ALKALINITY Expt. No. .| pute 22 ]2iilio. To determine the amount of the different species of alkalinity viz. Hydroxide alkalinity, Carbonate alkalinity and Bicarbonate alkalinity present in the given samples. The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. It is primarily due to the salts of weak acids, although weak or strong bases my also contribute. Alkalinity is usually imparted by bicarbonates, carbonate and hydroxide. Bicarbonates represent the major form of alkalinity as they are formed in considerable amounts from the action of carbon dioxide upon basic materials in the soil. Surface waters where algae grow profusely contain appreciable amounts of carbonate and hydroxide alkalinity. Alkalinity influences chemical and biological processes in water and wastewater. Principle: Alkalinity is determined by titration with standard solution of a strong acid to the successive bicarbonate and carbonic acid equivalence points, indicated by means of colour. For samples whose initial pH is above 8.3, the titration is made in two steps. In the first step the titration is conducted until the pH is lowered to the point at which phcnolphthalein indicator turns from pink to colourless. This corresponds to a pH about 8.3. By this time all the hydroxide has been neutralized and the carbonate has been converted to bicarbonate. The second phase of the titration is conducted until the pH is lowered to about 4.5 corresponding to the methyl orange end point, By this time all bicarbonates will be converted to carbonic acid. The alkalinity measured to phenolphthalein end point is known as phenolphthalein alkalinity and the alkalinity measured up to methy! orange end point represents the total alkalinity. Apparatus: 1. Burette 2. Erlenmeyer flasks- 3. Pipettes Reagents: 1. Standard sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid (0.02 N) 2. Methyl orange indicator 3. Phenolphthalein indicator 1. Pipette 50 mL of sample into an Erlenmeyer flask (V). 2. Add I drop of sodium thiosulphate solution, if residual chlorine is present. 3. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. If the pH is above 8.3, colour of the solution becomes pink. 4, Titrate the sample against standard 0.02 N acid in the burette till the colour just disappears. Note the vol. of titrant used (V, ). 5. Then add two drops of methyl orange indicator. The colour turns to yellow. 6. Again titrate against the acid till the yellow colour just tums orange yellow. 7. Note down the volume of the titrant used from the initial as (V,)Qbeervations Sample x 0.02N 1.80, Methyl orange / phicnolphtteatcan Sampee etter ation Fo sample i ve Gomme Yo Lind Yas qame r . a Cals = Vx Ww SO > 1000 henhanatch weatangy we CacQs = ERTS = LINGO» 0.02 0m Leino» 0.0% 0 go ap aye oer lad aan OO Me Cy Ty NnGor 1000 a = Hay002 sSmer" Berg -eee — i Foy_sangee &: pherdph thabefa ataciniy =D pdxaLindy [tora ox abe Merb One jy Fy NaF On 10 09 ghar ow IOs ms Chto. 3 v 2 2.39 0-0 4502100" an 0.02250 5O For sampiele Po a3 = oe T= sy herve, Pcly 4 bytvoride wisatiny = Ong it Catbonne, OAK ALIMD, — ate Aah Biconbovate WbtLinty 2 T-2y > somalCalculation: Phenolphthalein alkalinity as CaCO. VoxeNx 50x 1000 my /T v Methyl orange alkalinity or total alkalinity as CaCO, VjxNx 50x 1000 mg/L Vv where, V- Volume of sample used im ml. ~ $0 ml. V.- Volune of standard acid used up to phenolphthalein end point N.- Normality of acid used ‘V,- Volume of standard acid used up to methyl orange end point Species of alkalinity may be obtained frum the table given below Carbonate | Bicarbonate alkalinity 2s | Alkalinity as | ca, Cao, Caco, | 0 T theennpetes aference The fentninnibh, Limi a, uty Ane vate “ee 700 sgl L > Temepore, thy given wher Fadrg Ce De Sdfe We. Questions: 1. Which is the major form of alkalinity? How is it formed? 2. Why do we take 0,02N H,SO, forthe titration? 3. Why does the pH change on aerating the water? 4. For efficient coagulation, the water mast be alkaline. Why? whee 7}! D) Wcomberatty nepresehe thy hy ton 5 ate 29h ramen, warery dud Uo sOuNLe beig Bis passe % Oytrm he aswesphore & the wwerthering CAtbsrate tn erets Fy rocts 2 GAD» -a . D Becrye 1,004 ha etwrg act, i co tae Tharay Cas, & duration. Onde nel co Beat cabot A prea. 0 SOD) bage . For mE Wot subgame Aad, OY rol sotins corbin te near, and cite the neagten ly Mars atiser the addity 1k can be tome y as ME why Neco” 3) Lowenioy. the fit nenacenty wil Reretife the dour a, Cash ontror aha Ame fe the tom q Conbm dorde mare Wares, Anh Hee wie Mortage che vibe oF out guid (0, Ueatieg the tr) Ketarhay wily ALCO mypredtes tHe SQEE uk gary’ 4) Breage, mone cDag UBS wyed Bathe Indansy are Addie fo MEA tok shaghore ebealine wires wit: help +0 RelareLiby, the cotter RATS Phy thyeaemeht 5 reptarienarney, Us pt to mou 9HARDNESS Expt. No... Date.O7. |, Aim: a2. carb To determine the total hardness of the given sample of water and hence to estimate the onate and non-carbonate hardness of the same sample. Hardness is caused by divalent metallic cations. Such ions are capable of reacting with Soap to form precipitates and with certain anions present in the water to form scale in hot water pipes, heaters, boilers etc. The principal hardness causing cat ions are calcium, magnesium, strontium, ferrous iron and manganese ions. | Principal cations causing hardness in water and the major anions associated with them are given in the table below: Principle: EDTA titrimetric method Solution of EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) or its sodium salt is used as the titrating agent, EDTA forms extremely stable complex ions with Ca”, Mg"*and other divalent cations causing hardness. M? + EDTA---—> (M.EDTA) complex a) Erichorome black T is used as the indicator. When a small amount of Erichrome black T, having a blue colour, is added to the hard water with a pH of about 10.0, it combines with a few of the Ca* and Mg* ions to form a weak complex ion which is wine red in colour. M*+ Erichrome black T-----—> (M. Brichrome black T) complex (2) Blue Wine During titration with EDTA, all free hardness ions are complexed according to equation (1). Finally the EDTA disrupts the (M Erichrome Black T) complex and frees the Erichrome Black ‘T indicator and the wine red colour changes to blue, marking the end of the titration. Apparatus 1.Burette, 2. Pipettes. 3, Erlenmeyer flasks, Etc. Reagents: 1. Ammonia buffer solution 2, Erichrome Black T indicator. 3. Standard EDTA titrant 0.01 M.é Observation; Sample x EDT, Erichrome Black T indicator Burette reading Mean tion of | Tal — vane Volume | Hardness sample | N° | sampje | lnitial | Final | govt, wns wo (Vib) (mL) (inl) 1 |so 0 24 | ay 4 50 + 2 na [247 | gg | 19.3 | 446 3 | 30 247 369 lak 1 AL. 2 3 ‘Sample calculation: V> FO mt, volume 9, TA, V2 (2.3m Prantdhea a CaCD; = We3xt008 U ‘ 00° u (a. dal it = 24 bial5 Take a sample volume, which will require less than 15 mL EDTA titrant. Dilute 25 mL of the sample to about SOml by adding distilled water (V). In case of samples of low hardness take a larger sample volume. Add one or two mL of buffer solution to bring the pH to 10+ 0.1. . Add one or two drops of the indicator solution. If Ca or Mg hardness is present, the solution will turn wine red. ‘5. Titrate against EDTA. titrant till the sample turns blue. Note the volume V; of the titrant. x awe Calculations: Hardness as CaCO3_ = V, x Sx 1000. mg/L v where, ‘V, ~ volume in mL. of titrant used for the sample: S (mg CaCO, equivalent to | mL of EDTA titrant) = 1 (mg CaCO,) V -Sample volume in mL. If carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity is greater than total hardness, ‘Carbonate hardness = Total hardness Non-carbonate hardness =o If carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity ts less than total hardness, Carbonate hardness = alkalinity Non-carbonate hardness = Total hardness - alkalinity. Results and discussion:- Torae hasdrew = 2abrgle Carbonate hecdrus 2 Sthylb Ron - Carbownye had hom = 162 bgt hicreve- THe fearwralbpg Cimit & hadneinin Aviheiys wares hh 200ml The HEL hosdnen tor the given Gargle shtarned & ihn the aero Hohcett & FREE tov wae -