CHANAK

YANATI
ONALL
AWUNI
VERS
ITY,
NYAYANAGAR,
MITHAPUR,
PATNA–
8
00001

“
CONS
TITUTI
ONOFCRI
MINALCOURTANDTHEI
RPOWERS
”

F
INALDRAF
TSUBMI
TTEDI
NTHEF
ULF
ILMENTOFTHEC
OURS
ETI
TLED–

CRI
MINALL
AW-
II

S
UBMI
TTEDBY:
S
UBMI
TTEDTO:
NAME:K
UMARIDI
KSHAC
HANDRA
MsS
UGANDHA
C
OURS
E:B.
A.
,L
L.B(
Hon
s.
)
AS
SIS
TANTPROF
ESS
OR
ROL
LNO:
193
0

S
EMES 4th
TER:

1
 DECL
ARATI
ONBYTHECANDI
DATE

Ih
ere
byd
ecl
aret
hatt
hewo
rkr
epo
rte
dint
heB.
A.
,LL
.B(
Hon
s.
)Pr
oje
ctRe
por
ten
tit
led
“
CONS
TITUTI
ONOFCRI
MINALCOURTANDTHEI
RPOWERS
”su
bmi
tte
datC
han
aky
aNa
tio
nal
L
aw Un
ive
rsi
tyi
sana
uth
ent
icr
eco
rdo
fmywo
rkc
arr
iedo
utu
nde
rth
esu
per
vis
iono
f
Ms
.SUGANDHAIh
aven
ots
ubmi
tte
dth
iswo
rke
lse
whe
ref
ora
nyo
the
rde
gre
eord
ipl
oma
.Ia
m
f
ull
yre
spo
nsi
bl
efo
rth
eco
nte
ntso
fmyPr
oje
ctRe
por
t.

S
IGNATUREOFC
ANDI
DATE

NAMEOFC
ANDI
DATE:
KUMARIDI
KSHAC
HANDRA

C
HANAK
YANATI
ONALL
AWUNI
VERS
ITY,
PATNA.

2
 ACK
NOWL
EDGEMENT

Iwo
uldl
ik
etot
han
kmyf
acu
ltyMs
.SUGANDHA.
Who
seg
uid
anc
ehe
lpe
dmeal
otwi
ths
tru
ctu
rin
g
myp
roj
ect
.

Io
wet
hep
res
enta
cco
mpl
is
hme
nto
fmyp
roj
ectt
omyf
rie
nds
,wh
ohe
lpe
dmei
mme
nse
lywi
th
ma
ter
ial
sth
rou
gho
utt
hep
roj
ecta
ndwi
tho
utwh
omIc
oul
dn’
tha
vec
omp
let
edi
tint
hep
res
ent
wa
y.

THANKYOU,

NAME:
KUMARIDI
KSHAC
HANDRA

C
OURS
E:B.
A.
,L
L.B.
(Ho
ns.
)

ROL
LNO:
193
0

S TER–4th
EMES

3
I
NDEX

1
.INTRODUC
TION:

 AI
MSANDOBJEC
TIVES

 HYPOTHES
IS

 RES
EARC
HMETHODOL
OGY

 S
OURC
ESOFDATA

 L
IMI
TATI
ONSOFTHES
TUDY

2.
STRUC
TUREANDHI
ERARC
HYOFC
OURTS

3
.HI
GHC
OURT

4.C
OURTOFS
ESS
ION

5
.COURTOFMAGI
STRATES

6
.SUPREMEC
OURT

BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

4
 1
.INTRODUCTI
ON:

Adminis
trati
ono fjusticeisthemo stimportantf uncti
onofthest ate.Forthispurposeo u
r
co
n s
tituti
onhassetu paHi era r
chyofc our
ts.Th eS u
p r
emeC our
ti st h
ea pexb o
dy ,fo
llowedby
24HighCourtswh i
chh avebee ncre
at e
db ythec onstituti
onofIndia,andt hei
rjurisdi
ctionand
powersarewe l
ldef i
ne dintheconstit
u ti
onitself.Theprimarydutyo ftheS upremeC ourtisto
ascer
tainwhethert h
el awsa reexecuteda ndob ey
e dproperl
ya n
dt oseetoitt h
a tnop ers
onis
depri
vedofju s
ticeina nycourtoflaw. Withthispu rpos
einview,t heSupremeC ourtoccupies
thehigh
estplaceinou runitaryjudi
cialsystem.Att empthasbeenma de,asfarasp ossi
b l
e,to
ensur
eitsindependencea ndac h
ievetheg o
a lofens u
ringjus
tice.
Th eS upremeC o
u rthasbeen
equi
pp e
dwi t
he normousp owers.Byvirtueofit splaceatthea p
exo fthej u
dici
alp yr
a mid,th
e
SupremeCourtactsa sag reatunifyi
ngf or
ce.Weh aveseenthatit sdecisi
onsandv erdict
sa r
e
bi
ndingonanycourtinI ndia
.Asar esult,t
herei sag oodposs
ibil
ityo fintegrati
on,consi
stency
andcohesi
oninthee ntirejudici
alsystemoft hec o
u ntry
.

Arti
cl
e1 24ofIndiancons
tit
utionsaysthatther
es h
all
beaS upremeC our
tofI nd
iai
ts
co
nsti
t u
tionpowe r
sa n
djuri
sdic
t i
onshavebeendefi
nedfromAr t
icle124-1
47.TheSupr
eme
Cou
rtisme anttobet h
ehighes
tc o
urto fappea
lwhichtak
e supappealsagai
nstthever
dic
tof
Hi
ghCo u
rts.Thereare24HighCourtsinthecou
ntrywhic
hr eg
ulat
e stheworkingoft
heSessi
ons
co
urt.TheConsti
tution
,byArtic
le22 7
,p r
ovi
desthateveryHighCourtshal
lsoexerc
ise
su
perintendenc
eo veral
lcou
rtsandt r
ibunal
s.

TheCri
minal
Proce
dureCodef
urt
h e
rprov
idesthatever
yHighC
ourtc
anexer
cis
e
supe
rin
tendenc
eoverth
ecour
tsofJudi
ci
alMa g
istra
tesubo
rdi
natet
oitast
oe n
sur
ean
expedi
tio
usandpro
perdis
pos
alofsuc
hcasebysuchmagi
str
ates
.

Th
ehi
era
rch
yoft
heC
rimi
nal
Cou
rtsi
nIn
diai
sasf
oll
ows

 Th
eSu
pre
meCo
urto
fIn
dia
 –Th
eSu
pre
meC
our
tOfI
ndi
a,b
ein
gth
eap
exc
our
tof
I
ndi
a,wa
ses
tab
li
she
dun
derAr
tic
le 
124 o
f Pa
rtV a
nd Ch
apt
er I
V o
f t
he
Co
nst
itu
tio
nofI
ndi
a.
 Th
eHi
ghCo
urt
sofI
ndi
a– 
Theh
ighc
our
tsa
rea
tth
ese
con
dle
velo
fth
ehi
era
rch
y.
 
The
yar
ego
ver
nedb
y Ar
tic
le1
41o
fth
eCo
nst
itu
tio
nOfI
ndi
aan
dar
ebo
undb
yth
e
j
udg
eme
nto
fth
eAp
exC
our
t.
 L
owe
rCo
urt
sofI
ndi
aha
veb
eenc
las
sif
ieda
sfo
ll
ows
.
 Me
tro
pol
ita
nCo
urt
s

5
  S
ess
ion
sCo
urt
 C
hie
fMe
tro
pol
it
anMa
gis
tra
te
 F
irs
tCl
assMe
tro
pol
it
anMa
gis
tra
te
 Di
str
ictCo
urt
s
o S
ess
ion
sCo
urt 
o F
irs
tCl
assJu
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
e
o S
eco
ndC
las
sJu
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
e
o Exe
cut
iveMa
gis
tra
te

AI
MSANDOBJECTI
VES
:

1
. Th
ere
sea
rch
ert
end
stoa
nal
yset
hep
owe
rso
fcr
imi
nal
cou
rts
.

2
.Th
ere
sea
rch
ert
end
stos
tud
yab
outt
heh
ier
arc
hyo
fcr
imi
nal
cou
rts
.

RES
EARCHQUES
TION:

1
. Wh
ati
sth
ehi
era
rch
yofc
rimi
nal
cou
rts
?

2
.Wh
atp
owe
rsd
oth
eco
urth
ave?

3
.Wh
ati
sth
epo
wero
fju
dge?

HYPOTHES
IS:

1
. Th
eresear
che
rpresu
mesth
attheSu
pre
mec o
urtact
sasag
rea
tun
ify
ingf
orc
eit
s
de
cis
iona
ndverd
ict
sareb
indi
ngona
nycou
rtinIn
dia.

2
.Therese
a r
cherpre
sumesth
atthecri
minalp
rocedu
recodepro
vide
sthatev
eryhig
h
c
our
tcanexerci
sesupe
rit
endenc
eoverthecou
rtsofju
dici
almagi
str
atessu
bord
inat
e
t
oitastoens
u r
eanexpedi
tio
nsandpro
perdispo
salo
fsu c
hcasebys
uchmagi
str
ate..

L
IMI
TATI
ON:

Th
ere
sea
rch
erh
asmo
net
arys
our
cesa
ndt
imel
imi
tat
ioni
nco
mpl
eti
ngt
hep
roj
ect
.

6
F
urt
here
mph
asi
swi
ll
beg
ive
non
lyo
nCo
nst
itu
tio
nofc
rimi
nal
cou
rta
ndt
hei
rpo
wer
s.

RES
EARCHMETHODOL
OGY:

Th
ere
sea
rch
erwi
ll
ber
ely
ingo
ndo
ctr
ina
lme
tho
dofr
ese
arc
htoc
omp
let
eth
epr
oje
ct.

S
OURCESOFDATA:

Th
erese
arc
herwi
ll
ber
ely
ingo
nbo
thp
rima
rya
nds
eco
nda
rys
our
cest
oco
mpl
etet
he
pr
oje
ct.

1
. Pr
ima
rys
our
ce:
cr
imi
nal
pro
ced
urec
ode

2
.Se
con
dar
yso
urc
e:Bo
oks,
News
pap
erANDwe
bsi
tes

7
 2
.STRUCTURE,
HIERARCHYOFCRI
MINALCOURTSI
NINDI
A

S
ect
ion6o
fth
eCo
deo
fCr
imi
nal
Pro
ced
ure(
Cr.
P.C
.)–

Besi
destheHig
hCour
tsandth
eCour
tscon
sti
tut
edund
eranyl
aw,oth
erth
ant
hisC
ode
,th
ere
sh
allbe
,inev
erySt
ate,t
hefo
ll
owi
ngcl
ass
esofCr
imi
nal
Cou
rts,
name
ly:-

1
.Co
urt
sofS
ess
ion
;

2.Judi
ci
alMag
ist
rat
eso
fth
efi
rstc
las
san
d,i
nan
yme
tro
pol
it
ana
rea
,Me
tro
pol
it
an
Magi
str
ates
;

3
.Ju
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
eso
fth
ese
con
dcl
ass
;an
d

4.
Exe
cut
iveMa
gis
tra
tes
.

Itmayben o
tedtha
tt hecl
asse
so fCr
imi
nalC
ourt
sment
ione
di nt
hiss
ect
iona
rebesi
desth
e
Hig
hC o
urtsandt
heC o
urtscon
stit
ute
du n
deranyl
aw,
othertha
nthisC
ode.
Thus
,th
eC r
imi
nal
Cour
tsare
:

1
.Hi
ghC
our
ts

2
.Co
urt
sco
nst
itu
tedu
nde
ran
yLa
wot
hert
hant
hisC
ode

3
.Co
urt
sofS
ess
ion

4.
Jud
ici
alMa
gis
tra
teso
fth
eFi
rstC
las
s

5
.Me
tro
pol
it
anMa
gis
tra
tesi
nan
yme
tro
pol
it
ana
rea

6
.Ju
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
eso
fth
eSe
con
dCl
ass

7
.Exe
cut
iveMa
gis
tra
tes

S
ect
ion26me
nti
onst
hel
is
tofC
our
tswh
icha
ree
lig
ibl
etot
ryo
ffe
nce
s–Ac
cor
din
gtoS
ect
ion
2
6,a
nyo
ffe
nceme
nti
one
dun
dert
heI
ndi
anPe
nal
Cod
ema
ybet
rie
dby
:

 t
heHi
ghC
our
t
 t
heC
our
tofS
ess
ion
 a
nyo
the
rCo
urta
ssp
eci
fie
dint
heF
irs
tSc
hed
uleo
fth
eCo
deo
fCr
imi
nal
Pro
ced
ure

8
Al
tho
ughi
tha
stob
een
sur
edt
hata
nyo
ffe
ncec
ommi
tte
dun
der
 sec
tio
n37
6,s
ect
ion3
76A,
s
ect
ion3
76B,
sec
tio
n37
6C,
sec
tio
n37
6D 
anda
lso
 sec
tio
n37
6E 
oft
heI
ndi
anPe
nal
Cod
e,b
etr
ied
1
b
yawo
manj
udg
e.

1
h
ttp
s:/
/bl
og.
i
ple
ade
rs.
i
n/p
owe
r-c
rimi
nal
-c
our
ts-
ind
ia/

9
 3
.THEHI
GHCOURT

Ther
eisaHighCou r
tf o
reachStat
eoroneormoreStat
es.Itisth
eh i
ghes
tjudi
cia
linst
ituti
on
wit
hintheStat
e. Thecond
iti
onsandq
uali
fic
ati
onsforappoin
tmentofJudgesofaHighC o
urt
ar
ec on
tain
edinAr tic
les217
-222oftheCon
sti
tuti
onofIndia.Ea
chHighCour
thasorigi
nalas
wel
lasa p
pell
atej u
risd
ict
ion.
TheHig
hh a
sgotsuper
inten
denceoverallc
our
tsthrou
ghoutthe
2
co
ncern
edState.

TheHighCourth
asthepowertoi s
suecertai
nwritstoanypers
on,aut
hori
tyo reve
nt h
e
Gove
rnmentwith
initster
rit
oria
lj u
ris
dict
ionforthee n
for
cementofa n
yo ft h
er i
ghts
co
nferr
edb yPa r
tino ftheC onst
itut
ionofI nd
ia.TheCourtals
oh ast h
ep owerof
su
perin
tenden
ceoveral
lsubord
inat
ec our
tsa ndTri
buna
lssit
uatedwithi
nitst e
rri
tor
ial
ju
ris
dict
ion
.

TheHig
hC ou
rts t
andsattheheadoftheJudi
ciaryinaS ta
t e
.Ite njoysci
vilaswellascri
minal
,
or
dinar
ya swellasextr
aordi
naryandgener
alaswe llasspeci
a ljuri
sdic
tion
.Theinstit
utio
nof
th
eHi g
hC ou
rtisf a
irl
yoldasitdatesbac
kt o1862wh enundert heIndi
anHighC o
urtAct,186
1,
Hi
ghC ou
rtswe reestab
li
shedatC al
cutt
a,Bomba ya n
dMa dras .Incours
eo ftime,otherHigh
Co
u r
tshavealsobeenestab
li
shed.
TheHighC ou
rtse njo
ya nOrig i
nalJuri
sdi
ctioninrespec
tof
te
s t
amentary,
ma tr
imoni
alandgua
rdians
hipmatte r
s.Orig
inalJu ri
sdict
ionisconfer
redont h
e

2
R.
V.K
elk
ar,
Crp
c,5t
hEd
.P1
5

1
0
Hi
ghC o
urtund
erv a
rio
usstatu
tes.TheHighCour
tsals
oe n
joyextrao
rdi
nar
yjur
isd
icti
onunde
r
Arti
cl
e2 26toiss
uev ar
iou
swr i
ts.EachHig
hC our
th assuper
vis
orypowero
versubord
ina
te
co
urtsunderi
t.EachHighCou
rt,bein
gac ourtofrecor
de nj
oysthepowert
op un
ishforit
s
3
co
ntemptaswell
asofitssu
bordi
natecour
ts.

CONS
TITUTI
ONOFI
NDI
A:HI
GHCOURTS

 Ar
tic
le2
15.
Hig
hCo
urt
stob
eco
urt
sofr
eco
rd.

Ev
eryHi
ghC
our
tsh
all
beac
our
tofr
eco
rda
nds
hal
lha
vea
llt
hep
owe
rso
fsu
chac
our
t

i
ncl
udi
ngt
hep
owe
rtop
uni
shf
orc
ont
emp
tofi
tse
lf

 Ar
tic
le2
14:
Hig
hCo
urt
sfo
rSt
ate
s.-
The
res
hal
lbeaHi
ghC
our
tfo
rea
chS
tat
e.

 Ar
tic
le2
31.
Est
abl
is
hme
nto
fac
ommo
nHi
ghC
our
tfo
rtwoo
rmo
reS
tat
es

Ju
ris
dic
tio
ns

Th
efo
ll
owi
nga
ret
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onsa
ndp
owe
rswh
icht
heHi
ghC
our
tse
njo
yal
lov
ert
hec
oun
try

1
. Or
igi
nal
jur
isd
ict
ion

TheCon
sti
tuti
onofIndi
adoesnotgi
veadet
ail
eddesc
ripti
onoftheori
gin
aljuri
sdic
tio
noft h
e
Hi
ghCourt
.Itisacc
epte
dt h
attheori
gin
alj
uri
sdi
cti
onofaHi g
hCourtisexerc
isedbyiss
ueof
Writ
stoanype r
sonorau
thor
ityin
clu
din
gGove
rnment
.Artic
le226oftheConst
ituti
onvestsi
n
th
eHighCour
tt h
ep o
wertois
suewrit
sfort
herest
orat
ionoffund
amentalri
ghts
.

Theorig
inaljur
isdi
cti
onofth
eHighCo
urtsal
soexte
ndstothematte
rsofa
dmir
alt
y,pr
obate
,
matr
imoni
al a
ndcontemptofC
ourtc
ases
.TheHi
ghCourt
shaveal
soful
lpo
werst
omakerul
esto
re
gul
a t
et hei
rb us
inessi
nrel
ati
ontotheadmi
nis
trat
ionofjus
tic
e.Itc
anpun
ishfori
tsown
4
co
ntempt.

2
.Appe
lla
teJu
ris
dic
tio
n

Theapp
ella
tejuri
sdi
cti
onofHighCour
textendst
obothci
vilan
dcrimi
nalc
ases
.Inc
ivi
lcas
es,
it
sjur
isdi
cti
onexten
dstocasestr
iedbyCour
tsofMunsi
fsandDis
tric
tjudg
es.
Inth
ecrimi
nal
cas
esi
te xten
dstoca
sesde
c i
dedbySessi
onsa
ndAddi
tion
alSess
ion
sJudges
.
5
Th
us,
thej
uri
sdi
cti
ono
fth
eHi
ghC
our
text
end
stoa
llc
ase
sun
dert
heS
tat
eorf
ede
ral
laws
.

3
ht
tp:
//
www.i
mport
anti
ndia
.co
m/1
241
8/p
ower
s-a
nd-f
unc
tio
ns-
of-
hi
gh-c
our
t-i
n-i
ndi
a/
4
RVKelk
ar,
Crpc
,5thEd,p16
5
ht
tp:
//
www.i
mport
anti
ndia.
co
m/1
241
8/po
wer
s-an
d-f
unc
tio
ns-
of-
hig
h-c
our
t-i
n-i
ndi
a/

1
1
Po
wer
s

Po
wero
fSu
per
int
end
enc
e

AHig
hCour
thasa
lsoth
ep owe
rofsuperi
nte
nden
ceove
rallC
ourtsan
dTrib
una
lsexc
eptth
ose
de
ali
ngwi
thth
earmedfor
cesfun
cti
oni
nginth
eStat
e.I
nexerc
iseoft
hisp
oweritma
y:-

(
i) C
all
forr
etu
rnf
roms
uchC
our
ts.

(
ii
) (
ii)Mayiss
uegene
ralrul
esa n
dpr
esc
rib
efo
rmsf
orr
egu
lat
ingt
hep
rac
tic
ean
d
p
rocee
din
gsofs
uchCo
urt
s,and

(
ii
i) (
ii
i)Pr
esc
rib
efo
rmsi
nwh
ichb
ook
san
dac
cou
ntsa
reb
ein
gke
ptb
yth
eOf
fic
erso
fan
y
C
ourt.

Thispo
werhasmadetheHi
ghCourtre
spons
ibl
efortheent
ireadmin
ist
rationo
fJust
iceint
heS t
ate.
It
isbot
hjudi
ci
alaswell
asadmini
str
ati
veinnat
ure
. Th
eConsti
tuti
ondoesnotpl
acean
yrestr
ict
iononi
ts
powerofsu
peri
ntend
enceo
v e
rt h
esubor
din
ateCo
u rt
s.I
tma ybenot
edt h
eS up
remeCour
thasnosi
mil
ar
powervi
s-
a-vi
stheHig
hCou
rt.

 Po
wero
fTr
ans
fero
fCa
sest
oHi
ghC
our
t

I
ftheHighC
our
tissati
sfi
edthatac as
ep e
ndinginaC o
urtsub
ord
ina
tet oi
tin
vol
vesasu
bsta
nti
al
q
ues
tio
noflawast
otheint
erpre
tatio
noftheConst
itu
tionthed
eter
minat
iono
fwhic
hisn
ece
ssa
ryfor
t
hedi
spos
alo
fthecas
e,i
tshal
lwith
drawthecas
ea n
dma y:
-

(
a)Ei
the
rdi
spo
seo
fit
.Or

(
b) De
termin
et hes
aidques
t i
onoflawandr e
tur
nt h
ecaset otheCour
tfromwhomitha
db ee
n
withd
rawntoget
herwithac opyofit
sj u
dgmen
to nsuc
hq ue
stio
na n
dt h
esai
dC o
urtsh
allo
n
rec
eiptther
eofpro
cee
dt odis
poseofth
ecasei
nconfo
rmitywithsu
chjud
gmen
t

 C
ont
rol
ove
rit
sOf
fic
ersa
ndEmp
loy
ees

TheHi
ghCou
rthasc
ompl
etecon
trolo
veritso
ffi
cer
sandempl
oye
es.Appo
int
mentso
foffi
cer
san
d
se
rvan
tsa
ret ob
emadebyth
eC hi
efJus
tic
eorsu
choth
erJud
georOffi
cerofth
eHighC
our
tasth
e

1
2
C
hie
fJu
sti
cema
ydi
rec
t.

Thep
owerofappoi
ntmen
tals
oincl
udespo
werst
os u
spendord
ismi
ss.
Thead
min
ist
rat
ivee
xpense
sof
th
eHighCou
rt,i
ncl
udi
ngal
lsa
lar
ies,a
ll
owanc
esan
dp en
sion
spayab
letoi
tso
ffi
cer
s,ar
echar
gedupo
n
th
eConso
li
date
dFundoft
heStat
e

F
ina
ll
y,aHig
hC o
urtisal
soaC o
urtofRecor
d.I
tsdec
isi
onwil
lbebi
ndi
ngoni
tss
ubo
rdi
nateCou
rts.I
ts
p
rocee
din
gsanddec
isi
onsha
vee vi
dent
ial
val
ueandt
heycan
notbeq
uest
ion
edbyt
hesub
ord
ina
teC o
urts.
F
urth
er,i
tcanpu
nishfo
rcont
emp tofi
tse
lf

Apartfr
omt h
eSupremeCo
u r
tandHi
ghCour
ts,thefo
ll
owin
gc l
ass
eso
fCr
imi
nalCo
urt
sha
veb
een
def
inedun
derSec
tio
n6oftheCod
eofCr
imi
nalPro
cedu
re(Cr
.P.C.
)

Bes
ide
stheHig
hCou
rtsandtheCou
rtsc
ons
tit
utedun
deranyla
w,o
the
rth
ant
hisC
ode
,th
eres
hal
lbe
,in
ev
erySta
te,t
hefo
ll
owin
gc l
asse
sofCri
min
alCou
rts
,name
ly:-

1
.Co
urt
sofS
ess
ion
;

2
.Ju
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
eso
fth
efi
rstc
las
san
d,i
nan
yme
tro
pol
it
ana
rea
,Me
tro
pol
it
anMa
gis
tra
tes
;

3
.Ju
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
eso
fth
ese
con
dcl
ass
;an
d

4.
Exe
cut
iveMa
gis
tra
tes
.

Thehig
h es
tcour
tineachdis
tri
ctist
heDist
ric
tandSess
ionsCourt.
Wheni
texerc
isesi
tsjur
isd
icti
on
onCodeo fCiv
ilProc
eduresitiscal
ledDi
stri
ctCiv
ilCourt.TheDis
tri
ctco
urtisalsoacourtof
6
Sess
ionswheni
texerci
sesitsj
uri
sdi
ctio
noncr
imin
almattersund
erCodeo
fCri
minalPr
oced
ure.

6
h
ttp
s:/
/ad
voc
ate
gur
u.
co
m/c
ons
tit
uti
on-
and
-po
wer
s-o
f-c
rimi
nal
-c
our
ts-
and
-of
fic
es/

1
3
 4.THECOURTOFS
ESS
ION(
SECTI
ON9CR.
P.C.
)

(
i)Th
eSt
ateGo
ver
nme
nts
hal
les
tab
li
shaC
our
tofS
ess
ionf
ore
ver
yse
ssi
onsd
ivi
si
on.

(
ii
)Ev
eryC
our
tofS
ess
ions
hal
lbep
res
ide
dov
erb
yaJu
dge
,tob
eap
poi
nte
dbyt
heHi
ghC
our
t.

TheHig
hCour
tma yal
soa
ppoin
tAddi
tio
nalS
ess
ion
sJu
dge
san
dAs
sis
tan
tSe
ssi
onsJu
dge
sto
exer
cis
eju
ris
dic
tioni
naCo
urtofS
ess
ion

ThereisaCourtofSess
ionineachDistr
ictwh i
chispr
e s
idedove
rb yaSe s
sion
sJu d
gea n
doneor
moreAd d
itio
nalSess
ion
sJu dges
.Incertaincas
es,Assi
stantSes
sionsJudgesareal
soappoin
ted
toworkintheSessi
onsCourt.
TheSe s
sionsJudgeortheAddit
iona
lS es
sion
sJu dgei
semp o
we r
ed
topa s
sa nysent
e n
cea u
th o
ris
edb ylawb u
ta nysenten
ceo fdeatha warde
db yh i
mmu stbe
con
firmedbytheHighCourttowhichheissubor
dinat
e.

Th
eS e
ssi
onsCou
rtexer
cis
esbot
ho r
igi
nalandapp
ell
atejur
isdi
cti
on.Theapp
oin
tmentsofth
e
Se
ssi
onsJudg
es,
Addi
tio
nalSe
ssi
onsJudg
esa n
dAssi
stantSe
ssio
nsJudgesa
remadebyt h
eHig
h
Co
urtofth
econc
ern
ingSt
atewit
hav i
ewt omai
ntai
nin
gthein
depende
n c
eoftheju
dic
iary.

1
4
A S
e s
sio
nsCourt 
ore v
e nkno
wna stheC o
urtofSess
ion
sJu dgeisa
 co
urtoflawwhic
he xi
stsin
se
veral
 Co
mmonweal
thcountr
ies.
AC ou
rtofSessi
oni
sthehig
hestcr
imi
nalcou
rtinadi
str
ictandth
e
co
urtoffirs
tinst
ancef o
rtryi
ngseri
ousoffe
ncesi
.
ethosecar
ryin
gpuni
shmentofi
mpri
sonmento
f
moretha
n7y ea
rs,l
ifeimpri
son
me n
t,orde
ath.

Di
stri
ctc
our
t isr
efe
rre
dtoasses
sio
nsco
urtwhe
nite
xer
cis
esi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
ono
ncr
imi
nal
mat
tersu
nder
 Cod
eofCr
imi
nalp
roced
ure(
CrPc
)

Aspersect
ion9ofCrPc
,theco
urti
se s
tab
lis
hedbytheStat
eGo v
ernmentforever
ysessi
ons
di
vis
ion.
Thecour
tispresi
dedov
erbyaJudge,a
ppoi
ntedbytheHighCou
rtofthatpart
icu
lar
st
ate.Th
eHighCourtmayal
soappo
intAdd
iti
onalS
essi
onsJudge
sa ndAss
ist
a n
tSessi
ons
Judg
esinthi
scourt
.
I
n I
ndia
n c
iti
es,
t h
eSess
ion
sCou
rti
sres
pons
iblefo
radju
dica
tin
gma t
tersrel
atedtoc
rimi
nal
c
ases.
Thecou
rtisres
pon
sib
lef
orca
sesr
ela
tingtomur
ders,
thef
t, 
daco
ity,
pick
-poc
keti
ngand
o
thersuc
hcases
.

Wh
ata
ret
hef
unc
tio
nso
faS
ess
ion
sCo
urt
?
At
ria
lbe
for
eaS
ess
ion
sju
dgeb
egi
nsa
fte
rana
ccu
sedp
lea
dsg
uil
tyo
rno
tgu
il
ty,
andt
hej
udg
e,
t
her
efo
re,
pro
cee
dst
ofo
ll
owt
hep
roc
edu
rea
spe
rse
cti
on2
31,
CrPC
.Att
hef
irs
the
ari
ngi
na
S
ess
ion
sco
urt
,th
epu
bli
cpr
ose
cut
oro
pen
sth
eca
seb
yhi
ghl
ig
hti
ngt
hec
har
gesf
rame
dag
ain
st
t
hea
ccu
sed
.
Upo
nhe
ari
ngt
hes
ubmi
ssi
ona
nde
vid
enc
epr
ese
nte
dfr
omb
oths
ide
s,t
heS
ess
ion
sCo
urtj
udg
e
c
and
eci
dea
nyo
fth
efo
ll
owi
ng:
 Wh
eth
ert
odi
sch
arg
eth
eac
cus
edi
fsu
ffi
ci
entg
rou
ndsa
ren
ote
sta
bli
she
d(s
ect
ion2
77)
or
 F
ramec
har
gesi
fth
erei
sad
equ
ateg
rou
ndf
orp
res
umi
ngt
hatt
hes
aida
ccu
sedc
ommi
tte
d
a
nof
fen
cet
hati
sexc
lus
ive
lyt
ria
bleb
yth
ese
ssi
onsc
our
tasp
ers
ect
ion2
28(
1)
(b
))
 Re
ado
utt
hec
har
ge,
exp
lai
nit
sme
ani
ngt
oth
eac
cus
eda
ndr
eco
rdt
hea
ccu
sed
’sp
leaa
t
t
heS
ess
ion
sCo
urt
.
I
fth
eSe
ssi
onsC
our
tju
dgef
eel
sth
att
heo
ffe
ncet
hath
asb
eenma
deo
uta
gai
nstt
hes
aid
a
ccu
sedi
sno
texc
lus
ive
lyt
obet
rie
dint
heS
ess
ion
sCo
urt
,th
ent
hec
onc
ern
edj
udg
eca
nop
tto
t
ran
sfe
rth
eca
set
oth
eCh
iefJu
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
e(C
JM)
asp
ers
ect
ion2
28(
1)
(a
).
I
nca
se,
howe
ver
,th
eac
cus
edp
lea
dsg
uil
ty,
the
nth
eSe
ssi
onsC
our
tju
dgec
anc
onv
icth
im.
Ot
her
wis
e,ad
atef
ort
heh
ear
ingo
fth
epr
ose
cut
ion
’se
vid
enc
eca
nbef
ixe
d.

AS
ess
ion
sCo
urtj
udg
eca
nal
soc
omp
elt
hea
tte
nda
nceo
fwi
tne
sse
sift
hep
ros
ecu
tio
nap
pli
es

1
5
f
orita
sp artofthehear
ingofe
vide
nce.Atthesta
geoffr
ami
ngchar
gesinaSes
sio
nsCour
t,
t
hemater
ialth
a tispr
odu
cedbythepro
secut
ional
onei
stobec
ons
ide
red.Thep
rob
ativev
alue
c
ann
otbegonei
nt o
.[Na
rai
nSin
ghvsSt
ateofUP 20
10CrLJ(
NOC)
435

Als
o,whi
lefr
amingc
harg
es,meti
cul
ousexamin
ati
ono fe
v i
denc
ean
dma t
eri
alisno
tr eq
uir
ed.
Str
ongsu
spi
ci
onagai
nstt
hea c
cus
edissu
ffici
entgro
undtofra
mech
arg
es.S
[ati
shNana
jiDhote
7
vsSta
teofMaha
rash
tra 
2009CrL
J(NOC)87
1(Bom)

5
.COURTSOFJUDI
CIALMAGI
STRATES(
SEC
TION1
1CR.
P.C.
)

(
i) –Inever
yd i
str
ict(n
otbei
ngametr
opol
it
anarea)
,the
reshal
lbeest
abl
ish
edasmany
Co
urtsofJudic
ialMagi
str
ateso
fthefi
rstcl
assandofthesec
ondcl
assanda
ts u
ch
pl
aces
,a stheS t
ateGovern
mentmayafte
rc on
sul
tati
onwiththeHighCou
rt,by
no
tif
icat
ionspe
cify.

(
ii
) –Th
epr
esi
din
gof
fic
erso
fsu
chC
our
tss
hal
lbea
ppo
int
edb
yth
eHi
ghC
our
t.

S
ect
ion11ofCrPCst
atesthati
ne v
erydi
str
ict(
notbei
ngametropo
li
t a
narea
),t
heresha
llb
e
e
stab
li
shedasmanyCo
urtsofJud
ici
alMa
gist
rate
softhefi
rstcl
assandoft
heseco
ndcl
assan
d
a
ts u
chp l
aces
,ast h
eS ta
t eGover
nme
ntma yafte
rc on
sul
tati
onwi tht
heHighC o
urt,b
y
n
oti
fic
atio
nspeci
fy.

Judi
cialMa g
istr
ateFirs
tClass:Thes
eC ou
rtsareont h
es eco
ndlowestleveloftheC r
imin
al
Cour
ts truct
urei nInd
ia.TheseC ou
rtsma ybee st
a bl
ish
edb yt heS ta
teGo vernmentin
con
sulta
tionwiththeHig
hC o
urto fth
er es
pecti
veState,atsuchpl
acesinthed i
stri
ctandin
anynumberbyissu
inganot
ifi
catio
n.Aspersec
tio
n29ofC rPctheseCou
r t
sma ypas
sas ent
ence
ofimpris
onmentforatermn o
te xceedi
ngthr
eey e
ars,oraf i
nen o
te xcee
dingfivethou
sand
rupee
s,orboth.

I
never
ydist
ric
t(no
tbein
gametr
opol
ita
narea)
,th
eHi
ghCou
rtshal
lap
poin
taJudic
ialMag
ist
rateo
f
t
heFi
rstC
lasstob
et h
eChie
fJu
dic
ialMagi
str
ate.
ACh
iefJudi
ci
alMag
ist
ratema
yimp o
seasent
enc
e
e
xce
pt-

 S
ent
enc
eofd
eat
h

7
h
ttp
s:/
/www.
fi
nan
cia
lexp
res
s.
co
m/wh
at-
is
/se
ssi
ons
-co
urt
-me
ani
ng/
178
2449
/

1
6
  I
mpr
iso
nme
ntf
orat
erme
xce
edi
ngs
eve
nye
ars
.

 I
mpr
iso
nme
nto
fli
fe.

Magist
ratesinGr ou
p -
AC atego r
yb ys t
atuswithjudicia
lp o
wersa r
ecall
edMa gistr
ate1stC l
ass
.
Dist
ric
tma gist
ra tesasMa g i
s t
ra tesofFirstClass.Theoffici
alseal
,wh i
chs u
chMa gist
rates
use,
alsoin
dicatest h
e i
rbe i
ngo f1 stClas
sC a
t e
goryS othequestio
na r
riveswhoisca l
le
da sthe
Magist
ratefirstclassinIndia?S DOo rDM
EachSubdiv
isi
oni su nderthec ha rgeofa nofficerd es
ignat
eda saS ubdiv
isio
nalMa gis
trate
(S
.D.
M.)orDeputyC ol
lectorwh oisame mberoft heStateC i
vilS
ervice
scadre.Thesesubdi
visi
ons
arediv
idedintov ari
ousTe hsil
so rTa l
ukas
.SDM'sinS ub-Di
visi
onsarenormall
yo f2ndC l
assand
tehs
il
darsinast atearet re
a teda s3rdClas
sma gis
tra t
es. 
 Aj udici
al magistr
a t
ef irstc l
asscansentenceap erso
nt ojai
lforupt othreeyearsand
impos
eaf i
neo fupt oRs5 ,
000. 
 Aj udici
a lmagistrates econdclas
sc a
ns entenceap ers
ont ojai
lforupt ooney earand
impos
eaf i
neo fupt oRs3 ,000.
 

Th
erearefo
urcat
egori
esofmagis
trat
e si
nIn
dia
.Thiscl
ass
ifi
cati
oni
sgive
nint
heC
rimi
nal
Pr
oced
ureC
ode,
1973
.Itsti
pul
ate
sthatinea
chs
essi
onsdi
str
ict
,the
resh
all
be

1
.AC
hie
fJu
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
e

2
.Ju
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
esF
irs
tCl
ass
;

3
.Ju
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
esS
eco
ndC
las
s;a
nd

4.
Exe
cut
iveMa
gis
tra
tes

"Chi
efJu di
ci
a lMagistr
ate"incl
udesAd d
ition
alChiefJud i
ci
alma gi
strat
esa l
so.
Th e
r eisaS ub
Divi
siona
lJu dic
ialmagistr
ateine veryS ubDivi
sio
n( SDJM)a l
thoughheist ec
hnical
lyo nl
ya
Judi
cialMagistra
teF i
rstClas
s(JMF C
).Judi
cialMagi
stratescantrycri
minalc
ases.
 
AnExe cuti
veMa g
istrat
ei sano ffi
cero ftheExe c
utiveb ra
nch(aso ppo
sedt otheJu dici
al
bran
ch)wh oisinvestedwithspe c
ifi
cp owersunderbotht heCrPCa ndtheIndianPe nalCode
(I
PC).Thesepowersa r
ec o
nferredinthemainbythef o
ll
o wi
ngsectio
nsoft h
eC r
PC :s
e ct
ions107
-1
10an dthere l
evantprovi
sion
s;sec133a ndsec144andt herelevan
tp ro
visi
ons,sec145&1 47
andtherelev
a ntpro
v i
sio
ns.
 

Th
eseo
ffi
cer
sca
nno
ttr
yan
yac
cus
edn
orp
assv
erd
ict
s.

Ap ers
ona rr
estedont heordersofac our
tlocate
do utsid
et helo c
aljur
isdi
ctio
nshoul
db e
prod
ucedbe f
oreanExe cut
iveMa g
istr
atewh ocanals
os ettheb ailamoun
tf orthearr
ested
in
divi
dualtoavo
idpol
icecustod
y,depend
ingonth
et er
mso fthewa rr
a n
t. 
TheExecut
iveMa g
istr
atea l
socanpas
so r
dersre
strai
ningpersonsfromcommit
tingapart
icul
ar
actorpre
ve n
tin
gp e
rsonsfromenter
inganarea(
Sec144C rPC).
Th e
reisnospeci
ficpro
vis
ionto

1
7
o
rde
ra" c
urfew"TheExecuti
veMa gis
tratesal
oneareauth
ori
zedtou s
ef orc
ea g
ains
tp e
ople.
I
nplai
nlang
uage,the
ya l
onecandispers
ea n"unl
awfulas
sembl
y";t
echnic
all
y,thepoli
ceisto
a
ssi
sttheExecuti
veMagistr
ate.Theycand i
rectth
ep o
li
ceabou
tt hemanneroff o
rce(bat
on
c
har
ge/teargas
/blan
kfire/fi
rin
g )an
da l
sohowmu chfo
rcesh
oul
db eused.Theycanal
sotake
t
heass
ist
anceoftheArmedForc
est oque
llariot
. 

AC h
iefJudi
ci
alMa gi
str
atesha
llb
esubo
rdin
atetoth
eS es
sio
nsJudg
e;a
ndever
yo t
herJud
ici
al
Magi
stra
teshal
l,s
ubjec
tt ot
hegen
era
lcon
trolo
ftheSes
sio
nsJudg
e,bes
ubo
rdi
natetoth
eC h
ief
Ju
dici
alMag
ist
rate.

 Met
ropo
li
tanMa
gis
tra
te(
Sec
tio
n16Cr
.P.
C.
):

(
i) –Inever
yme t
rop
oli
tanarea,the
resha
llbees
tab
li
she
da smanyCou
rtsofMetro
poli
tan
Magi
str
ates
,andatsuc
hplac
e s
,asth
eS t
ateGo
ver
nmentmay,
afte
rconsu
lta
tio
nwiththe
Hi
ghCou
rts,
bynot
ifi
cati
on,
speci
fy.

(
ii
) –Thepresi
din
goffic
ersofs
uchCou
rtssh
allbea
ppoi
ntedb
yt heHi
ghCo
urt.(
ii
i)–Th
e
ju
ris
dic
tio
na ndpowerso
feveryMetr
opo
lit
anMagi
str
atesha
llext
endth
roug
houtth
e
metr
opol
it
anarea
.
8
Th
eseC
our
tsa
reo
nth
ese
con
dlo
wes
tle
vel
oft
heC
rimi
nal
Cou
rts
tru
ctu
rei
nIn
dia
.

AMe tropol
it
a nMagi
strat
ewh oisthefir
stcla
ssMa gi
strateisunderthecont
rolofses
sionsJud
geandis
sub
o r
dinatetotheChi
efMe trop
oli
tanMa gi
str
ate.TheCourtofC h
iefMe tro
poli
tanMagist
r a
teand
tho
seo ftheAd d
iti
onalC
hiefMe tr
opoli
tanMagis
trateswerec re
at e
db ySecti
on17oftheCode.
Sect
ion
18oftheCodea l
sopro
videdforSpeci
alMetropo
li
tanMa gis
trates.Thetownshavi
ngpopula
t i
on
exceedin
go n
emi l
li
oncoul
db edecl
aredasMetropo
lit
a nAreas.AMe tro
p o
li
tanmagis
trateisunde
rthe
gen
e ra
l c
ontro
l o
ftheSessio
nsJudgeandissubo
rdina
tet otheChiefMe tr
opol
itanMagis
trate.

Aspe
rsect
ion2
8ofCrPcaMetr
opol
ita
nMa g
ist
ratemaypassase
ntenc
eofi
mpr
iso
nme
ntf
orat
erm
no
texce
edin
goneye
arorafi
nenotexcee
din
gfiveth
ousan
dr u
pees.

9
 Ju
dic
ial
Mag
ist
rat
eoft
heS
eco
ndCl
ass(
Sec
tio
n19Cr
.P.
C.
)

Thes
eC our
tsma ybeesta
bli
s h
e dbytheStateGover
nmentinco
nsul
tationwithth
eHighCour
tof
theres
pectiv
eS ta
te,atsuchplac
e si
nt h
ed i
stri
ctandi
na n
ynumberbyissuin
ganoti
fica
tion
.
TheCour
ta tthelo
we s
tlevelisca
lledJudic
ialMagi
stra
teoftheSecondCla
s s
.Thi
sCour
tis
compe
tenttotrythecaseifth eo
f fenc
eispunis
habl
ewithimpr
ison
me ntforatermn
o t
exce
edingoneyear,o
rwithf i
nenote xce
edingfi
vethous
andrupe
es,orwithboth.

8
I
d
7
h
ttp
s:/
/www.
aca
demi
a.
edu
/63
789
05/
Con
sti
tut
ion
_of
_Cr
imi
nal
_Co
urt
s_a
nd_
Jur
isd
ict
ion

1
8
Aspe
rsecti
on29(
3)o
fCrPc,t
heseCour
tssha
llr
ewardi
mpri
son
men
tfo
rat
ermn
ote
xce
edi
ng
on
eyear
,orfin
enote
xce
e d
ingon
et h
ousan
drupees,
orb
oth
.

 Exec
uti
veMa
gis
tra
te(
Sec
tio
n20Cr
.P.
C.
)

(
i) –I
neverydi
stri
ctandinev
erymetr
opol
it
anarea,
theSta
teGov
ern
mentmaya
ppoi
ntasma
ny
pe
rso
nsa si
tthin
ksfittobeExe
cutiv
eMa g
ist
ratesa
ndsha
lla
ppoi
nton
eofthe
mt obet
he
Di
str
ictMagi
str
ate.

(
ii
) –TheStateGover
nmentmayapp
ointanyExecu
tiv
eMagis
tratet
obeanAd di
tio
nalDis
tri
ct
Magi
stra
tea nds
uchMagis
tra
tesha
llh
aves u
chofthep
owersofaDi
str
ictMagis
trateun
der
th
isCodeorunde
ra n
yo t
herl
awforthetimebei
nginf
orc
ea smayb
edirec
tedbyt h
eS t
ate
Gov
ernment.

(
ii
i) –
Whenever
,incons
equenc
eoft h
eo ffi
ceofDist
ric
tMa g
ist
ratebec
omingvacan
t,anyof
fic
er
s
ucc
eedstempor
aril
yt ot
heexecu
t i
veadmi
nis
trat
iono
fthedis
tri
ct,
suchoffi
cersh
all
,pe
ndi
ng
t
heo r
derso fStateGo ve
rnment,exerc
iseallthepowersandp erfo
rma lltheduti
es
r
espec
tiv
elycon
ferredandi
mposedbythi
scod
eontheDis
tri
ctMagi
stra
t e
.

(
iv) –
Thesta
teGov
ernme
ntmayp
laceanexec
utiv
ema
gis
tra
tei
nch
arg
eofas
ub-
div
isi
ona
ndma
y
r
eli
evehi
mofth
echar
gea
socc
asio
nre
q u
ire
s.

TheSta t
eGo v
ern
mentcanappoi
ntasmanyper
sonsa
sitthi
nksf
ittobeExe
cut
iveMagi
str
ateando
ne
oft h
emt ob eth
eDi s
tri
ctMa gi
str
ateinever
yd i
str
ictan
dinever
yme t
rop
oli
tanar
ea.TheSta
te
Governmentcanal
soappoi
ntanyExecut
iveMagi
str
atestobeanAdd
iti
ona
lDist
ric
tMagis
tra
tewho
1
0
havepowe r
sofaDis
tri
ctMa g
ist
rate
.

6
.Th
eSu
premeCo
urto
fIn
dia

I
tisthehig
hestco
urtinthecou
ntr
y’sjudi
ci
alsys
tem.Sof
arcrimi
nalcas
esarecon
cerne
d,th
e
S
upremeCour
thasonl
ya p
pell
atepo
we rsth
attooinr
areca
ses.I
tmay ,
howeve
r,besta
tedtha
t
t
hereisamovetoen
lar
get h
eappel
la
t eju
ris
dic
tio
noftheSup
remeCourtinc
rimi
nalc
ases.

1
0
h
ttp
://
leg
als
ecc
dos
e.b
log
spo
t.c
om/
201
5/0
1/h
ier
arc
hy-
of-
cri
min
al-
cou
rts
-i
n-i
ndi
a.
html

1
9
Ther
eisals
oad e
ma n
dt h
att heSu
p r
emeC o
urtofInd
iash
ouldexer
ciseapp
ell
atejur
isdi
cti
on
ov
ertheca
seswheretheac
c u
sedhasbee
ns e
nten
cedtoatermofimpri
son
mentfort
eny e
arsor
mor
e.TheS
upre
meC ou
rtalsohaswri
tjuri
sdi
cti
onforth
eenforc
ementoffun
dament
alri
ghts.

Thenewtren
disthattheS up
remeC o
urthasstar
tedawardi
ngmon
etaryco mp
e n
sati
ontothe
vi
cti
msofa b
useofc r
imina
llawp r
ocess
,parti
cul
arl
yincasesofcu
s t
odialtort
ureorill
ega
l
de
t e
nti
onora b
useofp owerb ythecri
minall
awa dmi
nis
trat
orsvi
olati
ngt h
ep rovi
si
onsof
Arti
cl
e21oftheCon
stitu
tionrel
ati
ngtorig
httoli
feandl
iber
tyofthevic
tims.Thi
sisin
deeda
welc
omest
epintheareaofcri
minal
justi
cesyst
em.

Yetanot
hersign
ifi
cantdevel
opmenti
nt hefun
ctio
nin
goft heSupr
emeC o
urtindi
spens
ati
onof
cr
imin
alcaseisitsa c
tivi
sminwa rn
ingt h
ee r
rin
gg ov
ernmentsagai
nstabuseofpowera n
d
aut
hori
ty.Hig
hli
ght
ingtheacti
vis
trol
eo ftheSupr
emeC ou
rt,Ju
stic
eGa n
gulyoft
heCourt,
who
wasp r
obingint
ot he2 -
Gs pectr
ums camc a
se,obser
ved,“Court
sa renow wide
ningthei
r
ju
ris
dict
ionandbecomin
gt h
einsti
tuti
onso fg
overna
nceanda r
en otmerel
yasarbi
trato
rsof
1
1
di
sputes
.”

Mi
sce
ll
ane
ousPo
wer
s

 Mo
deo
fCo
nfe
rri
ngPo
wer
s –
 Sec
tio
n32s
tat
est
hatt
heHi
ghC
our
tort
heS
tat
e
Go
ver
nme
ntsh
avet
hep
owe
rbyv
irt
ueo
fano
rde
rtoe
mpo
werp
eop
leb
yth
eirt
itl
es.
 Wi
thd
rawa
lofPo
wer
s- 
Acc
ord
ingt
o S
ect
ion3
3,t
heHi
ghC
our
tort
heS
tat
e
Go
ver
nme
nt,
hav
eth
epo
wert
owi
thd
rawt
hep
owe
rsc
onf
err
edb
yth
emu
nde
rth
is
c
ode
.
 Po
wer
sofJu
dge
san
dMa
gis
tra
tee
xer
cis
abl
ebyt
hei
rsu
cce
sso
rs-
in-
off
ice
-
 
Acc
ord
ingt
o S
ect
ion3
5,s
ubj
ectt
oth
eot
herp
rov
isi
onso
fth
isC
ode
,th
epo
wer
san
d
d
uti
eso
faJu
dgeo
rMa
gis
tra
tema
ybee
xer
cis
edo
rpe
rfo
rme
dbyt
hei
rsu
cce
sso
rs-
i
n-c
hie
f.

S
ent
enc
eswh
ichc
anb
epa
sse
dbyt
hev
ari
ousc
our
ts

1
.Se
nte
nce
swh
icht
he 
Hig
hCo
urt
san
dSe
ssi
onsJu
dge
s (
Sec
tio
n28
)ca
npa
ss

1
1
h
ttp
s:/
/ma
in.
sc
i.
gov
.i
n/

2
0
 t
he 
fol
lo
win
gse
nte
nce
s.

 An
yse
nte
ncea
uth
ori
sedb
yla
wca
nbep
ass
edb
yth
eHi
ghC
our
t.
 
 As
ess
ion
sora
ddi
tio
nals
ess
ion
sJu
dgeh
ast
hea
uth
ori
tyt
opa
ssa
nys
ent
enc
e
a
uth
ori
sedb
yla
w.Bu
t,wh
il
epa
ssi
ng 
dea
ths
ent
enc
e p
rio
rpe
rmi
ssi
onf
romHi
gh
C
our
tisr
equ
ire
d. 
 An
 As
sis
tan
tSe
ssi
onsJu
dge
 ha
sth
eau
tho
rit
ytop
assa
nys
ent
enc
ewh
ichh
asb
een
a
uth
ori
sedb
yla
w.S
uchj
udg
eca
nno
tpa
ssad
eat
hse
nte
nce
,li
fei
mpr
iso
nme
nto
r
i
mpr
iso
nme
ntf
ormo
ret
han1
0ye
ars
. 

2
.Se
nte
nce
spa
sse
dbyt
heMa
gis
tra
tes
 (
Sec
tio
n29
)– 
The
 Co
urto
fCh
iefJu
dic
ial
Ma
gis
tra
te 
isa
uth
ori
sedt
opa
ssa
nys
ent
enc
eap
pro
vedb
yla
wexc
eptf
ord
eat
h
s
ent
enc
e,l
ifei
mpr
iso
nme
nto
rimp
ris
onme
ntf
ormo
ret
hans
eve
nye
ars
.

 Th
efi
rstc
las
sMa
gis
tra
tei
sel
ig
ibl
etop
assas
ent
enc
eof
 impr
iso
nme
ntf
orat
erm
o
fno
tmo
ret
hant
hre
eye
ars
,orf
inen
ote
xce
edi
ngt
ent
hou
san
dru
pee
sorb
oth
.
 Th
eSe
con
dCl
assMa
gis
tra
tema
ypa
ssas
ent
enc
eofi
mpr
iso
nme
ntf
orat
ermn
ot
mo
ret
hano
ney
ear
,orf
ineo
rbo
th.
Thef
inei
mpo
sedc
ann
ote
xce
ed 
fiv
eth
ous
and
r
upe
es.
 Th
e Ch
iefMe
tro
pol
ita
nMa
gis
tra
te 
hast
hep
owe
rso
fth
ato
faC
hie
fJu
dic
ial
Ma
gis
tra
tea
swe
lla
sth
ato
faMe
tro
pol
it
anMa
gis
tra
te,
ina
ddi
tio
ntot
hep
owe
rs
o
fth
eFi
rstC
las
sMa
gis
tra
te.

3
. 
Thes
ent
enc
e f
ord
efa
ulto
ffi
ne(
 Sec
tio
n30)
– Ac
cor
din
gtot
hiss
ect
ion
,th
eMa
gis
tra
teh
as
t
hep
owe
rtop
assi
mpr
iso
nme
ntf
ord
efa
ulto
fpa
yme
nto
ffi
nea
ssp
eci
fie
dbyl
aw.
Butt
he
f
oll
owi
ngc
ond
iti
onsn
eedt
obes
ati
sfi
ed.

 Th
ete
rms
hou
ldn
otg
obe
yon
dth
eamb
ito
fth
epo
wer
soft
heMa
gis
tra
te
(
und
ers
 ec
tio
n29
).
 Th
ete
rms
hou
ldn
ote
xce
ed 
one
-fo
urt
h o
fth
ete
rmo
fimp
ris
onme
ntwh
icht
he
Ma
gis
tra
tei
sco
mpe
ten
ttoa
war
don
lyi
fimp
ris
onme
nta
war
ded
,isa 
par
toft
he
s
ubs
tan
tiv
ese
nte
ncea
spu
nis
hme
ntf
ort
heo
ffe
nce
.
 Th
eimp
ris
onme
nts
ent
enc
edu
nde
rth
iss
ect
ionma
ybei
nad
dit
iont
oas
ubs
tan
tiv
e

2
1
 s
ent
enc
eofi
mpr
iso
nme
ntf
ort
hema
ximu
mte
rma
war
dab
leb
yth
eMa
gis
tra
te
u
nde
r s
ect
ion29
.
 Th
ese
nte
nce
 inc
ase
sofc
onv
ict
iono
fse
ver
alo
ffe
nce
sato
net
ria
l (
Sec
tio
n31
)
– 
Acc
ord
ingt
oth
iss
ect
ion
,wh
enap
ers
oni
sco
nvi
cte
dfo
rtwoo
rmo
reo
ffe
nce
s,a
t
o
net
ria
l, 
theC
our
tma
yse
nte
nceh
imf
ors
ucho
ffe
ncei
non
etr
ial
,su
bje
ctt
oth
e
p
rov
isi
onso
f ec
s t
ion7
1.
 Th
eco
urta
lsoh
ast
hep
owe
rtoa
war
dse
ver
alp
uni
shme
nts
.Su
chs
ent
enc
eso
f
i
mpr
iso
nme
ntma
yco
mme
ncea
fte
rth
eexp
ira
tio
nofo
the
rpu
nis
hme
nts
.Un
les
s
c
our
tsd
ire
cts
uchp
uni
shme
ntsr
uns
imu
lta
neo
usl
ywi
the
acho
the
r. 
Int
hec
aseo
f
s
ucc
eed
ings
ent
enc
es,
iti
sno
tne
ces
sar
yfo
rth
eCo
urtt
ose
ndt
heo
ffe
nde
rbe
for
e
Hi
ghc
our
t.I
fth
eag
gre
gat
epu
nis
hme
ntf
ors
eve
ralo
ffe
nce
sexc
eed
sth
epo
wero
f
t
hec
our
ttoi
nfl
ic
tth
epu
nis
hme
ntf
oras
ing
leo
ffe
nce
. 
Pro
vid
edt
hat
.
 Th
eimp
ris
onme
nts
hou
ldn
ote
xce
edat
ermo
f f
our
tee
nye
ars
.
 t
hea
ggr
ega
tep
uni
shme
nta
lsos
hal
lno
texc
eed
 twi
cet
hea
mou
nt 
ofp
uni
shme
nt
wh
icht
heC
our
tisc
omp
ete
ntt
oin
fli
ctf
oras
ing
leo
ffe
nce
.

F
ora
ppe
al,
thea
ggr
ega
tep
uni
shme
ntp
ass
eda
gai
nsth
imu
nde
rth
iss
ect
ioni
sno
rma
ll
yas
sume
d
a
sas
ing
les
ent
enc
e.

C
han
gest
obema
dei
nth
eexi
sti
ngd
ist
rib
uti
ono
fpo
wera
mon
gth
eco
urt
s

C
urr
ent
ly,
inI
ndi
a,t
her
ear
enos
pec
ifi
cgu
ide
lin
eso
nth
eis
sua
nceo
fDe
aths
ent
enc
einc
rimi
nal
c
ase
s.Mo
reo
ver
,ei
the
rth
ema
ximu
mort
hemi
nimu
mpu
nis
hme
nth
aveo
nlyb
eenme
nti
one
din
mo
sto
fth
eof
fen
ces
.Ith
asb
eenl
eftu
pont
hej
udg
etod
eci
de,
wha
tsh
oul
dbet
hee
xac
tte
rm
o
fpu
nis
hme
nti
nan
ypa
rti
cul
arc
irc
ums
tan
ce.

Th
erei
snou
nif
ormp
roc
edu
reo
rpe
rfo
rmaf
ort
hej
udg
est
ogi
veap
art
icu
lars
ent
enc
einc
ase
s
o
fsi
mil
arc
irc
ums
tan
ces
.Th
equ
ant
umo
fpu
nis
hme
ntv
ari
ese
veni
nca
sesh
avi
ngs
imi
larf
act
s.
Th
ere
for
eas
tru
ctu
redl
ayo
uts
hou
ldb
egi
vent
oth
eJu
dge
sme
nti
oni
ngt
hec
rit
eri
aonwh
ich
t
heys
hou
ldb
aset
hei
rju
dge
men
ts.

2
2
 7
.CONCL
USI
ONANDS
UGGES
TION

Th
eCo
nst
itu
tio
nofI
ndi
aho
ldst
hea
bso
lut
eau
tho
rit
yan
dva
luei
nIn
dia
.He
nce
,itb
eco
mes
n
ece
ssa
ryt
opr
ovi
des
afe
gua
rdsf
ori
tsp
rot
ect
iona
ndt
her
efo
re,
thec
our
tsh
aveb
eenv
est
ed
wi
thv
ari
ousp
owe
rst
oke
epac
hec
kan
dtoe
nsu
ret
hatn
oau
tho
rit
ymi
sus
esi
tsp
owe
rsa
nd
e
ncr
oac
hesu
pono
the
rsd
oma
in.Th
eco
urt
roo
msa
ret
hep
lac
eswh
erep
eop
lec
ant
aket
hei
r
g
rie
van
cesa
ndg
ett
hei
rdi
spu
tesr
eso
lve
dup
ont
hef
ail
ureo
fot
hers
yst
emso
fth
eGo
ver
nme
nt.

Th
ehi
era
rch
yoft
heC
our
tsh
asb
eend
eve
lop
edi
nsu
chama
nne
rth
ati
tbe
come
sea
syf
or
e
ver
yon
ewh
oisl
iv
ingi
nth
isc
oun
tryt
okn
ockt
hed
oor
soft
hec
our
tswh
ene
verad
isp
utea
ris
es.
I
tpr
ovi
desap
lat
for
mfo
rth
eci
tiz
ensf
ora
ppe
ali
ngt
ohi
ghe
rco
urt
s,i
nca
set
heyf
eelt
hat
j
ust
iceh
asb
eend
eni
edt
oth
emb
yth
elo
werc
our
ts.
Ind
iai
sac
oun
trywi
thah
ugep
opu
lat
ioni
n
i
t.Th
ere
for
e,i
tne
edst
hise
xis
tin
gsy
ste
mofJu
dic
iar
ytop
ros
pera
ndma
kesi
tsp
roc
esse
asi
er,
s
oth
atp
eop
lec
ana
ppr
oac
hite
asi
lys
oth
atJu
sti
cei
sgi
vent
oal
lci
tiz
enso
fth
isc
oun
try
.

T
l
e
b
h
f
o
p
t
v
a
i
B
s
r
a
m
n
e
o
t
a
f
h
u
c
l
ra
d
r
a
m
h
e
o
f
s
n
p
x
w
r
cxi
d
g
i
y
c
e
n
i
v
d
y
o
a
e
em
rI
e
o
n
l
km
s
o
i
r
d
e
i
n
s
t
f
e
o
lr
s
m
t
st
n
y
a
d
c
a
f
i
s
aa
g
t
o
y
n
s
i
t
x
s
r
a
d
nt
a
o
n
d
ol
b
o
t
i
j
e
a
d
h
n
tr
o
s
n
o
u
mb
a
em
t
p
e
n
id
C
e
r
o
s
x
t
n
i
e
d
y
uf
o
i
a
g
h
o
e
v
n
,
t
n
h
es
l
y
s
d
e
a
i
ei
e
s
is
,
e
s
f
n
j
t
v
x
ts
o
g
u
i
o
r
i
nc
r
tn
i
s
u
a
u
s
gn
t
l
s
c
t
o
t
i
r
o
e
dt
o
h
d
w
i
e
u
n
u
io
e
o
s
r
c
r
n
aa
t
c
eo
t
e
c
.
t
d
hl
eo
r
a
h
I
r
e
o
w
it
a
n
x
y
b
w
afp
d
n
h
’
u
d
fr
s
sd
x
nc
i
t
t
a
c
e
a
te
r
h
n
a
o
th
d
f
u
e
h
i
r
t
eo
a
c
v
o
a
t
r
de
n
g
m
l
s
x
u
l
dn
r
l
s
e
t
r
o
a
p
r
o
ut
a
e
l
n
p
t
r
e
w
ef
rxe
g
o
i
m
s
e
i
u
t
ov
t
s
t
c
e
h
n
ih
o
t
a
n
s
o
s
ve
n
r
u
a
i
l
t
t
f
a
l
o
rs
.
t
r
t
s
n
m
ec
h
I
u
a
i
h
s
.
o
ys
n
r
o
c
d
e
i
M
u
f
d
e
n
t
so
n
o
g
i
e
u
ap
b
t
ah
h
r
o
n
tr
o
v
e
y
t
i
e
o
ywt
e
n
a
e
b
d
h
’
a
pg
r
s
x
r
a
l
.
saw
r
n
s
es
AT
e
s
o
m
e
h
mp
c
o
b
g
v
a
e
r
os
f
l
o
a
tI
e
n
o
a
.n
G
s
t
m
o
xe
i
p
,
m
o
o
a
s
nl
v
e
t
l
t
n
y
dl
-
e
h
r
h
i
.
d
ar
k
i
o
a
ed
T
e
t
n
o
en
nt
h
yt
v
d
u
mS
e
T
e
g
t
et
r
a
l
h
a
h
o
v
n
e
r
ox
x
e
m
p
u
t
e
fa
,
c
a
e
E
l
oo
i
t
dt
c
r
v
n
n
pu
o
e
i
y
a
o
m
r
au
s
a
ns
e
r
w
n
c
ae
i
e
s
c
o
t
xs
nh
w
f
o
n
r
t
to
iy
r
h
o
,
y
c
a
sd
R
i
r
h
’
x
t
c
s
t
m
afa
r
d
e
h
a
ns
u
e
o
l
t
mr
f
c
i
ce
c
i
a
e
a
t
o
ns
n
c
u
n
yc
w
dc
n
i
e
r
o
l
s
ei
o
q
e
i
s
m
t
tu
t
.
o
h
r
y
a
iu
n
u
T
r
l
.
t
nl
c
e
O
h
e
h
t
ie
s
n
e
s
t
r
uy
t
r
i’
s
e
h
se
Itisofutmo
s ti
mport
ancetha
t,anadvoc
ateshou
ldha
vekno
wledgeabou
ttheh
ierar
chyof
cri
minal
courtsi
nIndi
aaswellasth
ejuris
dict
ion
.Iti
sth
eCodeofCrimi
nal
Proce
dure,1
973
,
whichde
finesthet
erri
tori
alju
ris
dict
ionandal
sogen
era
ljur
isd
icti
on.

2
3
Sec
tion6o fCr.
P.
C. e
nvisag
e dthatther
eshallb
et hefol
lowingcl
a s
sesofcri
minal C
ourts
,vi
z.,
Cou
rtso fSessi
on;Judi
cialMagis
t r
atesofthefirs
tc l
ass
, Judi
cialMagi
strate
so ftheseco
nd
cl
ass,
an dtheExecutiveMag i
str
a t
es.I
ntheMe tropo
lit
ana rea,th
eh i
erarc
hyisMe tro
poli
tan
Ses
sionsJudge,an
dMe tr
opoli
tanMa gi
str
ates.Thi
sisapar tfro
mt heHighCou
rtsa ndth
e
Supr
emeC o u
rt.S
ec t
ion9,CrPC.f
u r
thercon
temp l
atesthatt h
eHi g
hC o
urtmayco ns
titu
teas
1
2
manyAs si
stantSessi
onsCourtsasarenece
ssary(dependi
n gupontheworkl
oad)
.

Thejuri
sdic
tionandpowersinc
ludi
ngtho
seinrespectofc r
imi
nalmattersoftheSupremeCour
t
an
dHi ghCour
tsar ewell
defin
edintheConsti
tuti
onitself.
UnderArticl
e227o fth
eIndian
Cons
tituti
on,e
v e
r yHig
hCourthassup
erint
e n
denceovera l
lco
urtsandtrib
un a
lsth
rougho
utthe
terr
itori
esinrel
a ti
ontowhic
hitexerci
sesjuri
sdic
tio
n. TheCri
min
al Proc
ed u
reCodefurth
er
pr
o v
idesthateveryHighCour
tcanexerci
sesuperin
tende n
ceoverthecourtsofJudi
ci
a l
Magist
ratesubordin
atetoitastoensur
ea nexpedi
tio
u sandprope
rd is
posalofsuc
hcaseby
1
3
su
chma gi
strate.

TheC o
nstit
ut i
onofIn
diahasoff
eredanexcl
usi
velegal
powertoth
eS u
pre
meC o
urtofIn
dia
andthisisoneoftherea
sonswhyitcanta
kecar
eo fenfo
rci
ngthefu
ndamen
talr
igh
tstothe
In
d i
anc i
tiz
en s
.TheSupr
emeC o
urthasachi
efju
stice
,whoworkswi
thateamoftwent
yfive
ot
h erjudge
s,allo
fwhoma r
eselect
edb yt
hePresi
dentofIn
dia
.

I
ndi
anJudic
iaryiso
neofthemo s
te ff
ici
entJudi
cials
yste
msintheworl
d.TheJudi
ci
ary
d
eri
vesitspowersfr
omt h
eC o
nstit
utio
nofIndia
.Theexis
tenc
eofCourtsisre
qui
redtoche
ck
t
hemis
useoft hepo
we r
sconferr
edbyt h
eLegis
latur
eortheExec
utiv
e.TheIndi
anJudi
ci
aryis
t
heguar
dianoftheCons
titut
ionofIndi
a,al
ongwithbei
ngacus
tod
ianoftheFunda
mental
Right
s
o
ftheci
tizens.

TheJudi
ciar
yiswell
estab
li
shedwithquitealengthyandcomplexhierar
c hyofcourt
s.The
ju
dici
alsyst
emhasbeenes
tabli
shedinsuchawa ysothatitcatersthenee dofeachandever
y
pers
onofthecou
ntry.
TheJudic
ialsys
temi nIndi
aisintheformo fap yr
a mid,
withtheSupre
me
Cour
tbeingatth
etopofthehier
archy. 
Theh i
erarc
hyhasb eencrea
te dinama nne
rt h
atitis
poss
ibl
eforaperso
nevenfromaremo t
ea reatoapproachthecourt
st oge tth
eirdis
putes
res
olve
d.Thesys
temiswell
equippedtodealwithissu
eso ftheUnio
na swe ll
asStatelaws.

1
2
h
ttp
://
sup
reme
cou
rto
fin
dia
.ni
c.
in
/ju
ris
dic
tio
n.h
tm
1
3
I
d.

2
4
BI
BLI
OGRAPHY:

Th
ere
sea
rch
erh
asc
ons
ult
edf
oll
owi
ngs
our
cest
oco
mpl
etet
hef
ina
ldr
aft
:

BOOK
S

 RvK
elk
ar,
Lec
tur
eonC
rimi
nal
Pro
ced
ure
,5t
hEd2
013

 Cr
imi
nal
Pro
ced
ureC
ode
,DDBAS
U20
14Ed
iti
on5
thEd
iti
on

WEBS
ITES

 h
ttp
s:/
/ma
in.
sc
i.
gov
.i
n/

 h
ttp
://
www.
i
mpo
rta
nti
ndi
a.
co
m/1
241
8/p
owe
rs-
and
-fu
nct
ion
s-o
f-h
igh
-co
urt
-in
-in
dia
/

 h
ttp
s:/
/ad
voc
ate
gur
u.
co
m/c
ons
tit
uti
on-
and
-po
wer
s-o
f-c
rimi
nal
-c
our
ts-
and
-of
fic
es/

2
5
 h
ttp
s:/
/www.
pat
hle
gal
.
in/
Powe
rs-
And
-Du
tie
s-o
f-Ma
gis
tra
te-
Fi
rst
-Cl
ass
-i
n-I
ndi
a-b
log
-16
167
01

 h
ttp
s:/
/bl
og.
i
ple
ade
rs.
i
n/p
owe
r-c
rimi
nal
-c
our
ts-
ind
ia/

2
6