:
Example: Fluid flow through pipes.
rmal analysis on composite cylinder.
1.17 DISCRETISATION PROCESS
Diseretizaton process means dividing the given continuum or problem inost
clements. Figure (.7) shows an example of ee discretized body.
regions called
|
Cantilever beam
(@) Beam with 2D Element
(€)Beam with 3D Element
Fig. 1.7 : Diseretteton process 2591,
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Spawn woulayy Bias oe 22_—Finto Element Methods
és
SS
1.17.2 Size of the elements
sizes have tobe used
the hole (where th
those
lated tothe size of te elements which affacts the finite element
he shape ofthe element in
lements, the aspect rato is taken as the ratio of
dimension ofthe sme element. Elemes
Plate with a hale (Geometric model)
1.17.3 Number of Elements
Selection ofthe number of
number of degrees of freedam involved and more impo
increase in the numberof element (use of fine mesh size) generally yields more accurate results for
Inoduetion— 29,
reson
Accuracy
post |i :
soliton
SL sotsion obtained tom FEM
number of
> mens
No signtcant
improvement bevand No
Fig 119: Bet of aying the mb of elements
1.174 Location af Nodes
"Node isa point where the properties ate defined anid determined for an element. Therefore location
‘of node is very important. I the body has no dis then the body can be divided into equal
number of elements and hence the spacing of
(4) Point load on te bea
(©) discontinuity i loading
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1.18 PHASES OF FEA
The
clement analysis is comprised of three inajor phases
1. Presprocessing, in which the analyst develops a fniteelement mesh to divide the given geometry
2. Solution, uring which the program derives the goveming matrix equations from the model and
sand
(such as displacements and stresses), and derives and examines additional
5 (such as specialized stresses and error indiators).
1.18.1 Pre-prosessing
‘The goals of pre-processing aie to develop ari appropriate fini
‘material properties, and apply boundary
‘The finite element mesh subdivide
nodes, wich are really just point loca
and perhaps near each midsie.
‘The model's degrees of freedoni (dof) are assigned at the nodes. The assignment of nodal dof also
depends of the class of analysis. For a thermal analysis, for example, only one temperature dof
exists at each node,
re geometry intoelemtents,
nin space, are general
hare found nodes. The
located at the element comers
Developing the mesh i usually the mos time-consumit
~ were keyed in manually to appro»
‘mesh directly bn the CAD, reframe, with points and curves representing
edges (i) surfaced, with surfaces defining boundaries, or (i) sold, defining whee the matecalis
Solid geometry is preferred, but often a surfacing package can ereaté a coniplex blend thata solids
package willnot handle, As faras geometric detail, sn underlying rule of FEA is to “model what
there”, and yet simp
task in FEA. In the past, node locations
yst
tics analysis, for example,
jo and perhaps density for each material. Ther
Loads include forces, pressures and heat flux, Itis
CAD geomety, wi the FEA package wansferring
simpler a of adaptive and optimization
preferable to apply boundary conditions to
them to the underlying model, to allow f
algorithms,
1.18.2 Solution
While the jre-processing and post-processing phases ofthe finite element method are interactive
and time-consuming for the analyst, the solution is often a batch process, and is demanding of
‘computer resource. The goverting equations are assembled into matrix form and are solved
The assembly process depends not only onthe typeof analysis (e.g
‘butalsoon the model's element types and properties, material properties and boundary conditions,
Solution methods for finite'element matrix equations are pe
KQ= F. inverting K is computationally expensive and numerically unstable. A better tect
(Cholesky factorization, a form of Gauss elimination method. Another popular approschis te wave
front method. which assembles and reduces the equations at the same time. Some of the best
‘madem solution methods employ sparse matrix techniques. Because node-to-node stiffness are
non-zero only for nearby node pairs the siffness matrix has a linge numbér of zero entries.
‘canbe exploited to reduce solution time and storage by a factor of 10 or more. Improved
solution technique being applied.
1.183 Post Processing
After a finite clement model has been prepared and checked, boundary conditions have been
applied, and the model has been solved, it is time to investigate the results ofthe analysis, Tis
activity is known as te post-processing phase of the finite element method.
Post-processing begin
thorough-check for problems that may have occurred dur solution.
Most solvers provide a log file, which should be searched for warnings or errors. and wi
also provide a quantitative measure of how well-behaved the numerical procedures were during
solution. Next, reaction loads at restrained nodes should be summed and examined as a “sanity
nterest may be
1 math
isplacement ofa sol
brick element's node isa 3-component spatial vector, and the model's overall displacements often
displayed by superposing the deformed shape over the undeformed shape. Dynamic viewing and
in obtaining an understanding ofthe deformation patern. Siesses,
ye. and thus derived stress
boeing tensor quanti
‘quantities are extract
tude, The magnitude of principal stresses or of scalar
failure stress such as the Von Mises stress may be displayed on the model as éolored bands. When
thistype of display is treated as. 3D object subjected to lighe sources, the resulting image is known
asa shaded image stress plot. Displacement magnitude may also be displayed by colored bands,
___ Butthis can lead to misinterpretation asa stress plot.
In summary, the finite element method is a relatively recent diseipline th
method especi
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sonbuuysarsisAjran 30_—Finte Element Mothoos
16. Write short notes on:
Structure of a commercial FE package
‘Commonly used element library and procedures library in commercial FE package.
Deo07-Jan.08
17, What is finite element meihod? List the advantages and disadvantages of FEM aver other
umeric DM. Dec.06-Jan7
18, What is symmetric banded matrix? State its advantage in FEM, Dec.06-Jan.07
19. Explain pre-proces -provessing in FEA software Dec.06-Jan.07
20. Write briefly abo
23. Briefly explain node
25, Write a short note on
Size ofthe element
Properties ofthe stiffness matrix
) Lagrangian and serendipity elements
Sub, Super paramiric elements
be advantages of FEM?
he engines sation of FEM.
ferent ypes of elements ID, 2D, 3D elements
May / June 2010
ment method. Dee. 2010
nd FEM 1 Biiefly explain te steps involved in FEM, with example.
Dec. 2010
equations over a domain,
ional method, Weighted
Residual Method et.
2.2VARIATIONAL APPROACH
approach refers to methods that make use of variational principles, such as
pi ork and te principle of minimum potential energy to determine approximate
solutions ofthe problems. In classical sens variational nothing butthe finding maximum
and minimum or stationary values of a functional wth respec tothe variables of the problem:
In this method, the finite element analysis is interpreted as an approximate means for solving
ional problems. Since most physical and enginecring problems can be
{orm, the finite element methos can
2.3CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS:
of finding maximum and minimum or stationary values of functional A funetional can ~
be defined as function of several other functions. For example: Pocential energy plays the role of
the functional.
Consider a functional cin be expressed is jpuoo Kzepunog yeanyeu axp poye> aie
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Spawn wee oR BS 34_—Finte Element Methods
|. they are called free boundary conditions If they are not satisfied, we should
(2.14)
variational
‘boundary conditions are automatically incorporated inthe formulation; hence.
‘boundary conditions ae to be enforced onthe solution.
‘only the geomet
2.4.1. Boundary Conditions
his type of problems only dsplucement
tive of displacement may be specified
or Force Boundary Condition
is case, where forces and moments may bé
Example of Boundary Conditions
Figure (2.2) shows a
ver beam AB subjected to a uniform)
isfy the boundary condition atA and B as follows
Kinematic Boundary Conditions at A:
Dic derivaive © =0
isplcement v0 and slope drits derivative “=
Basic Procedure ~ 35
Fig. 22 A cantilever beam
Static boundary condition at B : a
Deflection equation of the beam is given by
tem
ae
Differentiating the beam equation with respect tox, we get
G18)
Bending moinent
~ (220
Initial Conditions
Inthese problems where time isiavolved initially may be specified
2.5 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK
ing the effet of, but nt the actual form of, whats specified’. Thus
ich to impose virtual wor
achieved inthe physical world,
ithoue worrying about
3! work isa very useful approach forsolving varieties of structural mechani
problem. When the force and displacement ae uiwelated to the cause and effect relat "
is called virtual work. Therefore, the virtual work may be eaused by true fo
{imaginary displacements or vice versa. Thus, these are two ways to def uosBogpmnag-csons 26-2 By
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pour weWeR awUE— BS 38_ Fin
ement Mothoss
L
ie. Strain Energy, SE = 5 oe xvolume (229)
Fora small element of volume dv within a body
SE= soe ds
2
t
Forentre body, Toul SE = 5
fo’ car em
Where, ofS Oy 0 Oye Oy
‘Work Potential
‘Work Potential de to extemal forces, i... Body force (), Surface force/Traction (7), and Point
load ‘P"is given by
§) Work Potential due to Body force
Forsmallelement we = (fat fv Sew)av
Forentire Body, we = -[(f.u+ f,v+ fw)dv
we = -futfav —@31)
Where, UT = [uv whand f= UL, LP
i due to Traction/Surface foree
Forsmall element,
Tye
Forentire Body, we = -[(Tu4tv+Twlds
we = -fu"ras ex)
Ty
ue to Point loads
We = -(P,u+P,v+P.w)
=-U'P
Basic Procedue—~_ 39
there i number of point loads then
we = -Yurk
+ Toa Work Potential due to extemal foes is
2.33)
we {iw sav [utra re] ao
Substituting B4.(2.30) and Bq.(2.34) into Bg (2.28), we get
PE funetional fora three-dimensional body is,
niet fotew [Jorsoofurra Sure]
on forthe potential er on forth
235)
‘Thus. Ea.(2.35) gives ex
2.6.2 Principle of
energy functional fora three-dimensional body.
ion a body can assume which satisfy
configuratioi
‘Ths, from Eq (2.27),
Potential Energy functional, £1 =SE+ WP
For PE functional to be minimum, :
B(n) = B{SE) + LWP) =0
For eyimple: Consider two bodies X and Y having the same
Fig. 24: Equilibrium state cea
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ey NOW ON
aw 610e = (©) ba wo ‘uonnos
sow 651 =
oo+os _
ost a
ots
inno
ab
428 om In dss yu (8)'bg SupenwarayD
Sy puo yoy ='y sammy, “siuows: jepou xp 20
Jo aydpupg amp Buysn [77g aanky uy Boys woASKs
: tepuojed un
o= 28 poe =
: 8 @
‘unearu 29 oy yeuonouny 68,0u9 je UsIod ou ‘STIANVXa GANOM
Ty —sinpscoig asta spomery EWR HE OF ‘ts
42_=Finto Element Methods
Basic Procedure ~ 49
Solution:
‘We know that -
Potential Energy Functional 96+. WP
ie, 1 =SE4WP
ry
6
‘Substituting vaives
F,=60N iF, = 0% F,= SON; k, = 40.Nimm : &, = 40 Nimm ; k, = 80 Nimm ;
K,=90.Nimm ; we have
40 n, 40
+1004,
= 80 1, + 110 u, = 50 e
Onsimpliticaion, we get
Nodil isplacements
2.7RAYLEIGH- RITZ METHOD Mp .
7
iE
aeg-yo Leu, *. exwcon Yorba,
ok 12 opty
a
poe
ie yr
(wuonouny Yq 921 cc
om thane Ee
wate Eo
ene
Tea~Me)io Ze
soe Ee uw
d-wi9 f ee
1ail am (1) on (6)ba pure (pba Sunmnsqng
feuop ony ta
or
228 on + 01 oso ny (6b uneasy
w— om tn
soiusoag (¢) bg
as ene
o- vos sewonag (2)
ose =n
wonmpudd A4epenog 2p waxy oust 2q 1 soibups009 poxyeoued ayy are pue ‘aiayy,
o- Deen
1 Teiwousjod w aunssy (y
o
id= = dl
wp (2)9 2 ag
veo (2) Jay
‘hq uen18 5199 ut pasore ABsoua weg “say,
GM +IS=L. — AqQuanist reuonouny 3g
Teuonauny a 9M apEIMUAIOg (1
auto poy wowaoejdsip ayn 99 1 9j pu “7 mod. g Butpeo} feyxeuin
01 parsafgns 16g 24) uoy yy “PUD pory Bun WO4y ¥ aNJOd Aue Ye wawiaDe|ASIP foDKe DK
away 209 popooy EY + £79 Sd
pa
oo a
(:
ausuoyep aout pus ({%) =m 91 po poxy ways x AONE. .78 yeu OWS “g Buupeo|
XEN 0} poysafqus ‘7 snyMpoUL INSEE Y waxe JeUON}>—s SsorD Jo 444 v.20} ‘poUroL YY AA
¢ adwoxg
sessans pur swrens iq sauoy siauaoeydstp unoinjun amp ouNMOIC *S
nqooise:
‘Arepunog a Ass prnoys yorgm “wo|gord voH aap 204 vonouny wawang}dsip mn BowNSsy 2
to,qoad wont up 03 ouorouny Hj ayy av oULiOg “7
GAN TOANT SUTLS TYHINID “ALON
sa ps a a a oP ao
‘puny Sas Fp joe an vamouye ta
(ea . aw
SF sinnaaoig ag
‘Sous WSN aw py 48__—Finte Element Method
¥) Determination of displacement, strain and stress
9.3), we get
:-(8)
ue Ans.
Thus,
Hooke’s taw, we have
Stress, o = units. Ans.
Example 4
A
of long
bated axial
displacement of
be
Fig, £24: Axial bar
Basic Procedure — 47
Solution:
Let w-- be the axial displacement at any point x
1) Formulate the PE functional
PEfunctionalisgivenby. -- I =SE+WP
‘Where, Suain energy stored in bar is given by
se= 42 [(xye
2 la
‘Work potential, We = -[fquac=— [cade
2
ii) Assume a polynomial displacement function
‘Where, a, anda, are ihe jehealied coordi
. FromBq.(2)
Differentiating Eq)
my
‘The condition forthe 1='o e
o=c-'ng= He
ie
we fo= anv am (oybg wong
™e
= 7 syooqeznut oj 10
z nD)
puny ga Say (A
—~ ‘ve~ 2 =
18 an (Z) ows (bg pe (pba Zunmnsgag
Monouny juosoe\dsyp 94} ayINSGNS,
euonuny ga o¥
@- ‘na 2
me
vs. on eds (5y'ba Bum
om Poen Corba woug
02% - yerwo=n :
uonpuss fapanog 241 oy pauurep a9 raze seupiooopomesusd ap n'y pus asaya,
o~ rv "=n
‘uoppuny uptuaoedsp jeRUOUs|od w aunssy CH
ancy om #2 pue "91 sian xp Bunmsgns paw \(uon!8) | =/=3=y. omg
weet|- sperma nest me
(Elie
a uaa s1 409 ut pasos ASsouo wrens aso,
am+35=1 Savant puonouny ag
qeuonsuny id amp ayeULIOG (
= nod Au ye wounds ye a 29 = 121
2 woos
seata
a
l
Liyh
ft
tj it
vii ft
nea!) Lt
ait
tseanrsomy— tf 1 |
I :
Lorwrn/90>0 * 900 “wae “sa andy ay
tuwous pos amp Jo a0}od pap ye oLUDE|ASP 9p PUY oF PomaLa ZINA -HBNGeR an 357
5 duos,
ae
Pp
suouaoeydsp ay
eon {ey bg om
noun
= mo -
orgy nds, =
ze oe =u 2m (6) ba wor
Spouyaye aula SmIS— Oy
i 50_—Firle Element Methods
¥) Determination of displacement, at the mid poi
Note: If A= E=f ¢ 1, Then cons
= une
ae
Displacement at mid pointe, a=
wt and
4E
Displacement atend ie., x= L2%A=E=fel
u = 2uni
Basic Procedure ~_ st
or
Example 6
Use Rayleigh-Ritz method to find stgess a of a bar shown
in figure £2. nodel to be a 2”
order polynoni
— "gS *
20min 20mm _|
Pig. 62.6
Data: £ = 70 GPa = 70 x 10 MPa, A = 100 sm
isplacement function (2nd order «: given)
weatagtae wie Q)
Where, ¢, 4, and «are the generalized coordinates are to be determined from the, boundary
condition i
@ u=0ax=0, = 4,20 wopmos
Tesyup9 w sop
‘aundy uy uMoys se tieoq € Jo nuyod pr ayp ye wrauRoMdsy
= Hao Fas
Lauduioeg
OWN 09- = ©
.o1oelon(.orenre-Je+(,.o1xerr2-Jor-) = 2 ‘opsew
jiuwyy 09+ = ©
201 OL (oO1 x €F1Z—) OF- =a VOP-= O os
sty 9=0
orxouodl -o1xerrz-] Ixerre-Jor-) = 102 = tod parry
aleve + "70p-) =
B)as8 =
a(2)=99=0 =
(fe
ie Sanpasag ag
07 5 2Y00H WOH,
Py
elu
ssons pug of,
tu. 1 xZuS'8 =
suod Guupeo} we wourseydsig
el *2L8°8= (OI * £617) OOP —= “POOP = |
128 am (6) ba on n Jo yea Bumnsqns
sans pue yuouraoeydyp Jo. toMeURULINOCE (4
ol x €912~ =
0201 XE + YZ X 901% S9PL = anny 2m oy ba wos
‘ 001 ze? yO1 x S9PL = UL
1 om
reuonouny ga ove
‘ogop ~ =
doz)» + 02 x"00r ~ =
(ya pue (py ba ey ba
rouaoyydsyp ayy aImnsa
wen
ba
(cet wins 6)
soqwooag
re
Fog + ogy - = 7B «
e+ vor =
oto + Xap =
ree
“4or) +" oF = 0
= oper os"
spowion wwe aE eS S4_—Firte Element Methods Basic Procedure — 55
v eae a, 2s a,x
SB= | os v =a, (x -208 +254)
i peek Ps eheny | ae oa (ee-aissae
WP = - Pv,
av
| Fer 2M (I2e" -12Ex422)
! L
and vis maximum a et
v q ;
y=0,and % 0; atx=0
Dye Oand F=05 at |
From Bq(2)forx=0:, v0 3° q=0
Al ee 2ax + 34,2 + 4a, oy ||
Is, Soa, e tax + 3a + ta, = a
* Nea, aol (144 *p4 Ut +144
a | 24
and e202 20 = a=0
. * Al 2
a Head iE sat caer oee
v=Oand SY = Ojat x =L |
From Bq.) forx = L3¥=0
of 3456++480+5760— Set is
$a Deal
Buta=Oanda,=0 =
|
ay |
and fors=0; 20 55) boomes
a
0 = 4,420, L+ 3a? +44, 0
Condition formintmizationis <= 0 pu
o
ouonuny da Om Won>uny owBDeyASYp axp oIMRSANE
((s) ba pur z oda sas]
a4
(te= kat 2)
vmod Kue ye wowasesig +:
lave gaIBh OE
a Cr
‘st uonreztutuna oj uomIpUID
ny ae 9m Sur (AL
(c+ o- 30) = ®
i
(ere rae a)"9= 4
‘6quan18 st von.ounj wawseseydsyp ‘spua yiog e poxty wweag e 30) aK MOUY 24h
eT onpemarg ose
uonouny owaoeydsp yenwousjed v auinssy (1
s1gpamnquisp Suojun ov anp renvrod yoy,
2 p({2e\fz -
moll
a vont st uteog ayy ut pasors Alsou wrens “ato
dM +98 =U quant evonoury at
euonouny i oun aye|MUBIOG (1
:wopmos:
luowoas ssous Jo vay — V/ pu expioUy Jo yuawous ~ 7 ‘Snypows s,8un0y = 3 a¥RY,
sca hy
i 4
\ t
y
‘eza aunty
Aquuojun © 0} porsatqns spua qioq,
Dy9p “pomp 748
54 uaioys $e ypu} aunuo 2aK0 "4 peo} parng
ve paxy ureaq ayy Jo wonpayap wunnupiens ayy a
8 aMduoee
(ptt ues) = 4
‘£q wont8 1 vonouny wwawaoe\dsip au spe 309 We pats wea ayn 404 (1)
St anpex 13ex8 241, (Q)
Hywory we
zal T) - ,
(e1e-2a+p ) = 4 stimod Kue ye uonsayoq
ais
198 am “(2 ba pur (¢)-be onus 'y Jo angen Supmnsqns smu
70)-*
‘spawn waueR omy oS 58_—Firite Element Methods
Example 9
Using Rayleigh Ritz derive an expression for
beam subjected to uniformly distributed load P, over entire length as shown is figure
E29
* Nl
a
[A ABL
!
Fig. E29 : Camilever beam
‘Where, E - Young's modulus, J - moment of inertia and A - Area of cross section.
(A)
taxtaxe tae + aa!
coordinates are tobe determined from the boundary
ve qtagtartar tase —0)
av ;
Se wo, 204 a 44a! 2
ay
Fe a aay + 60,4 12 a3? }
ger txt Da,
|
’ (4)
Applying Boundary oo
Using BC (a)
From E(t) we get oe
ay
Using BC se acte
8 o5e=0
From Ba. @), we get, 20
Using ac
From Bq “(9)
ay
Using BC (ie. a x=hote
7 a bope0
From Eq.(4), we get 0 = 60,424 at
asou,‘|snoinaud possnosip $8 away [evCESNOUN
‘U9 Woy sou up 2204130 Om joy UoBuny womejodsons uesTe"] oy an¥0p WED af
NBUE}OSY / JRE}e|UPEND — syuoW|9 C-z 40) UONoUF deus Z's
Taz seu e010 Tub
uy uous se soreurps009
quowe/9
suopoiny dogs fo nonoung :2'5 By
swewn}p-0u0 Jo Vonouny adeys Jo uoHeLen 24,
z
Gps (yw
7 2p0N 6 woqouny adeys
cam
ws
1 990N 96 uogouny 2a
1 = vay sou
woe 19 popow ow ou AURIS
o9— er Orr Emens— 229
| ofthe sap fon areas sovnin he ise Ga
Lys
To find shape function N,
NG = Fg. 54: Variation of shape function for quadrilateral element
5.4 LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION FUNCTION FOR HIGHER ORDER
ELEMENT
N= 20-840 a= ld)
N= gd-sulem 6.14)
5.4.1 Shape function for Three node bar element (Quadratic bar element)
‘The three noded one-dimensional bar element as shown is figure(S.5) the shape function wil be
quadratic in nature.
se quadrilateral element are
= 1,23end4
Fig, 5.5: Quadratic bar element owape aposponb a1 sof wonouny adoys fo mung 595 By
aes 7 8
7 9PON ye worouny Sdeys ~
ayemyps00> [eaM}EN, UY
= 7 UO
Ty eA
T= uoyo aouen
ywawofo anq apespenb popou any 30
=()7
soyeuypu00> weenie /Teqo78 Uy
Fz — sane 16m 26a 226 —Finte Element Methods
5.4.2 Shape function for Four node bar element (Cubic bar element)
‘Theeubic one-dimensional bar element is as showin is figret5.7)
5
r 3 4 2
The shape
polyno
In Natural coordinates
tions of the one
* Shape function at Node 1
wo = Z{e-4)-9 622)
When k= 2
N(6) = &(8) =
< Shape funetion it Node 2
When k=3
Highor Order Elements —_ 207
“ Shape function at Node 3,
(5.24)
When k= 4
:, Shape function at’Node-4,
~~ (525)
Thus,
Fig. 58 : Varation of shape function for 1D cubic bar element (9E'9)
(se)
se possaudxa aq 09 ip = tay, pur ¢S3p0U 0g
we Clusty gene = WN
s posoxiyo a9 wo“ pu £7“ sop 409
(ees)
oay
s
CD) =
2G-D
* wr =
G2poury
6 PON soHa9N} Jo woRIUNy adeys o¥p pul oy,
es a> uN
ary = WON
“Aumqung
crs) ~
wy
zs
2
6
‘
i
8 pte‘, “9 ‘5 SopoN pur Jo wong adeus amp Puy Oy
Bee — suawag 09 Tab
+ ;
7 a tu
Co Toa 7
* ‘
7 coe = Wp
9) Tamas 7
ye
Ca Toy
oes)
(0) (wy 7
wet in
' wo
*
oY
7 wa
(w'7'7 Puna o,
o'r = Wan 1 2pouy
spon zou jo voqouny ads 2p Puy
worouny weve 3,4" ay,
7 G7 = WON
xu poe $y eunn vosuny mys Bue] a4,
ope mins sp 6S Rd
pou pani omy sey eo sso pnp)
ze
- 8
ft § fo
i—T
Gs aindy w uous se
suai 2 piSUODSMZ]
(quowojo
4seynBueyoes aneapen) 1wowoyo J2]n6uE,S04 BpoU OUIN 40} UOHOUTY edeUS EFS
soreuyjindoo yume ows podkdou uawsyoseinSueioas popow uy
Sparen weweTS Bray Bee 230_—Finte Element Metads
For central node 9, can be expressed as
2M = @- DOr) >
“Thus, its observed thatthe twoTdmensional Lagrange element contains interal nodes ss shown in
figure (S10) which are not connected to other nodes
Cubic element
3.10 : Two dimensional Lagrange elements and Pascal triangle
5.5 SERENDIPITY ELEMENTS
Higher order Lagrange elements contains internal nodes, which do not contribute to the inter
can be eliminated by condensation procedure which needs
reduction in size ofthe element
1. Linear clement
Gn) = Lede Jie) (5:38)
2. Quadratic clement
a. For nodes at €= +1,1=t1 (Comer nodes)
gen) = Glee. Mtenn QE, +n -1) (639
6. For nodes t E= =O (id nodes)
Nin) = $086 Men?) (540)
Higher Order Elements — 231
, For nodes at E= 0, = (Mid nodes)
(540
3. Cube element
1. For nodes at E= thn=1
1
NGen) = 55(0+86 Monn, JPG? +?)-10] (542)
1 -
b. For nodes at §= +1,n=+—
3
9 2)
ifn) = 20486 -on'f49nn) (543)
‘And 90 of fr other nodes at the boundaries.
functions
Fig, 5.12 : Two dimensional eight node rectangular element
(Quadratic rectangular element) Sree zepouiy
“ee x'y apouyy
1 sonyea a puy o,
tres 7opouy
‘y= xy apoury
wea,
Toe TI ae =
“rey MOU 244
puowope 409 0-1 29S hg
TAPON
ny ods Butaoy pur sopou omy Suyaoy ruawta}a 10g L9p|SHOD - x5
a9 OTRO pure Kyun sf Hod poysoods & ye oRUNy adeys & 30 OHNE IY, “T
‘are uorouny eds ayp Jo sonsodoud aig
NOLLONN4 3dVHS SHL4O SALLUAdOud 9's
‘otanaoe s0n09 pur sense
198 0} arediwoo wonouny
pansosqo ag Aeus 3
Sjenpeseduios conpaid swuowje Bue “ongaroyy,siuatwoya A
erwousjod w s2uoTojdiwoo yo sap zonaq vane sutoja sueiBe"y a
oro
wot (ues (usaE =
NEG be susie’ =v
Fee — sews 1660 61H
|
|
|
'
i
baifaeneery (1-4 9u-yasnF = W
(eigen 2 erbeg(ueyaepFe =v
_muaniae opo 34842 youoysuaunp 0M) sof souy fo suoronbg 1's By
Bald
ru
foes apou-g 40 uorauny adeys 249 “sm, Sopou SNOUT 8 Sane
(90 0 puy re aU WOLSEY
29 8 7 9poU Joy woruny
us
oi ads an “100
+ 1)! ly auoneg | 9pou 4 wonsunyadeys mn aa:
(H+ =
“Yao A009
"hyo snes amy sy uRsuos UMOUIUN SLA OKA
‘uaouyun opmyuseus ayn] 2pou w |
2 (wawere
JejnBueyoas opespend) jaw9|2 JeINBuEyIa1 epoU yYBIe 40} UONoUNy deus LG's
poe wens
ag Bee ie
Hence the statement.
2. Sum of the shape functions is equal to unity
Nena
+
=
3. The derivative of the shape function is a constant
a
Oh cats at = constant
5.7 ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION .
5.7.1 Necessity of lsoparametric Formulation
With the fir establishment ofthe principles of finite element analysis, its found that the development
shave been chosen,
the displacements
‘often governed by che
‘smaller number of more
forthe analysis of any iregular geometry itis difficult. use such elements directly. For example,
the continuum having curve boundary as shown in the figure 5.15(a) has been discretised into a
-mesh of finite elem
thee ways as shown,
VNa
es
WAZE
(@)The Continuum tobe dscretived (9) Disertisaion using Triangular Elements,
«iy
Tio)
Higher Order Elements ~ 235 ain ur va ounourezed sadns se unouy ame swouojo yons uo4y CnpN0=8 2
pesnu 1p auyep_O posn uonunyadeyS
Squowey2 sujewered sodng
NeW “3
wgrgemay
ous sv sjuaw ourowesed qns se uwouiy ave sivawofa Yons uoup “Ansaoa auyjp 01 pest
my anys a s2P10 woAps9T8a18 S| yuowrsae\dtp 2uL]Op O1 pasn woRaUR adeys 9X9 JOP.0 JL
‘squousye oyjouresed ang
NEN vo
(LYsyamay wy umoys
ua|9
any dey 24930 90
stuowaye ujeweredosy
yualuoje 2ujowesed sadng pur -cng 05] £1°5
ag uyv
=(7-WeS)r se wawoys tp ut uonepies ajqeues pray aip ssaxdva ose ur aug,
woo ayo stujod jepoujo sreutpieo) = "2
suoppuny uoRRodion = 4
sepou yo.oquiny = “arsiqa,
atityatty = 2
+iGy ally =
seiyelly <9
Sr suonsuny uoriyodionu tp yo suis1 wt passandxa 29 eu! wowoyo Ue Jo Anaw08 ayy,
uoneuLojsuesy geUIPI00 ZS
Tea — sueweR 19510 THE
‘paw woes HIS SE 228 _—Finte Element Method
Pig. 5.17
Example for coordinate transforn
Determine the Cartesian coordinate of the point P (& = 0.8, 1 = 04
Fig. 5.8 Fig. 519
— “Noid f6¢ displacement
—~ Nodes for Geomet
= Shape function for Geometry
= Shape function for displacement
2200
as shown in figure
9)
0.1.3)
Solution:
The values ofthe
Luo)
Fig. 5.20 : Transformation of Coordinates
terpoation funet he rectangular element are given by
mat lt-n)-4(\-08)t-0)=a00s
a)t-n)=4(+08}1-09)=0045
Ny = S(+6}l+n)-2(+08)t+09)=0.885
Higher Order Elemente 239
v, = A(-2hten)at +09)=
&, = Zll-€M+n)=1 6-08} +09)=0085
From figure 5:20,
br 5.4.25)
Thus the coowinate of point Pin Cartesian coorinate system can be eaeulated as
SNe + Nats + No + Net, = x20.005%1 + 0,045%3.+ 0.855%3.5 +0.095 +15 =3.275
a2 tNays + Nays = 0005%1+0.045%1,5+0.855%44.0.095 $2.5 =3.73
sratons, we generally encounter in finite clement methods, are quite complicated and i is
not possible ro find a closed form so
JC 5 Jeondasitn s frem.cagamat 45)
‘Approximate solutions to such problems ae possible using certain numerical techniques. Several
‘humercal techniques ae availabe, in mathematics fr solving definite integration problems. including,
‘mid-point rule, trapezoi ‘Simpson's 1/3* ale, Simpson's 3/8 ule and Gauss Quadrature
formula: Among these, Gauss Quadrature technique is most useful one for solving problems in
will be discussed in details here.
can be defined as process of ol re value
integra we of Fs) at some
equally spaced over (xp i}
5.9 GAUSSIAN QUADRATURE FOR 1-D INTEGRAL
The concept of Gauss Quadrature is:
trated in one dimension nthe context of an integral in
the form of 1 { (EME. Numerical imegration based on Gauss Quadrature assumes that the
function f
Ibe evaluated over ani interval-I << 1. Considering a one-dimensional
Gauss Quadrature represents the integral f() inthe form of onn.af ove S=, af: o=' aol | say
sp(.904 S494) = sone
*exaz01jonba ag sou 424,
goa gorgieb= Os
jwoukjod219n0)¢ =
‘durspssuoo "sm
) = peiwoUusjod ax jo.s9p10 (3)f
“au
ss) Care e(Qr'~= pert
anny on van'2=
a Wf iy
TJ Y
WV ij WY} _
YU Ul MM
oh coy’ S009) f= ve
oy i
+ @) fin) eae porn ey od avo ap wong
wr Ost= Qs = gpcoy|
4 van s yous) yup0d 9u0 “sh,
ers) — O=gpurg =u
4 Ayo oraz s1s0119 "Ing,
Ive — SunLeIg 29mIO TOU
= 9! —( 299 = sou
o= 903] = = 910! "0 Img = 1010
O= (3104 %)'n-9)
gt0-+ Soy nS (304°)
0= @)s'n- gpa = some
coy yenbo oq pynoys son "va
give’ Oy “31
‘uo z9pu0 Jo fenuousyod & oumnssy
noucsed ap a "9 pu a
1 0 Jo jmwousjod w (9) "OHH
am vot] = 1a od Sujduses 2/Bus pts youn ummpEnd uerssneT 2M) 49fISUOD SMT
WINWHOd LNIOd-SNO 16'S
10 (7-2 7) s9p10 ue yo
3 94, pouty amrependaupuaar
22494 seuousod puede 149 pn ate sod sn ys }009 a UE
0 a4, syB}9m SE UNOUY ae" susaj0o Buy ay pr syuod
ures 20 sod somes) se UxoUy sro Jo saqum wsaseidas
acpree rn see 1
a_i
spouaH ewe Sma OF 242_—Fiite Element Methods
at Higher Ores laments — 243
Assume polynomial of order five
FE) = a4 G+ ak+ abs af!
‘Then, eroe willbe equal to 2870, onl
+04, +20, +00, = :
iy $01, + 2a +0. ie (556)
= (+
afb 0 Je B= {mFlE,)+ mflEs)+msfE)} =0
65)
‘Comparing cosfiiens, we get Now considering
wt my =? . F
w Et mye, = 0 JPG ras = flay tag race +08 +a! +k ye
‘These are nonlinear equations have
we myel
Rtg 20 beh
abl + ab + aE)
El +483 +4,
(5.52)
hus: TWwo- Point formula is given by
fr@ae = ws6) 9 |
Ibe equal i
1 “1 qual to zero only if
Re) 69 oe
6.9.3 Three - Point formula | wb, twE,t wE, = 0
Let us consider the Gaussian quadrature fornmula with three sampling points, That is, n= 3, ‘Then, 7 2
we have - ELE MELT WEL =
16d = FEI FEI LG) =~ (555) mbit mba +E = 0
Wher, Samet rey = 2
_f (©) order of the polynomial = 25 5
WE + MEL + mB) = 0 CUPS) fare EUS CUED SEH WIDS"
owe iommupond £2 St
ae
=a
Lk
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“Ws "3 Yomea0| aid ssMeE pul 0,
faye seyndueyar v opisuen *'a sin
wow je. Apenb Joy vjmuwsoy sxmespenb usssne
(s)
“WEDS + EUS) FF 4 CUS fn
{HSE fo UP JE WER
CCU gsi UIQ sha US) fala =
Ups lam [= *1
£4 vans ysdony
(99) -
wu aun jo pes
210 104)
pmoujansy
‘WHOALNI G2 HO4 SHALVHGVND NVISSNVO O1'S
Se — SURaRS 1pIO ToUB
2
ee
(sa)rn08
verere$ sa
(ces) any wos dyson yoyo U9 away HES ROOT SSH,
2),,(2) ma
E 15(-E-) = radusuonmorau,
mS (=a)(55)
sous fo Suny): 22'S St
oy oy
1y.q pur » pasar ue uzomraq Aiea swySlom pur stud Buyydures 312490
11104 Kuo parapysuoo are sum pur-siuiod Sumjdunes erous8 wy
steniaqut jo oBueUD e's
59] (40) (|Z) J9pu0 Jo jeoUsyod
ume uetssneg rey) 2pa|2H09 wD Ox sm,
Gp ores 26.
gsgou = 9 =n: ggugiu= & =tm: osceca= 2 =‘
sees S = "a gaugeu= si
zeanespic'o = TOP = "F
on 3
‘aa906SPLLU- = FOP = ‘9
‘21 ‘uonijos anbiun aip axvy suorrenba 2
ou xe 252,
I ee te ee a eee eee
oon MeN EI Fe 246 —Firte Eloment Methods
Where, w,= y= w,=,= land
(43)
GMB B
Gn es
a
al-
va
an (BR) ev-(F 663)
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1 :
Using Gaussian quadrature formata, evaluate
14278 43)dr Jan / Feb, 2006
Solution :
‘To find sampling po
der
w Fleet
at
Atw,= Lind r= 753
wf) =
ah-t4)
a}
ar =m Fer) + wflrd
} = aun
|
quaU uyeag au} & Jo aMaAOW
Peo} astoxsuen o} parofans winoq jeued y
NOLLWNOFLNAWSOVTdsIC eZ
swronotnfadoys anuay fo nonmung +74 Big
ovo='n z
i=
Lami ui Wnoys se 1 uonouny adeys Jo uoneues ou
[ak ok]
Pty :
oro +E (54 249-1-)E wong odes *
( go+go 4% ="y
eam (erLiba on So poe '» * yosonqen ag. Zonmmsang
Fate wn Laty sD aty =
«P) ue (a) Suppy
='ne-+%% (2) pue(e) Suippy.
we'v=t
He
vetve eg 1=905'H ‘ZePONIV
‘spoon ewe em OSE 208 —Finte Element Methods
poet sepy -wonenbo wntigynbo or
usta,
Jo suonenbo oy Sunny,
orp
ooo
wou
{she
[Eee
Fen tazi+ on Wer Je =
Fen-‘az1+ ‘on 7
Joao
["eue+sai9-'e,mr+
Sq waxg8 61 japon 16 qusUOM SuspuDq a1,
Fooe Her laveer}t =
19 +21 "a9 + Ke)
toe — owes
pomen waa aI
308 310 _—Finte Element Methods
Wheré, (a]=(0 0 2 6x) [aJ=
(For the value of [A] refer Eg. (7.59)
rom the moment curvature rel
susie,
= “orl Torte oke
ms,
eh = 3 = ale Tero
So, the stiffness.matrix will be: .
ws afl Ter wisra
alePfleFtolatac
4 00 0
iow, florers j)¢ lo 0 2 odue=flo 5 stay
ie “lo 0 12x 36x
= [Bllar" {a}
(71.2)
O73)
G74)
= 00.5)
(0.16)
&)
ll
a
07)
7.78)
(0.29) ‘Mowapa wo wo poo pamqunng +2 Bk
yy ayn uy uous se pu peo} peinqunsip AuuoyHun 01 anp sorsen proj aust (ge'Z a
faoza zy.
Ue Wy
[E+2)} eo (-2)§ exo]
Leaf pur 0= 97,3 =379] ‘oc 9] a oon
asses) (ete lara we
HH 30 sanyen aap Sunransqng
oft nnd =n
q u2a13 51 pur peo} painqunsyp Kjwio}run s0 vonigen 6) anp 101298 peo} a4 (°L) SIDA
ceo £040} =
wo alibi {0} =
ia rfowudee| = a
POllalag
ows sph
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