Table of Contents

Problem Statement...........................................................................................................................3
Approach..........................................................................................................................................4
Calculation procedure:.................................................................................................................5
Summary of the results....................................................................................................................7
Discussion of the results..................................................................................................................7
References........................................................................................................................................9
Appendix-A...................................................................................................................................10
Appendix-B....................................................................................................................................13

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3: Schematic of water supply system...................................................................................5

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Calculation Summary........................................................................................................7
Table 2: The excel spreadsheet with formulas .............................................................................13

2
Problem Statement

The design of Water Supply System is common application of the knowledge of fluid mechanics.

The main purpose of these real-world problems is to provide water at required head to all

required places using minimum cost while achieving maximum efficiency. In this project, we are

faced with similar situation. The water is available in a reservoir and it needs to be transported to

a nearby storage tank at a given flow speed. The length of piping, flow rate and elevation are

known as shown in Figure 1. We need to suppose a suitable material and diameter of pipe as well

as the pump efficiency. Then, we need to calculate the power required to transport water from

reservoir to storage tank.

Figure 1: Water Supply Problem Diagram

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Approach
The following approach is taken for solving problem.
Suitable diameter
Pump head
Steady state flow and material of
equation is
assumption applied pipe as well as
developed for
to the system pump efficient is
steadyflow
assumed

K values for valves, Calculation of

Friction factor from
elbows, bends, relative roughness
Moody's Diagram is
sharp entrance and and reynolds
calculated
exit is determined number

Pump head
Sum of all K values developed by
Sum frictional and
and calculation of summing elevation
minor losses
minor losses difference and all
losses

Repeat calculations
Calculation of
for 2 diamters of
power in WATTS
two different
and HP
materials

Figure 2: Flow chart of the approach

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Calculation procedure:

1. The schematic of supply plan is given in Figure 3. It contains two 90 degrees elbow

bends, gate valve and globe valve.

Figure 3: Schematic of water supply system

2. Now applying the steady flow energy equation to the above system:

p1 v 1 2 p2 v 2 2
z 1+ + +h pump =z 2+ + +h f + ∑ h L, minor (Eq 1)
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

3. The velocities are zero at both ends and both ends are open to air to the pressure at both

ends will be same (i.e. atmospheric pressure). Elevation difference is measured as 50 m.

Putting all these values eq-1 for pump head becomes:

v 2 fL
h p =50+ ( +∑ K ) (eq-2)
2g D

Where K is coefficient for minor losses, f is friction factor, D is diameter of pipe and V is

velocity of flow.

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4. The next step was to suppose a suitable pipe diameter. We assumed to 350 mm diameter

of welded steel pipe with absolute roughness of 0.045 mm. Using this absolute roughness

and diameter of pipe, relative roughness is calculated; and it is e/D=0.000128571.

5. Using diameter of pipe velocity was measured by using continuity equation V=Q/A.

Calculated velocity is 10.4 m/s.

6. Reynold’s number was measured using velocity, diameter of pipe and kinematic viscosity

at normal temperature (Rn= DV/ν). Reynold’s number value calculated is 3617964.

7. After finding Reynolds number and relative roughness, friction factor f was calculated

using Moody’s diagram (Moody, n.d.). The value of “f” is measured 0.012978.

8. The sum minor losses were sort out using tables from (White Book 2011) which is 13.65.

9. Now, we have all the variables for energy equation; and we can find pump head hp which

comes out 196 meters. Power=ρ∗g∗h p∗Q

The unit of Power will be Watts if all other variables are converted to SI units.

10. This power is for 100% efficiency. Usually a good-quality pump in water supply system

can achieve 80% accuracy. So, we will find actual pump power by multiplying with 1.2

and actual power comes out as 2316339 Watts.

11. The pump power is converted into horse power by dividing it with 746. So, required

pump power, in this case, is 3105 HP.

The Detailed calculations are attached in Appendix-A of the report.

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Summary of the results

We calculated the required pump horse-power for transporting the water from reservoir to the
tank. The scenario is calculated for two diameters of welded steel and PVC pressure pipe each.
So, total four alternative are given below.

The spreadsheet is attached in Appendix B Table 2.

Table 1: Calculation Summary

Material of Pipe Steel Steel PVC Pressure PVC Pressure

Pipe Pipe
Diameter of Pipe (m) 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.45
Velocity (m/s) 10.40 7.96 7.96 6.29
Re number 3617964 3165719 3165719 2813972
Absolute friction (mm) 0.045 0.045 0.0015 0.0015
e/D 0.000128571 0.0001125 0.00000375 0.0000033
f (from Moody’s diagram) 0.012978 0.0127571 0.009822 0.009969
hp (m) 196.7668774 130.1662532 121.8686498 93.17176528
Pump Power with 100% 1930283.067 1276930.944 1195531.454 914015.0174
efficiency (Watts)
Pump Power with 80% 2316339.681 1532317.132 1434637.745 1096818.021
efficiency (Watts)
Power in HP 3105 2054 1923 1470

Discussion of the results

The purpose of this project was to design a water supply system that can deliver water flow of 1

cubic meter to a 50 meters high storage tank located at a distance of 350 meters. We did

calculations for welded steel pipe of diameter 350mm and 400 mm as well as for Pressure PVC

pipe of diameter 400 mm and 450 mm. We observed that power requirement decreases when we

increase the pipe diameter. Also, power requirement also decreases when we use a pipe which

has less roughness. PVC has less surface roughness and they require less power to transfer water

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from PVC pipes. The 350mm diameter welded steel pipe setup will require a 3105 HP pump

while pressure PVC pipe will do the same task in 1470. Although heavy pumps for these ranges

are available but it is always required to use less power and conserve energy. Another aspect of

the design is to analyze the strength of these pipes to make sure they are able to handle stresses

caused by water flow. These analysis falls into mechanics of materials portion so we will not

carry out in this project. Other design consideration includes costs, availability of equipment,

ease of installation, ease of maintenance, total life span etc. that need to be addressed for

complete analysis of problem.

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References
Munson, Young, "Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics", 6th Edition
Moody. n.d. “Standard Pipe Sizes” https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-
content/uploads/2011/07/ME303-4.1.1.pdf.
Road, Bannerghatta. 2003. “Standard Pipe Sizes” 491: 2–6. https://doi.org/16/04/17.
White, F M. 2011. Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering. McGraw
Hill. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=egk8SQAACAAJ.
PVC Pressure Pipe Commercial Sizes
https://www.ejprescott.com/media/reference/PVCPresPipeLgDiaC-905A-21.pdf
Absolute Pipe Roughness,
https://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/09/absolute-roughness/

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Appendix-A

CALCULATIONS

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Appendix-B
Excel Spreadsheet calculation formulas of Table 3

Table 2

A B C D E

1 Material of Pipe Steel Steel PVC Pressure PVC Pressure

Pipe Pipe
2 Diameter of 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.45
Pipe (m)
3 Velocity (m/s) =(1*4)/ =(1*4)/ =(1*4)/ =(1*4)/
(3.14*B2*B2) (3.14*C2*C2) (3.14*D2*D2) (3.14*E2*E2)
4 Re number =(B2*B3)/ =(C2*C3)/ =(D2*D3)/ =(E2*E3)/
(1.006*10^(-6)) (1.006*10^(-6)) (1.006*10^(-6)) (1.006*10^(-6))
5 absulute friction 0.045 0.045 0.0015 0.0015
(mm)
6 e/D =0.045/350 =0.045/400 =0.0015/400 =0.0015/450
7 f 0.012978 0.0127571 0.009822 0.009969
8 hp =50+(B$3^2)/ =50+(C$3^2)/ =50+(D$3^2)/ =50+(E$3^2)/
(2*(9.81))*(B$97*3 (2*(9.81))*(C$7 (2*(9.81))*(D$7* (2*(9.81))*(E$7*
50/B$2+13.65) *350/C$2+13.6 350/D$2+13.65) 350/E$2+13.65)
5)
9 Pump Power =1000*9.81*1*B$8 =1000*9.81*1* =1000*9.81*1*D =1000*9.81*1*E
with 100% C$8 $8 $8
efficiency
(Watts)
10 Pump Power =1.2*B$9 =1.2*C$9 =1.2*D$9 =1.2*E$9
with 80%
efficiency
(Watts)
11 Power in HP =B$10/746 =C$10/746 =D$10/746 =E$10/746

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